Flow Rate Sensor Research Articles

ТЕСТОВЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ ДАТЧИКОВ МАССОВОГО РАСХОДА ВОЗДУХА СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ

The authors have considered typical designs of sensors of mass air flow rate used in motor vehicles and established that the most perfect are film-type sensors. Analysis of modern means and methods for diagnostics of mass air flow rate sensors showed that there are no methods for their nondestructive inspection. The study presented in the paper is based on the use of a developed measuring device for creation of test modes. As controlled parameters the authors have selected a mass air flow rate, voltage from sensor test terminal, a position of the butterfly throttle, hourly consumption of fuel at variation of the ICE crankshaft rotation speed at the position of the butterfly throttle from 0 to 100 %. It is established that the most sensitive parameters are the mass air flow rate and the voltage of the sensor control contact.

Leak detection and localisation on a gas pipeline using the gradient of squared pressure

In this paper, we suggest a new algorithm for leak detection and localisation on gas pipeline. We decompose the pipeline in different sections of length L. We put two pressure sensors at the beginning of the studied section at location x = iL and two other pressure sensors at the end located at x = (i + 1)L where i = 0, …, N – 1 is the number of the studied section of pipeline. We also use two mass flow rate sensors at the beginning and end of each section. Our algorithm uses the gradient of squared pressure to locate the leak. We show that our new algorithm allows to locate the leak with 1.2% error in distance. We tested our algorithm on a pipeline of length 15 km and the average error was around 180 m. Therefore, the location error is around 180/15,000 = 1.2%.

Hybrid Control of Flowrate in Microextrusion-Based Direct-Write Additive Manufacturing

Flowrate control has been a continuous challenge in Direct-Write Additive Manufacturing (DW AM) due to capacitive energy storage in the system and the lack of suitable flowrate sensors at the microscale, resulting in poor dimensional control of material addition. While a pressure sensor can be used for pressure-based feedback control, the system will become marginally stable if the material loses contact with the pressure sensor, and thus feedback is lost. In this letter, we design and implement a pressure-based hybrid controller with a state-dependent switching strategy that eliminates the stability problem due to a loss of pressure feedback, and thus enables the real time, stable control of flowrate in DW AM. The stability of the hybrid controller is assessed using phase portraits and Multiple Lyapunov-like Functions. The hybrid dynamical model and the hybrid controller are experimentally implemented and validated. Stability results indicate that the hybrid controller resolved the marginal stability issue, and is stable in the sense of Lyapunov. Moreover, the hybrid control scheme implementation in the case study demonstrated that the shape fidelity of the parts is appreciably enhanced compared to the open loop control case.

Spatiotemporal Correlation Feature Spaces to Support Anomaly Detection in Water Distribution Networks

Monitoring disruptions to water distribution dynamics are essential to detect leakages, signal fraudlent and deviant consumptions, amongst other events of interest. State-of-the-art methods to detect anomalous behavior from flowarate and pressure signal show limited degrees of success as they generally neglect the simultaneously rich spatial and temporal content of signals produced by the multiple sensors placed at different locations of a water distribution network (WDN). This work shows that it is possible to (1) describe the dynamics of a WDN through spatiotemporal correlation analysis of pressure and volumetric flowrate sensors, and (2) analyze disruptions on the expected correlation to detect burst leakage dynamics and additional deviant phenomena. Results gathered from Portuguese WDNs reveal that the proposed shift from raw signal views into correlation-based views offers a simplistic and more robust means to handle the irregularity of consumption patterns and the heterogeneity of leakage profiles (both in terms of burst volume and location). We further show that the disruption caused by leakages can be detected shortly after the burst, highlighting the actionability of the proposed correlation-based principles for anomaly detection in heterogeneous and georeferenced time series. The computational approach is provided as an open-source tool available at GitHub.

Methane production from food waste using a feedback control strategy in a sequencing batch reactor.

