Charge Flow Research Articles

On thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer aspects of CH4 adsorption onto coconut shell-based carbonaceous material

The current study investigates the equilibrium methane (CH4) adsorption capacity and the adsorption kinetics of a locally produced coconut shell-derived activated carbon (AC CARB 6X12 60) for pressure and temperatures ranging from 0 to 55 bar and -20 to 70 °C, respectively. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics are determined using an in-house developed adsorption test rig. A maximum methane adsorption uptake of 0.140 kg/kg is obtained at -20 °C and 40 bar pressure. The adsorption equilibrium isotherm data are fitted using Toth, Dubinin-Astakhov (DA), and Modified-DA isotherm models. Afterwards, the kinetics study is done considering pseudo first order, second order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models. In continuation, based on the DA isotherm model, Clausius Clapeyron relation, and Maxwell's relations, the expressions for the crucial thermodynamic parameter of adsorbed phase, i.e., isosteric heat of adsorption, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy is derived, and same is estimated using DA isotherm parameters. Additionally, the activated carbon's thermophysical properties (i.e., thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat) are determined using the TPS 2500 S analyzer, which works on the hot-disk principle. Using the most suitable isotherm (DA) and kinetic model (pseudo second order), heat and mass transfer analysis is carried out on novel reactor configuration with an external cooling jacket, double row of cooling pipes with external longitudinal fins for methane storage using a 3D transient model in Comsol Multiphysics. The charge characteristics are studied for gas charging pressure varying from 1 to 50 bar and cooling fluid temperature of -20 to 70 °C. Iso-concentration contours are plotted to identify the pressure-temperature combination resulting in identical storage capacity (i.e., including both gaseous and adsorbed phases). Further simulations are carried out for constant pressure charging and constant flow discharge conditions to expound upon the effects of the dormancy period, gas charging pressure, and cooling/heating fluid temperature. 14% improvement in total discharge amount is obtained with a dormancy period between charging and discharging compared to no dormancy case.

Facile green synthesis of SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4 heterojunction nanocomposite using Murraya paniculata leaves extract for effective photocatalytic degradation of organic dye malachite green by sunlight illumination

In this work nanocomposite heterojunction of SnO2:Zn conjugated with g-C3N4 was successfully synthesized by a green synthesis method using Murraya paniculata leaves extract. Materials were characterized by XPS, FTIR, XRD, BET, HRTEM, FESEM, EDAX, and UV–visible spectrophotometer. XRD and HRTEM results revealed the formation of highly crystalline and small sized particles having mean grain size of 4.4 and 4.9 nm for SnO2:Zn and SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4, respectively and interplanar spacing of 0.333 nm. The 2-D sheeted structure of g-C3N4 acts as a translucent layer that captures and provide a considerable extent of self-agglomeration on the underlying sphere shaped SnO2:Zn NPs which results in excellent charge flow which eventually results in enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance of the synthesized heterojunction. The XPS analysis verifies the presence of Sn, Zn, O, C, and N in the synthesized heterojunction SnO2:Zn@g-C3N4. The UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectra helped to demonstrate the effective inhibition of excitons annihilation within the heterojunction nanocomposite. The heterojunction shows an excellent photodegradation efficiency of 93.84 % in the process of photodegradation of dye Malachite green (MG). Effect of pH, catalyst dose on photodegradation and the recyclability were also investigated. The kinetic plots were used to calculate the rate constant which shows the nature of a pseudo first order reaction with a rate constant of 0.299 min−1. Trap experiments were conducted to confirm the role of h+ and O2.− as active species.

Thermal energy storage integration for increased flexibility of a power plant with post-combustion CO2 capture

Flexible operation of thermal power plants will become increasingly relevant in the coming years. This work evaluates the effect of integrating a steam accumulator into a 598 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant with moving bed temperature-swing adsorption CO2 capture. Charging the accumulator with reheat steam from the turbine train can reduce the net power output by up to 1.4 % (8.2 MW) for around 200 min. Small charging flow rates are recommended to maximize the final pressure of the accumulator. Covering the sorbent regeneration duty and meeting the demand of two feedwater heaters were considered as alternatives for discharging of the accumulator. Thermal storage discharging was found to give relative power plant load increases between 1.7 and 11.2 % (10.2–66.9 MW) for up to 37.5 min, which exceeds the requirement for primary reserve. Increases in the electrical energy output of 10.5–11 MWh were achieved. The flexibility modes studied in this work are compatible with high CO2 recovery rates.

