River Water Flow Research Articles

Study of floods on the rivers of the Kaliningrad region at the beginning of 2020 in the absence of snow cover and ice

To develop measures for engineering protection of territories from flooding, it is necessary to identify spatiotemporal patterns in the formation of floods, since they are the cause of devastating floods in recent years. The paper presents the results of an analysis of flood phenomena on the rivers of the Kaliningrad region at the beginning of 2020. An array of observational data on daily water flows in rivers was processed, and the main components of the water balance of river basins were assessed by month (amount of precipitation, evaporation layer, monthly river flow layer, change in basin moisture reserves). It was found that the greatest amount of runoff was in February, while the highest amount of precipitation was in June; the highest runoff coefficient was in March and February (0.41), and in June it was only 0.03. Presumably, the main reasons for such phenomena are the distribution of the evaporation layer within the year and a decrease in the permeability of the upper soil layer for precipitation at low temperatures.

Cypermethrin insecticide residue, water quality and phytoplankton diversity in the lychee plantation catchment area

<abstract> <p>Lychee plantation areas are typically located at varying elevations on mountains to ensure proper drainage. This placement has direct effects on stream and river water flows and consequently influences pesticide residue, water quality and aquatic biodiversity. This research aims to examine the relationships between cypermethrin residue, water quality and phytoplankton diversity in the lychee plantation catchment area in Phayao Province, Thailand, from January to May 2022. The study area was divided into six sampling sites. Water samples were collected for the investigation of cypermethrin residual, physicochemical and biological water quality parameters. The water quality index was used as an overall measurement of water quality. The study also examined the diversity of phytoplankton species and the relationship among cypermethrin residue, water quality and phytoplankton diversity were studied using canonical correspondence analysis. The findings revealed an increasing trend of cypermethrin residue, with the maximum concentration reaching 29.43 mg/L in March. The trend of decreasing water quality scores from Station S1 to Station S5 indicated the influence of land use changes and human activities, especially in the community area (S5), which was characterized by deterioration of water quality. A total of 174 phytoplankton species were categorized into 5 divisions, with Chlorophyta accounting for 61.49% of the total, followed by Bacillariophyta (28.16%) and Cyanophyta (6.32%). The highest Shannon's diversity index and evenness were observed at Stations S3 and S4, respectively. The canonical correspondence analysis revealed an interesting relationship among cypermethrin residue, ammonia nitrogen, chlorophyll a and three algal species: <italic>Pediastrum simplex</italic> var. <italic>echinulatum</italic>, <italic>Pediastrum duplex</italic> var. <italic>duplex</italic> and <italic>Scenedesmus acutus</italic> at Station S3. This research implies that pesticide residue and water quality have a direct impact on phytoplankton distribution, illustrating the environmental challenges that occur in various geographical areas. This information can be applied to assist in the development of future sustainable land use management initiatives.</p> </abstract>

Water Quality Analysis for Agriculture: A Case Study of Nong Khon Saen Community Area, Udon Thani, Thailand

This work aims to assess the water quality in the Nong Khon Saen community area in Udon Thani for agriculture purposes and its suitability for direct use in water consumption. The sample was collected annually from January to March during the period 2019–2022. The work was undertaken to investigate two different water resources (Huai Luang River and Nong Khon Saen reservoir) for the parameters of pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The results showed that all parameters of Huai Luang River were within the acceptable limits of Type 3 surface water quality standards from the Pollution Control Department (PCD), Thailand. The average pH was 6.59±0.18 (Std. pH 5–9), temperature was 27±0.01 ℃ (Std. Natural), EC was 679±12.11 μS/cm (Std. None), DO was 5.39±0.63 mg/l (Std. > 4.0 mg/L), and BOD was 1.71±0.70 mg/L (BOD Std. < 2.0 mg/l). The acceptable water quality parameters were caused by general flushing of rainfall, river water flow, and runoff from agricultural fields. Moreover, the water quality of the Nong Khon Saen reservoir showed a higher BOD concentration (2.61±0.54 mg/L) beyond acceptable limits. The high concentration of BOD was caused by the water plants and the decomposition of animals in the surface water area. For other parameters, the average pH (7.11±0.42), Temperature (28±0.01 ℃), EC (689.58±24.18 μS/cm) and DO (8.39±1.13 mg/L) were shown within acceptable limits. Therefore, the water quality is a requirement concerned with agricultural activities that are dependent on water resources.