The performance of a feedback control strategy in the operation of a sequencing batch reactor was evaluated. This strategy uses the online biogas flow measurements to define the duration of the reaction phase of each operating cycle, thereby increasing the energy production of the system and maximizing the methane production rate. The reaction phase is ended when the biogas flow rate reaches a sustained value significantly lower value than the maximum flow rate achieved, as a consequence of the depletion of the soluble chemical oxygen demand. The implementation of the depletion-time control was successful and reached a maximum methane production rate of 1.22 L CH4/d, showing an average productivity of 0.73 ± 0.3 L CH4/d. The reaction phase varied from 1.2 to 6 days with hydraulic retention times from 6 to 30 days. The use of this feedback control strategy increased the methane production and the energy production in 80% of the evaluated cycles (from 10.4 to 43.8%) compared to the operation of conventional AD without a control strategy. Furthermore, the strategy is easy to implement since it does not require complex calculations and uses a readily available biogas flow rate sensor.

Research on continuous granular material flow detection method and sensor

The flow rate measurement of seeding and fertilization is the premise for precise control; it's difficult to measure accurately due to the particles flow in a continuous dense state. A flow rate measuring method based on the correlation between the sensor voltage and particles flow rate was introduced. Two algorithms for models building were proposed. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method and evaluate the accuracy of the algorithms, a particles flow rate sensor and test bench were designed. Wheat, rice, compound fertilizer, and urea were chosen as the experimental subject. The result showed that it has a strong correlation between the voltage and flow rate. The R2 fitted by accumulation method (AM) for the four materials were 0.9998, 0.9984, 0.9999, and 0.9998, and the R2 of sorting method (SM) were 0.9934, 0.9843, 0.9903, and 0.9928. The statistics showed the measurement accuracy of AM was higher than that of SM.

High-Sensitivity Flow Rate Sensor Enabled by Higher Order Modes of Packaged Microbottle Resonator

In this letter, we demonstrate a high-sensitivity flow rate sensor which is packaged using a stable and convenient method. The sensor is based on an optofluidic microbottle resonator (OFMBR), which serves as a promising platform for fluid sensing due to its ultrahigh quality factor and inherent microfluidic channel. The coupling system is packaged using a modified method, and the sensor’s stability is verified using phosphate buffered saline at different flow rates. According to the Bernoulli effect of fluid, the dynamic change of velocity in OFMBR can be detected via wavelength shift mechanism of whispering galley mode. Both the simulated and experimental results show that sensitivity can be enhanced for a given wall thickness by exploiting higher order radial modes of the OFMBR. The maximum sensitivity of 0.079 pm/( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /min) within the range of 0- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$200~\mu \text{L}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> /min is achieved in the experiment. This sensor provides an optional method for fluid detection with high sensitivity and stability.

Non-intrusive flowrate measurement and monitoring system of plant-protection unmanned aircraft systems based on pump voice analysis

Application of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for plant protection is becoming a common tool in agricultural field management. To avoid shortcomings of intrusive flowrate sensors including poor measurement accuracy and poor anti-vibration ability, a non-intrusive flowrate measurement and monitoring system of plant-protection UAS was developed based on pump voice signal analysis. It is mainly composed of STM32 processor, microphone and signal-conditioning circuit. By collecting and analyzing the voice signal of the pump in the UAS, the monitoring system will output the real-time values of spraying flowrate and amount. An extraction model was developed to determine operation status and primary frequency of the pump based on voice signal analysis. Real-time spray flowrate can be determined from the real-time extracted primary frequency and the fitted correlation formulas of spraying flowrate under outlet area and pump primary frequency. The flowrate correlation equation of one certain pump from 4-rotor UAS 3WQFTX-1011S was obtained, the max deviation rate of fitted spray flowrate was only 2.8%. In primary frequency extraction test, the error rate of primary frequency extraction was less than 1%. In the 4-rotor UAS flight tests: the max deviation of operating starting/end point was only 0.7 s and the max deviation of extracted total operating time was only 0.8 s; the deviation of extracted spray flowrate was less than 2%, and the max deviation rate of total spray amount was 3.2%. This research could be used as a guidance for plant-protection UAS non-intrusive flowrate measurement and monitoring. Keywords: plant protection UAS, voice signal analysis, non-intrusive, flowrate measurement, monitoring system DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211403.5508 Citation: Xu Y, Xue X Y, Sun Zh, Gu W. Non-intrusive flowrate measurement and monitoring system of plant-protection unmanned aircraft systems based on pump voice analysis. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(3): 58–65.

