Flow Of Electromagnetic Waves Research Articles

Numerical Solution of Transmission Line PDEs Using Finite Difference

Transmission lines refer to a variety of electrical structures that transfer information or energy typically in the form of carrying electromagnetic waves. Examples of transmission lines include coaxial cables, telephone wires, microstrips, and optical fibers. Understanding the transmission and distribution of the electromagnetic waves across the line is critical for matching the load with the generator to deliver the energy or information with minimum losses. The flow of electromagnetic waves across the line is described based on the voltage and current using Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). In this paper we apply the Central Space Central Time (CSCT) finite difference numerical method to solve the transmission line PDEs. We present the numerical solution of the waveforms and compare it with the analytical solution to evaluate the accuracy of this numerical method in solving the transmission line problem. It is found that the numerical solution of the voltage waveform is very near the analytical result with small error margin. However, while the numerical solution of the current shows the same waveform as the analytical one, there is some quite significant error in the magnitude. The error is found to result from the fact that the waveform of the numerical solution has some phase shift from that of the analytical solution. Adjusting the phase shift of the current waveform results in having good agreement between numerical and analytical results.

Comparative Measurement of Partial Discharge Using Spiral Antenna with RC Detector on High Voltage Equipment

Partial discharge is a partial electrical discharge event in isolation that is not directly connected between the two conductors, which discharges can occur either near or not on the conductor. An Archimedean spiral antenna is created to detect partial discharges in high voltage equipment. Electromagnetic waves produced by partial discharge will be detected by the antenna which has a frequency range of 300 MHz - 3 GHz. The next measurement of partial discharge uses an RC detector. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of Archimedean spiral antennas which were then compared to RC detectors. Based on the results of tests carried out as many as 50 times, both the spiral arsenic antenna or the RC detector showed good results. Antennas get slightly lower yields, due to the reduction in the flow of electromagnetic waves on the metal walls of high voltage equipment. Whereas RC detector is better by displaying more sensitive results.

Radiation-rejection band inserted dual-band antenna using a split ring resonator for beyond 4G applications

We propose a very simple but effective method to switch a single-band antenna into a dual-band antenna by inserting a narrow radiation-prohibited band in the middle of the single pass band. To insert the radiation-rejection band, we intentionally induce strong resonance on a metamaterial-motivated split ring resonator (SRR) by placing it near a signal feeding transmission line of a proximity-coupled microstrip patch antenna, which blocks out flow of electromagnetic waves through the line. To maximize the blockage, we cut the SRR into a quadrangular loop that is exactly interlocked with the two sides of the right-angled microstrip line. Consequently, we show that we can split one pass band into two separated pass bands with an inserted sharp stop band in-between. Good agreements between the prediction and the measurement prove the validness of our approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:961–965, 2014

An Entropy Approach to Tesla’s Discovery of Wireless Power Transmission

Following an entropy approach, the electric current can be postulated as a flow of electromagnetic waves that has an electric potential. Such postulate is verified in this article by results of experimental measurement then it is applied to review Tesla’s discovery of wireless power transmission. Tesla discovered the wireless transmission of electric power during his operation in an entirely new domain of physics based on abrupt discharging of electrostatic charges. He realized that electrons were not responsible for such discovered phenomena. So, he called the new energy as “Radiant Electricity”. He didn’t identify that the true nature of electric current was a flow of electromagnetic waves that can be normally radiated through air. So, he proposed the term “Aether gas” to describe the discovered transfer of the electric charges by radiation from his designed tower, though air, to specified receivers. Following an entropy approach, the nature of the discovered radiated energy can be identified as electromagnetic waves that have an electric potential. So, the followed approach succeeds in eliminating the confusing observations of Tesla’s measurements in his famous experiment and the confusions found in modern literature that deals with such energy as an “Ambiguous Radiant Energy”.

A Thermodynamic Analysis of Energy Flow in Optical Fiber Communication Systems

A thermodynamic analysis of energy flow in different elements of an optical fiber communication system is presented. The analysis depends on a previously introduced entropy approach that postulated the flow of electric charges as a flow of electromagnetic waves. Such a postulate is introduced here to find a plausible explanation of the electro-optic Kerr effect. Following the same approach, the transmitter and receivers of the optical communication-systems are explained according to measurement results as converters of electric waves into light waves or converters of light waves into electric waves. Similarly, pumping of optical energy or electrical energy into the elements of a communication system is found equivalent to pumping of entropy. Such results are introduced to derive energy equations that model the flow of energy and different processes in an optical communication-system. The introduced approach that depends on the postulated definition of electric current is compared to a classical approach in an analysis of energy flow into 80 MHz fiber laser.

Analyzing the Duality Concept through an Entropy Approach

According to a previously introduced entropy approach; the flow of electric charges was defined as a flow of electromagnetic waves that has an electric potential. Similarly; the magnetic flux was defined as a flow of electromagnetic waves that has a magnetic potential. By a similar entropy approach, particle's kinetic energy is defined also as electromagnetic waves. So: the electron can be defined as an energized particle whose electric charge, magnetic energy and kinetic energy are electromagnetic waves. According to such definition and to the found similarity of the mechanisms and laws of mass and energy diffusions in additions to the Einstein’s principle of mass-energy equivalence; the flow ofelectrons can be postulated as a simultaneous flow of two energy components; particulized energy and wave energy. Hence; the electron hasn’t a dual nature but its behavior as a particle or as wave depends on the relative values of its two components in each flow. Truth of the introduced postulates is proved through finding also plausible explanation of thesintering phenomena and de-Broglie hypothesis.

Photonic-crystal-based beam splitters

We proposed and demonstrated two different methods to split electromagnetic waves in three-dimensional photonic crystals. By measuring transmission spectra, it was shown that the guided mode in a coupled-cavity waveguide can be splitted into the coupled-cavity or planar waveguide channels without radiation losses. The flow of electromagnetic waves through output waveguide ports can also be controlled by introducing extra defects into the crystals. Our results may have an important role in the design of efficient power splitters in a photonic circuit.

Electromagnetic waves propagation in real multimode waveguide structures

A power flow equation describing the power flow of electromagnetic waves in a real multimode waveguide represented by a linear multichannel trasmission system exhibiting an attenuation, dispersion, and an interchannel interaction is solved in three iterative ways. In the case of constant attenuation and constant propagation velocities in all channels and for the convolution interchannel interaction, a closed analytical solution of the problem is presented. Interesting forms of the solution, transfer function, and impulse response of the system which enable us to separate and compare the attenuation, dispersion, and coupling effects independently of each other are derived. The transfer function, the impulse response, and excitation conditions for their measurements are further discussed. Relations which make it possible to compare different experimental data obtained under specific excitation conditions in various laboratories are determined. Finally, a linear system with memory in time is studied and it is shown that the real multimode waveguide as a linear multichannel transmission system can be considered as a general linear system with memory in space.

Eddy power flow of electromagnetic waves

Abstract The energy transport velocity of electromagnetic waves is reformulated to interpret the energy transport of non-piano waves by extending the classical concept of the stored energy flow of plane waves. The dyadic phase velocity, dyadic energy velocity, and stored energy vector are proposed. A new concept of eddy power flow is given, with which a well-known contradiction of energy transport velocity in waveguides can be solved.