Gravito-thermal transports, Onsager reciprocal relation and gravitational Wiedemann-Franz law

Using the near-detailed-balance distribution function obtained in our recent work, we present a set of covariant gravito-thermal transport equations (i.e. the flow of various charges as linear response to thermodynamical forces) for neutral relativistic gases in a generic stationary spacetime. All relevant tensorial transport coefficients are worked out and are presented using some particular integration functions in (α,ζ), where α=−βμ and ζ=βm is the relativistic coldness, with β being the inverse temperature and μ being the chemical potential. It is shown that the Onsager reciprocal relation holds in the gravito-thermal transport phenomena, and that the heat conductivity and the gravito-conductivity tensors are proportional to each other, with the coefficient of proportionality given by the product of the so-called Lorenz number with the temperature, thus proving a gravitational variant of the Wiedemann-Franz law. It is remarkable that, for strongly degenerate Fermi gases, the Lorenz number takes a universal constant value L=π2/3, which extends the Wiedemann-Franz law into the Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz law.

Технология и результаты изучения взаимодействия поверхности с потоком заряженных частиц низкотемпературной плазмы

An analysis of approaches to studying the interaction of the surface with a stream of charged particles is presented in order to increase the efficiency of the process of low-temperature plasma modification of the surface layer. The results of the analysis showed that it is theoretically difficult to study the interaction, therefore, it is interesting to study it empirically using electrochemistry methods that allow us to investigate the phenomena of mixing and spreading of a liquid placed on the surface caused by molecular interaction processes. An off-the-shelf technology for studying surface interaction for charged particles flow in a low-temperature plasma has been found. The technology is based on the surface interaction for a particle flow simulator, using an aqueous 3,0 % NaCl salt solution. During the course of studying, it was found, firstly, that the results of interaction are actively influenced by chemical processes between the surface and the ions of the solution, depending on the value of the potential of the electric field applied to the surface, as well as due to its microrelief, and secondly, that the main boundary process running under surface interaction and solution is adsorption. The data of the analysis of the effects of exposure to the plasma surface are presented. They proved the reliability of study results, since the course of chemical and adsorption processes also take place. In general, the materials presented in the article allowed making conclusion that the developed technology makes it possible to determine the conditions that ensure an increase in the efficiency of the low-temperature plasma modification process contributing to the improvement of both surface (electrochemical) and volumetric (physical mechanical and electrophysical) properties if it is used either in the initial state or in the state changed by plasma particles.

Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity.

Since the initial landmark study on the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in 1999, considerable experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand the physical underpinnings and mechanistic features of this interesting phenomenon. As first formulated, the CISS effect refers to the innate ability of chiral materials to act as spin filters for electron transport; however, more recent experiments demonstrate that displacement currents arising from charge polarization of chiral molecules lead to spin polarization without the need for net charge flow. With its identification of a fundamental connection between chiral symmetry and electron spin in molecules and materials, CISS promises profound and ubiquitous implications for existing technologies and new approaches to answering age old questions, such as the homochiral nature of life. This review begins with a discussion of the different methods for measuring CISS and then provides a comprehensive overview of molecules and materials known to exhibit CISS-based phenomena before proceeding to identify structure-property relations and to delineate the leading theoretical models for the CISS effect. Next, it identifies some implications of CISS in physics, chemistry, and biology. The discussion ends with a critical assessment of the CISS field and some comments on its future outlook.

Nanostructured Co3O4@NiFe-LDH heterojunction catalysts for improving oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline environment

Constructing nano-heterojunction catalysts is a highly efficient method for enhancing the thermodynamics and kinetics towards oxygen evolution reaction. In the present study, NiFe-LDH nanoparticles in-situ grown on Co3O4 nanowires bring about abundant heterogeneous interfaces, which productively increase specific surface area and tune electron density distribution. The as-obtained composite comprises rich unsaturated Co sites on Co3O4 and hybrid crystalline/amorphous NiFe-LDH phase, both of which expedite the flow of charge and expose large amounts of active sites. The Co-Ni-Fe electron transport channels are established at the core-shell heterojunction with the transmission of electrons from Co3O4 to NiFe-LDH. The resultant optimal Co3O4 @NiFe-LDH/NF-100 catalyst displayed attractive OER activity with low overpotential of 270 mV at 50 mA cm−2, along with excellent durability in alkaline media. This typical core-shell heterojunction promotes H2O dissociation and strengthens the adsorption of intermediates, thereby enhancing oxygen evolution reaction.

Switchable Power Generation in Triboelectric Nanogenerator Toward Chip-Less Wearable Power Module Applications.

A conceptual shift toward next-generation wearable electronics is driving research into self-powered electronics technologies that can be independently operated without plugging into the grid for external power feeding. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are emerging as a key component of self-powered electronics, but a power type mismatch between supply and demand limits their direct implementation into wearable self-powered electronics. Here, a TENG with switchable power mode capability is reported where the charge flow direction is modulated over the course of slow and random mechanical stimuli, with exceptional rectification capabilities as high as ≈133, stable outputs over the cycles, and design flexibility in different platforms. Importantly, the remarkable switchable power generation with fabric counter materials illuminates a new path for the smooth integration of flexible TENGs into wearable self-powered electronics.