Refleksi Tata Kelola Perairan Tradisional Handil dan Saka dalam Drainase Perumahan Kota di Banjarmasin

The tradition of Banjar farmers in making artificial rivers for water management in rice fields can be adopted as city drainage, especially in housing complexes. For the adoption to be successful, it is necessary to pay attention to how the water flow works to ensure its implementation, as well as development. The method used in this paper is qualitative. Data were collected based on direct observation activities, and supplemented with secondary data in the form of written sources, documents, pictures, and maps. The analysis was carried out by descriptive, comparison, and interpretation. The result obtained is the natural flow of water in artificial rivers applying a gravity system which is realized by placing attention to heights, in order from highest to lowest, rice fields, saka, handil, and natural rivers. The adoption of this pattern for drainage in housing complexes needs to take into account of the basic concept, and be developed according to current conditions. Therefore, it can be concluded that the way of regulation works with artificial river facilities is feasible to be adopted and applied to drainage in the current housing complexes.

Assessing the Effects of Urbanization on Water Flow and Flood Events Using the HEC-HMS Model in the Wirynka River Catchment, Poland

Floods are among the most devastating natural disasters in small urban watersheds resulting in loss of life and enormous damage to property and posing a serious threat to the economy. Appropriate modeling can be a useful tool to prevent and reduce such flood risks. It is currently important to use hydrological models to assess and predict the water availability of river basins due to climate change to develop a strategy to cope with the changing environment. The study used an integrated approach combining a geographic information system (GIS) and hydrological modeling to assess the impact of urbanization on flash floods in peri-urban developing areas. The modeling was carried out for two spatial aspects relating to 1990 and 2018. The model allowed simulation of the river water flow that can occur under different rainfall probabilities. The study showed that rapid urbanization adversely affects hydrological processes. Reduced infiltration capacity increases water runoff, thereby increasing the risk of flooding or waterlogging. Therefore, it is extremely important to properly manage rainwater in the area.

Food Security in a Changing Climate

Agriculture sector is more vulnerable to climate change than other sectors of the economy as climate change is expected to cause higher variability in rainfall pattern, general reduction in precipitation in the arid and semi-arid regions and increase in the frequency of extreme events such as drought, floods, heat and frost. Agriculture production systems, therefore, have to cope with more variability in river water flows and temperature regimes, making food security susceptible to these variation. The less privileged people/farmers who are often located in the marginal production areas such as rainfed, coastal, and mountenace, are likely to be affected more by climate variability whether drought or floods, heat or frost. These changes in climate enhance the risk of crop failures and livestock morality thereby causing financial and economic losses and the risk of food insecurity.

Effect of paraquat on the growth of Ceratophyllum demersum L.

This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of the chemical herbicide Paraquat in controlling (Ceratophyllum demersum L.), because of its damage in obstructing the flow of water in rivers, and irrigation channels, and blocking drainage channels, as well as increasing its spread of harmful insects, as well as their impact on human health, and the results showed a high efficiency of paraquat in reducing wet weight of plant. also reducing the number of branches and plant lengths with increasing the concentrations, when compared with control The results obtained that the number of branches and it reached to 9.83, 3.67, 0.00, respectively in control

Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Budidaya Perikanan dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur Biophilic