Measurement system for wide-range flow evaluation and thermal characterization of MEMS-based thermoresistive flow-rate sensors

An optimized design of an analog circuit for measuring the parameters of a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical system)-based thermoresistive flow-rate sensor is proposed, which combines both calorimetric and anemometric flow measurement modes. Fixing the sensor on a plastic wing tilted at a non-zero angle relative to the direction of gas flow in such a system makes it possible to measure the gas flow velocity in a wide range from 0.05 to 5 m/s with an error of 3 % and a relative standard deviation of 2 %. The use in the proposed circuit of platinum thermistors located on a thin-film dielectric membrane (SiO2/Si3N4/SiO2/Si3N4), which can serve both as heaters and sensitive resistors for temperature measurement increasing the output voltage by an order of magnitude, thereby reducing the noise that occurs when a weak signal is amplified. It has been experimentally shown that the calorimetric method is more suitable for measuring low flow velocities (from 0 to 1 m/s), while the anemometric one is better applicable for detecting higher flow velocities (more than 1 m/s). The rise in temperature of thermistors due to its Joule heating by direct current was measured both in air and in vacuum in the absence of the gas flow. It was found in the experiment that the in-plane thermal conductivity of the four-layer dielectric membrane used in the sensor varies from 2.61 W/(m∙K) to the level of about 3.03 W/(m∙K) with an increase in the heating power in the range from 0.6 to 4 W, respectively.

Metrological Advantages of Applying Vibration Analysis to Pipelines: A Review

Flow rate is a necessary variable in industrial processes and, therefore, there is a wide variety of instruments designed to measure it. However, the most accepted measuring devices have the problem of being invasive or intrusive. The scientific and technological challenge is to achieve measurement by exploiting all the phenomenological possibilities using a non-intrusive, easy-to-install, portable and low-cost mechanism. This paper presents a literature review on the use of vibration analysis in flow rate metrological systems in order to identify research opportunities for the indirect measurement of this magnitude. A promising line of work was found based on soft flow rate sensors that use the analysis of pipeline vibrations integrated into computational intelligence routines, which allows inference of the flow rate value. The findings promote to continue with new technical and scientific challenges.&#x0D;

Suction force rather than aspiration flow correlates with recanalization in hard clots: an in vitro study model

BackgroundANA Advanced Neurovascular Access provides a novel funnel component designed to reduce clot fragmentation and facilitate retrieval in combination with stent-retrievers (SRs) in stroke patients by restricting flow and limiting...

Lukewarm and Trembling Therapy Device to Assist the Reduction of Blood Flow for Immobilized Patients

Reduction of blood flow due to immobility of legs de-escalates transportability of liberal number of patients in a extensive range of healing scheme transverse from bruise grume. In normal human being effective system of venous rejoin both alive and yielding is amenable for prohibition of profound venous apoplexy. Ultrasonic blood flow rate sensor, Tilt sensor, Force sensor and Accelerometer sensor are used to detect and identify the flow rate as well as ankle position. The paper offers prophylaxis and slimnastics device that caricature the essential proposition off venous recompense to uphold the blood flow gadget is based on Lukewarm and Trembling technique that is compress and appropriately from equipped in pattern and additionally requirement no restricted trainings for the operation.

Development of Low-cost Pressure Control Type Valves Using Buckled Tubes and Gate-mechanism

In the pneumatic driving system for a soft mechanism, the control valve is the most heavy and expensive device. To realize a compact and inexpensive pneumatic driving system, it is necessary to reduce the size, weight, and cost of the control valve. In the previous study, low-cost and compact flow rate control type servo valves, that uses buckled tubes and a gate mechanism to control the flow rate in an analog way, were proposed and tested. However, in these valves, a drift of the overlap zone was observed owing to plastic deformation of the buckled tubes and lower stiffness of the valve frame. Ideally, the feedback control system using the fluidic parameter of the valve output is useful to solve this problem. However, there is no low-cost flow rate sensor in the market. In this paper, a low-cost pressure control type servo valve using buckled tubes and a gate mechanism, that consists of a low-cost pressure transducer and an on-board tiny-embedded controller, is proposed and tested. The construction and operating principle of both valves have been described. The pressure control performance of the tested valves has also been reported. As a result, it can be confirmed that the tested valve can control the output pressure according to the desired voltage. The dynamic performance of the valves has also been described.