Enhancing charge transport and photoluminescence characteristics via transition metals doping in ITO thin films

Abstract This study presents the synthesis and characterization of pristine and transition metal (Co, Fe, and Zr)-doped indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films fabricated via RF magnetron sputtering. The effect of transition metal doping on ITO thin films properties was comprehensively examined using numerous spectroscopic and microscopic methods such as XRD, FTIR, and SEM coupled with EDX, UV–visible and PL spectroscopy, and four-probe and J–V measurements. The cubic crystal structure of the materials was confirmed through XRD spectroscopy, while FTIR results validated the existence of chemical bonds, signified by sharp peaks at 608 cm−1 and 667 cm−1 in the fingerprint region. SEM imaging revealed a granular-like agglomerated structure, with EDX confirming the elemental composition of the samples. The incorporation of Co, Fe, and Zr ions into ITO is aimed at improving photoconductivity and the optical bandgap, with the ultimate objective of enhancing performance in photovoltaic applications. Our findings showed a significant decrease in optical transmission in the visible spectrum. The bandgap also experienced a minor decrease from 3.67 eV to 3.53 eV. Analysis of the photoluminescence spectra exhibited the majority of emission peaks in the UV region, ascribed to electronic transitions occurring via band-to-band and band-to-impurity interactions within the ITO. Electrical measurements indicated lower resistance, higher current flow, and increased carrier concentration in transition metals–doped ITO compared to the undoped ITO, with Zr-doped ITO exhibiting the highest conductivity and optimal charge flow among all dopants. These promising findings in terms of optical, structural, and electrical attributes signal the potential of these materials for photovoltaic system applications.

Light-driven nanoscale vectorial currents.

Controlled charge flows are fundamental to many areas of science and technology, serving as carriers of energy and information, as probes of material properties and dynamics1 and as a means of revealing2,3 or even inducing4,5 broken symmetries. Emerging methods for light-based current control5-16 offer particularly promising routes beyond the speed and adaptability limitations of conventional voltage-driven systems. However, optical generation and manipulation of currents at nanometre spatial scales remains a basic challenge and a crucial step towards scalable optoelectronic systems for microelectronics and information science. Here we introduce vectorial optoelectronic metasurfaces in which ultrafast light pulses induce local directional charge flows around symmetry-broken plasmonic nanostructures, with tunable responses and arbitrary patterning down to subdiffractive nanometre scales. Local symmetries and vectorial currents are revealed by polarization-dependent and wavelength-sensitive electrical readout and terahertz (THz) emission, whereas spatially tailored global currents are demonstrated in the direct generation of elusive broadband THz vector beams17. We show that, in graphene, a detailed interplay between electrodynamic, thermodynamic and hydrodynamic degrees of freedom gives rise to rapidly evolving nanoscale driving forces and charge flows under the extremely spatially and temporally localized excitation. These results set the stage for versatile patterning and optical control over nanoscale currents in materials diagnostics, THz spectroscopies, nanomagnetism and ultrafast information processing.

Pyroelectric influence on lithium niobate during the thermal transition for cryogenic integrated photonics

Lithium niobate has emerged as a promising platform for integrated quantum optics, enabling efficient generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states of light. However, integrating single-photon detectors requires cryogenic operating temperatures, since the best performing detectors are based on narrow superconducting wires. While previous studies have demonstrated the operation of quantum light sources and electro-optic modulators in LiNbO3 at cryogenic temperatures, the thermal transition between room temperature and cryogenic conditions introduces additional effects that can significantly influence device performance. In this paper, we investigate the generation of pyroelectric charges and their impact on the optical properties of lithium niobate waveguides when changing from room temperature to 25 K, and vice versa. We measure the generated pyroelectric charge flow and correlate this with fast changes in the birefringence acquired through the Sénarmont-method. Both electrical and optical influence of the pyroelectric effect occur predominantly at temperatures above 100 K.

Computational Design for Enhanced Hydrogen Storage on the Newly Synthesized 2D Polyaramid via Titanium and Zirconium Decoration.