Kampar Regency is one of the regencies with a quit spacious aquaculture area with pisciculture business activities as one of the livelihoods of most of the people. Freshwater fish farming in Kampar Regency includes the pisciculture of karamba or in ponds. The request for freshwater fish production in Riau province is also quite high, such as catfish, carp, tilapia, pomfret and baung fish for daily consumption or industrial needs. The high request for fish production in Kampar regency cannot always be fulfielld. This is due to the failure of aquaculture caused by various factors such as climate, environment, pests and diseases. So to avoid the occurrence of these failures required skilled human resources and adequate facilities. Research and Development Center for Aquaculture which functions as a center for development, research and public education in advancing the community's economy, which includes a research center, laboratory and also commercial functions in the fisheries sector. In designing the Center for Aquaculture Research and Development, the Biophilic architectural approach is used. Biophilic architecture is a good relationship between nature, humans and architecture. The concept of the building takes the concept of "River Water Flow" as an implementation of natural formations by considering the three aspects ofarchitecture Biophilic into a single unit.

The Karakoram Anomaly: Validation through Remote Sensing Data, Prospects and Implications

Millions of people rely on river water originating from snow- and ice-melt from basins in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas (HKH). One such basin is the Upper Indus Basin (UIB), where the snow- and ice-melt contribution can be more than 80%. Being the origin of some of the world’s largest alpine glaciers, this basin could be highly susceptible to global warming and climate change. Field observations and geodetic measurements suggest that in the Karakoram Mountains, glaciers are either stable or have expanded since 1990, in sharp contrast to glacier retreats that are prevalently observed in the Himalayas and adjoining high-altitude terrains of Central Asia. Decreased summer temperature and discharge in the rivers originating from this region are cited as supporting evidence for this somewhat anomalous phenomenon. This study used remote sensing data during the summer months (July–September) for the period 2000 to 2017. Equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) for July, August and September have been estimated. ELA trends for July and September were found statistically insignificant. The August ELA declined by 128 m during 2000–2017 at a rate of 7.1 m/year, testifying to the Karakoram Anomaly concomitant with stable to mass gaining glaciers in the Hunza Basin (western Karakoram). Stable glaciers may store fresh water for longer and provide sustainable river water flows in the near to far future. However, these glaciers are also causing low flows of the river during summer months. The Tarbela reservoir reached three times its lowest storage level during June 2019, and it was argued this was due to the low melt of glaciers in the Karakoram region. Therefore, using remote sensing data to monitor the glaciers’ health concomitant with sustainable water resources development and management in the HKH region is urgently needed.

Organic Pollutant Biodegradation by an Immobilized Mixed Bacterial Culture

Pollution of organic compounds in rivers is generally contributed by wastewater discharge from human activities e.g. untreated black- & greywater, livestock farming, and industry. Without proper control of this waste generation, the river ecosystem will suffer if just rely on its self-purification and dilution by natural runoff to reduce the downstream effect. This research aimed to treat organic wastewater with an immobilized mixed bacterial culture. Immobilization was carried out using calcium alginate in a form of macrocapsule/beads, allowing the degrader microbe to be entrapped in its matrix thus preventing it from washout from the system. 3% (w/v) sodium alginate was mixed with 5 mg (dry) mixed culture and dropwise on 4% (w/v) calcium chloride solution. The results showed that immobilized microbes were still able to grow despite being entangled in a calcium alginate matrix with an initial growth of 6.1 x 105 to 7.4 x 107 colonies/grams and reduced COD content up to 68.3%. Degrader microbe immobilization offers considerable advantages compared to free/ suspended cell system due to the influence of river water flow.

Water quality in Malaysia: review Manik Urai, Durian and Geh rivers

Water pollution issues and clean water needs have forced developing countries, such as Malaysia. Relating to clean water demand for covering human activities, water quality index determine several water parameter that presents pollution problem in water. As a water source, clean water in river is a critical concern. River water quality is according to natural process and anthropogenic activities. River water is potential to be contaminated by industrial, domestic and agricultural activities. Thus, in this study, water quality and availability in Manik Urai, Durian and Geh rivers were reviewed. Each pollutants was investigated, for instance BOD, COD, DO, SS, and pH. Range of river water flow was also examined. Total water demand was mentioned. In addition, the impacts of drought in 1990-2016 were assessed. However, review resulted that climate change has severe impact in water supply system.