Dynamic bond graph modelling of a two-phase cooling system with experimental analysis

The power electronics components are a significant source of heat energy which must be managed in spite of conventional cooling systems' limitations. In order to surpass these restrictions, an innovative heat transfer system is here investigated: two-phase loop mechanically pump (TLMP). An instrumented test rig is built with temperature, pressure and mass flow rate sensors to analyse the flow response in both steady and transient state. In this work, we focus on the pump-pipes subsystem. The results confirm the system's ability to manage heat power dissipation by maintaining stable power electronics temperature. In addition, the experiment results validate a thermo-hydraulic model based on 'bond graph' theory. The variables used to simulate phase-change phenomena are: mass enthalpy, temperature and pressure. This modelling allows estimating the influence of external conditions on loop operation. Moreover, it offers sizing prospects for this kind of loop development on-board future missiles.

Generalization Capability of Mixture Estimation Model for Peristaltic Continuous Mixing Conveyor

We propose herein a method for estimating the mixing state of the contents of a peristaltic continuous mixing conveyor simulating the intestine, developed for mixing and conveying powders and liquids. This study serves to improve a previously proposed method for estimating the mixing state using a logistic regression model with the pressure and flow rate sensors installed in the device as inputs. Moreover, the estimation accuracy of the proposed method is better than that of the previous method. The generalizability of the proposed method is evaluated for four conditions in which the feeding order of the contents, powder, and liquid are changed. The feeding order is as follows: powder first, liquid first, and powder and liquid alternately. As a result, a highly accurate estimation of mixing is achieved under the condition wherein the powder component is in the unit adjacent to the lid, but not under the condition wherein the liquid component is fed first. It is speculated that this is because the movement of the powder component inside the device is more easily reflected by the pressure and flow rate sensors installed in the device than in the liquid component.

Dynamic bond graph modelling of a two-phase cooling system with experimental analysis

The power electronics components are a significant source of heat energy which must be managed in spite of conventional cooling systems' limitations. In order to surpass these restrictions, an innovative heat transfer system is here investigated: two-phase loop mechanically pump (TLMP). An instrumented test rig is built with temperature, pressure and mass flow rate sensors to analyse the flow response in both steady and transient state. In this work, we focus on the pump-pipes subsystem. The results confirm the system's ability to manage heat power dissipation by maintaining stable power electronics temperature. In addition, the experiment results validate a thermo-hydraulic model based on 'bond graph' theory. The variables used to simulate phase-change phenomena are: mass enthalpy, temperature and pressure. This modelling allows estimating the influence of external conditions on loop operation. Moreover, it offers sizing prospects for this kind of loop development on-board future missiles.

Non-intrusive flowrate measurement and monitoring system of plant-protection unmanned aircraft systems based on pump voice analysis

Application of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for plant protection is becoming a common tool in agricultural field management. To avoid shortcomings of intrusive flowrate sensors including poor measurement accuracy and poor anti-vibration ability, a non-intrusive flowrate measurement and monitoring system of plant-protection UAS was developed based on pump voice signal analysis. It is mainly composed of STM32 processor, microphone and signal-conditioning circuit. By collecting and analyzing the voice signal of the pump in the UAS, the monitoring system will output the real-time values of spraying flowrate and amount. An extraction model was developed to determine operation status and primary frequency of the pump based on voice signal analysis. Real-time spray flowrate can be determined from the real-time extracted primary frequency and the fitted correlation formulas of spraying flowrate under outlet area and pump primary frequency. The flowrate correlation equation of one certain pump from 4-rotor UAS 3WQFTX-1011S was obtained, the max deviation rate of fitted spray flowrate was only 2.8%. In primary frequency extraction test, the error rate of primary frequency extraction was less than 1%. In the 4-rotor UAS flight tests: the max deviation of operating starting/end point was only 0.7 s and the max deviation of extracted total operating time was only 0.8 s; the deviation of extracted spray flowrate was less than 2%, and the max deviation rate of total spray amount was 3.2%. This research could be used as a guidance for plant-protection UAS non-intrusive flowrate measurement and monitoring. Keywords: plant protection UAS, voice signal analysis, non-intrusive, flowrate measurement, monitoring system DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211403.5508 Citation: Xu Y, Xue X Y, Sun Zh, Gu W. Non-intrusive flowrate measurement and monitoring system of plant-protection unmanned aircraft systems based on pump voice analysis. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(3): 58–65.