Thermal Impact by Open-Loop Geothermal Heat Pump Systems in Two Different Local Underground Conditions on the Alluvial Fan of the Nagara River, Gifu City, Central Japan

An alluvial fan is a good area to install open-loop geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems due to shallower aquifers, faster groundwater flow, and fewer land subsidence risks. The natural temperature change in groundwater occurs in alluvial fans due to the recharge of river water and faster groundwater flow, and the thermal impact of the open-loop system has not been studied well in such areas. The purpose of this research is to understand the thermal impact of open-loop GHP systems on an alluvial fan. A regional 3D model of groundwater flow with heat transport was created to determine the distribution of flow velocity and temperature of groundwater. After that, two local models with different groundwater velocities were constructed to demonstrate the thermal impact of an open-loop GHP system using one extraction and one injection well. The results indicated that the local model with faster groundwater flow had a smaller thermal impact. The natural temperature change in groundwater causes groundwater temperature to be lower in the summer and higher in winter during the operation in the local model, with faster groundwater flow.

Prediction of sustainable management of sediment in rivers and reservoirs

Water structure construction has been the subject of heated discussion for more than a decade. The following concepts include integrated management of water basins or continued sustainable development of water basins. Although there are not a lot of underdeveloped water basins, there have been 150 years of dam development. Dams prevent sediment from moving continuously down rivers by trapping it in reservoirs, which reduces the storage capacity and useable life of the reservoirs and prevents downstream reaches of materials necessary for channel form and aquatic ecosystems. Restricted availability of hydrological and geomorphological data hinders current knowledge of sediment characteristics and dynamics, which affects prediction models required for management. This research tested current models for estimating sediment output and transport based on data mining categorization and prediction approaches and assessed their applicability. This work brings together experience from five continents in controlling reservoir sediments and reducing downstream sediment famine of data on the distribution of sediment particle sizes, and manning's roughness coefficient were shown to have the largest influences on the predicted sediment load. Additionally, parameter uncertainty for river geometry and water flow almost doubled, underlining the fact that more knowledge of these variables might significantly enhance our ability to forecast and control present and future sediment dynamics in the river basin.

Multi-decadal land cover change analysis over Sundarbans Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh: A GIS and remote sensing based approach

Both natural processes and anthropogenic actions alter land use and land cover but the impact of anthropogenic actions has dramatically increased since the last century in many regions of the world. This study attempts to investigate the land cover change of the Sundarbans and surrounding areas of Bangladesh in the last forty years by analyzing Landsat images. Sundarbans, having the richest and exceptional biodiversity, is the largest remaining tract of mangrove forest on earth facing multidimensional threats of degradation. Time series Landsat satellite images collected for five years are 1980 (MSS), 1990 (TM), 2000 (TM), 2010 (TM) and 2020 (OLI). By analyzing, comparing and visualizing the classified images using ArcMap 10.5 software the historical trend of land cover change of the study area is exhibited. The result revealed that a large amount of non-vegetated areas located outside of Sundarbans mangrove forest converted into water bodies due to shrimp cultivation. During this long time, the Sundarbans mangrove forest area remained unchanged except for little change occurred by soil erosion along the river bank and coastline. Kappa coefficient revealed the accuracy of the land cover map with a coefficient value of 0.88, 0.92, 0.90, 0.93 and 0.92 for 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 images respectively. This research will support policymakers and the forest department to improve management policy. Also, influence researchers to conduct case-specific micro-scale research in the region. • Land cover change of Sundarbans Mangrove forest and surrounding area was analysed using GIS and RS techniques. • Excessive shrimp cultivation altered land cover outside of Sundarbans. • Sundarbans Mangrove forest remained unchanged over the last 40 years except for little change occurred by soil erosion. • Cyclone, sea level rise and decreased river water flow affecting the coastal island and the river bank. • Kappa coefficient value of 0.88, 0.92, 0.90, 0.93 and 0.92 found for 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 images respectively.

Frozen curtain characteristics during excavation of submerged shallow tunnel using Freeze-Sealing Pipe-Roof method

The Freeze-Sealing Pipe-Roof (FSPR) method, which has been applied for the first time in the Gongbei Tunnel of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, is a new approach of tunnel pre-support that allows flexible adjustment of freeze tube arrangement and can be adapted to different environmental conditions. When the FSPR method is used to construct shallow burial submerged tunnels, the frozen wall to hold back groundwater during excavation will be weakened by air and water flows inside and outside the tunnel, and its waterproof performance needs to be further investigated. In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical model of the temperature field considering excavation and moving water boundary is established based on the preliminary design scheme and in-situ conditions and is used to analyze the variation in frozen curtain properties with various active freezing times during excavation. The results show that excavation has a weakening effect on both sides of the frozen wall, with a greater effect on the inner side, and a positive temperature appears in the local area inside the jacked pipe. The concrete fill in the jacked pipe obviously improves the freezing efficiency, and the tunnel excavation after 60 days of active freezing in the interval filling mode can ensure that the frozen soil thickness at the thinnest segment exceeds 2 m, i.e., the design requirement. In practice, the active freezing time can be extended appropriately to reduce the influence of river water flow above the tunnel. The study serves as a technical reference for the design and implementation of similar projects.

A High-Order Velocity-Based Discontinuous Galerkin Scheme for the Shallow Water Equations: Local Conservation, Entropy Stability, Well-Balanced Property, and Positivity Preservation

The nonlinear shallow water equations (SWEs) are widely used to model the unsteady water flows in rivers and coastal areas. In this work, we present a novel class of locally conservative, entropy stable and well-balanced discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for the nonlinear shallow water equation with a non-flat bottom topography. The major novelty of our work is the use of velocity field as an independent solution unknown in the DG scheme, which is closely related to the entropy variable approach to entropy stable schemes for system of conservation laws proposed by Tadmor (in: Tezduyar, Hughes T (eds) Proceedings of the winter annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering 1986) back in 1986, where recall that velocity is part of the entropy variable for the shallow water equations. Due to the use of velocity as an independent solution unknown, no specific numerical quadrature rules are needed to achieve entropy stability of our scheme on general unstructured meshes in two dimensions. The proposed DG semi-discretization is then carefully combined with the classical explicit strong stability preserving Runge–Kutta (SSP–RK) time integrators (Gottlieb et al. in SIAM Rev. 43, 89–112, 2001) to yield a locally conservative, well-balanced, and positivity preserving fully discrete scheme. Here the positivity preservation property is enforced with the help of a simple scaling limiter. In the fully discrete scheme, we re-introduce discharge as an auxiliary unknown variable. In doing so, standard slope limiting procedures can be applied on the conservative variables (water height and discharge) without violating the local conservation property. Here we apply a characteristic-wise TVB limiter (Cockburn and Shu in J Comput Phys 141:199–224, 1998) on the conservative variables using the Fu-Shu troubled cell indicator (Fu and Shu in J Comput Phys 347:305–327, 2017) in each inner stage of the Runge–Kutta time stepping to suppress numerical oscillations. This fully discrete can be readily applied to various SWEs simulations without dry areas where the water height is close to zero. The case with dry areas need further special attention, where the velocity approximation can be unphysically large near cells with a small water height, which may eventually crashes the simulation if no special treatment is used near these cells. Here we propose a simple wetting/drying treatment for the velocity update without violating the local conservation property to enhance the robustness of the overall scheme. One- and two-dimensional numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed methods.