An Adaptive Roller Speed Control Method Based on Monitoring Value of Real-Time Seed Flow Rate for Flute-Roller Type Seed-Metering Device.

In order to obtain desirable crop yields, grain seeds need to be sown at the optimal seed amount per hectare with uniform distribution in the field. In previous grain sowing processes, the seeding rates are controlled by the rotational speed of the flute roller which significantly effects the uniform distribution of the seeds due to disturbances, such as the reduction of the seeds’ mass in the hopper and the change of working length of the flute roller. In order to overcome the above problem, we developed an adaptive roller speed control system based on the seed flow rate sensor. The developed system can monitor and feedback actual seeding rates. In addition, based on the monitoring value of the real-time seeding rates, an adaptive roller speed control method (ARSCM), which contains an algorithm for calculating the seeding rate with a compensation, was proposed. Besides, the seeding performance of the ARSCM and that of the conventional roller speed control method (CRSCM) were compared. The results of constant-velocity experiments demonstrated that the accuracy (SA) and the coefficient of variation (SCV) of the seeding rates controlled by the ARSCM were 94.12% and 6.77%, respectively. As for the CRSCM, the SA and SCV were 89.00% and 8.95%, respectively. Under variable-velocity conditions, the SA and SCV of the proposed system were 91.58% and 11.08%, respectively, while those of the CRSCM were 88.48% and 13.08%, respectively. Based on the above results, this study concluded that the ARSCM is able to replace the CRSCM in practical sowing processes for the optimal and uniform seed distribution in the field.

Downhole mud loss transient simulation and detection with downhole dual measurement points

Mud loss is usually challenging to discover in time by detecting the mud pit's liquid level, leading to a significant wastage of time and money. Due to the measurement-while-drilling system's low data-transmission speed, downhole measured data is usually ignored in mud loss detection. What is more, surface detection methods comprising pressure and flow-rate sensors require professional knowledge and many input parameters, some of which are required to be assumed. In this study, we proposed a downhole mud loss detection method based on downhole dual measurement points without any use of surface input parameters, which significantly increased the detection method's feasibility. Firstly, we established an end-to-end neural network to recognize the downhole ten working conditions. Once the static and circulation working conditions are recognized, the drilling fluid's density and rheological parameters can be automatically determined with the proposed method. Then, an unscented Kalman filter was applied to perform a backward calculation of mud loss rate dynamically. Thirdly, we proposed a new pressure difference measurement method with high precision, capturing the flow friction pressure consumption in a short distance. To evaluate the mud loss detection method comprehensively, we built the downhole mud loss transient simulation model to generate transient data with the highest possible accuracy. The characteristic lines method was used to solve the partial differential equations of the mud loss simulation model. The accuracy of the simulation model was successfully validated with a small-scale laboratory experiment in the horizontal direction, a full-scale laboratory experiment in the vertical, and a real field experiment. Finally, we generated a set of mud loss well data to describe the proposed mud loss detection method's processes in detail. The results showed that the proposed mud loss detection model successfully detected mud loss and obtained the accurate mud loss rate.

Noninvasive Method to Measure Thermal Energy Flow Rate in a Pipe

Abstract A noninvasive, thermal energy flowrate sensor based on a combination of heat flux and temperature measurements is developed for measuring the volume flowrate and the fluid temperature in a pipe. The sensor is covered by a thin-film heater and clamped onto the outer surface of the pipe. Two types of thin-film thermocouple elements are compared to minimize the thermal contact resistance R″ between the thermocouple and the surface of the pipe. A thin, flexible thermopile heat flux sensor (PHFS) is mounted over the thermocouples. A one-dimensional transient thermal model is applied before and during activation of the external heater to provide estimates of the fluid heat transfer coefficient h. The results are correlated with the volume flowrate Q and the fluid temperature Twc. Several different parameter estimation codes are used to estimate the optimal parameters by using the minimum root-mean-square (rms) error between the analytical and experimental sensor temperature values. The experiments are completed over a range of volume flowrates—1.3 gallons/min to 14.5 gallons/min. Encouraging measurement results give good correlation, repeatability, and sensitivity between the heat transfer coefficient h and the volume flowrate Q with an accurate estimation of the fluid temperature Twc. The resulting noninvasive thermal energy flowrate sensor can be used to estimate the volume flowrate and the fluid temperature in a variety of applications.