Forecasting of river water flow rate with machine learning

Forecasting of river water flow rate with machine learning

Study of Fluctuations in Surface Area of Lake Haramaya using NDWI and MNDWI Methods

Lakes are of great value to human beings and important for various reasons like regulating the flow of river water, to maintain the eco-system and storage of water during the dry seasons. Lake Haramaya, which is situated at 14 km Northwest of Harer town (UNESCO Site) is one of the famous and beautiful lakes of Ethiopia. It acts as a source of life for human beings and animals. The over exploitation of the lake haramaya for water supply and agricultural purposes has led to its extinction in the last two decades. This study attempts to identify the fluctuations in surface area of Lake Haramaya between 1995 to 2020 by using multi-temporal satellite data. The Landsat 5TM images of 1995, 2000 and 2010, Landsat 7ETM+ image of 2005 and Landsat 8 OLI TIRS images of 2015 and 2020 are analyzed using the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) methods. These methods are used to quantify the changes in surface area and compared to each other for identifying the suitable method for detecting water bodies. The present study shows that, between 1995 to 2010 the lake lost up to 2.3238 sq.km and almost dried. But, during 2011 to 2020 the lake surface area increased by 2.6946 sq.km. The study states that the lake surface area is fluctuating and MNDWI method is highly reliable in extracting water bodies.

SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF BED LOAD TRANSPORT IN MAHAP RIVER OF NANGA MAHAP SUB-DISTRICT, SEKADAU REGENCY, INDONESIA

Sedimentation is a crucial factor when it comes to river problems. Sediment can cause silting of the river so that its capacity be reduced and can cause overflow of water to the surface. Every year, Districts of Nanga Mahap at Sekadau Regency always experiences flooding and the problem is still happening up until now. One of the causes of the occurrence of flooding in Nanga Mahap District is the overflow of the Mahap River. This study aims to determine the characteristics and rates of bottom sediment transport rate in the downstream of the Mahap River. Sediment collection was carried out on 8 segments of the estuary. In the study, laboratory tests were carried out regarding specific gravity and grain size of sediment particles refers to the texture classification by USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) and freight rate calculations Basic Sediment with Duboys Method. Based on characteristic analysis Mahap River sediments obtained the average D50 sediment grain diameter value from all research points that is equal to 1.63 mm, the results of testing the specific gravity the average obtained is 2.754 gr/cm3 so that it can be classified in the form of coarse grains with a type of sand sediment. The largest base sediment transport rate of bed load occurred at point 2 of 8.816 tons/day and the smallest was at point 7, which is 0.154 tons/day. From the calculation, result shows that if the velocity of falling particles is greater than the velocity of the flow of river water, therefor the sediment particles will settle.

SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF BED LOAD TRANSPORT IN MAHAP RIVER OF NANGA MAHAP SUB-DISTRICT, SEKADAU REGENCY, INDONESIA

Sedimentation is a crucial factor when it comes to river problems. Sediment can cause silting of the river so that its capacity be reduced and can cause overflow of water to the surface. Every year, Districts of Nanga Mahap at Sekadau Regency always experiences flooding and the problem is still happening up until now. One of the causes of the occurrence of flooding in Nanga Mahap District is the overflow of the Mahap River. This study aims to determine the characteristics and rates of bottom sediment transport rate in the downstream of the Mahap River. Sediment collection was carried out on 8 segments of the estuary. In the study, laboratory tests were carried out regarding specific gravity and grain size of sediment particles refers to the texture classification by USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) and freight rate calculations Basic Sediment with Duboys Method. Based on characteristic analysis Mahap River sediments obtained the average D50 sediment grain diameter value from all research points that is equal to 1.63 mm, the results of testing the specific gravity the average obtained is 2.754 gr/cm3 so that it can be classified in the form of coarse grains with a type of sand sediment. The largest base sediment transport rate of bed load occurred at point 2 of 8.816 tons/day and the smallest was at point 7, which is 0.154 tons/day. From the calculation, result shows that if the velocity of falling particles is greater than the velocity of the flow of river water, therefor the sediment particles will settle.