2D polyaramid (2DPA) is a porous and polymeric material that has been synthesized recently. Titanium and zirconium decoration over 2DPA increases their affinity for hydrogen substantially, making them suitable for onboard and reversible hydrogen storage, particularly in light-duty vehicles. By decorating a single unit cell of 2DPA with two transition metal (TM) atoms, hydrogen storage of up to 6.422 and 6.792 wt % of H2 with average binding energies of -0.399 and -0.480 eV is predicted for 2DPA + Ti and 2DPA + Zr, respectively. The binding of Ti and Zr with 2DPA is accompanied by a flow of charge (-1.474e for Ti and -1.696e for Zr) from the TM toward the 2DPA sheet. Further, the interaction between H2 and the TM may proceed via Kubas interaction between the d orbital of the TM in 2DPA + TM and H 1s orbitals of H2, with a net flow of charge from the TM toward H2 (-0.218e for Ti and -0.391e for Zr). The desorption of H2 bound to 2DPA + Zr is endothermic (∼0.57 eV) and close in magnitude to the binding energy of the first H2 (∼-0.544 eV). The 2DPA + TM systems show structural and dynamic stability at high temperatures, as evident from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and phonon spectra. The movement of TM atoms across the 2DPA sheet to form clusters may be hindered by the considerable barrier energy (∼4.9 eV for Ti). Through these systematic density functional theory simulations, we predict that Ti- and Zr-decorated 2DPA are high-performance hydrogen storage materials and can be explored by experimentalists.

Evaluating the power generation capability of devices utilizing piezoelectric materials and the resonance problem

This paper presents a sophisticated device leveraging piezoelectric materials to seamlessly convert mechanical energy into electricity. This innovation is especially pertinent in meeting the escalating power requirements of smart devices in the dynamic of Industry 4.0. Piezoelectric materials capitalize on the piezoelectric effect, manifesting electricity generation as an external force that induces polarization within the crystal lattice, leading to the accumulation of oppositely charged elements. These specialized materials are affixed to a cantilever beam, fostering consistent oscillations that facilitate a continuous charge flow and, consequently, the generation of a reliable electric current. The oscillations of the cantilever beam embody a fusion of diverse mode shapes, each characterized by distinctive natural frequencies. The resonance phenomenon comes into play when external forces synchronize with these frequencies, thereby inducing maximum stress on the material block. Simultaneously, the voltage produced in the piezoelectric material aligns proportionally with the internal stress, resulting in an augmented power output as the amplitude of external forces increases. The efficacy of the device in power generation is contingent upon two pivotal factors: the resonance frequency of external forces, determined by resonance conditions, and the maximum amplitude, regulated by durability considerations. Although the electrical output may not be voluminous, the device’s unique advantages arising from the inherent properties of the materials and the piezoelectric effect underscore its substantial potential in addressing the intricacies of practical energy challenges.

Research on the Optimization of a Diesel Engine Intercooler Structure Based on Numerical Simulation

As a device for cooling charged air before it enters the cylinder, the intercooler is an indispensable part of the regular operation of a booster diesel engine. To solve the problem of the insufficient cooling performance of an intercooler for a high-power supercharged diesel engine, in this study, the flow field in the intercooler is simulated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of porous media, and the performance data measured using the steady flow test bench are used to provide boundary conditions for the calculation. The effects of the charged air mass flow rate and the tube bundle’s transverse spacing on the heat dissipation performance of the intercooler are analyzed and compared. The calculation results show that, under the condition of satisfying the regular operation of the diesel engine, the heat transfer coefficient of the intercooler heat dissipation belt increases with the increase in air mass flow and the spacing of cooling pipes, and the heat transfer coefficient can be increased by up to 57%. Still, excessive spacing of the cooling water pipes increases pressure loss in the charged air. Finally, the transverse spacing of the tube bundle is set to 17 mm, ensuring the pressure drop in the charged air, and the heat dissipation performance of the intercooler is increased by 6.04%. This paper provides a feasible solution for further optimizing the heat dissipation performance of intercoolers. Finally, grey correlation theory is used to study the correlation between air mass flow, cooling water pipe spacing, and intercooler heat dissipation performance. The correlation values are 0.8464 and 0.8497, respectively, indicating a significant relationship between air mass flow, cooling water pipe spacing, and intercooler heat dissipation performance.

Charging and discharging a supercapacitor in molecular simulations.

As the world moves more toward unpredictable renewable energy sources, better energy storage devices are required. Supercapacitors are a promising technology to meet the demand for short-term, high-power energy storage. Clearly, understanding their charging and discharging behaviors is essential to improving the technology. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations provide microscopic insights into the complex interplay between the dynamics of the ions in the electrolyte and the evolution of the charge distributions on the electrodes. Traditional MD simulations of (dis)charging supercapacitors impose a pre-determined evolving voltage difference between the electrodes, using the Constant Potential Method (CPM). Here, we present an alternative method that explicitly simulates the charge flow to and from the electrodes. For a disconnected capacitor, i.e., an open circuit, the charges are allowed to redistribute within each electrode while the sum charges on both electrodes remain constant. We demonstrate, for a model capacitor containing an aqueous salt solution, that this method recovers the charge-potential curve of CPM simulations. The equilibrium voltage fluctuations are related to the differential capacitance. We next simulate a closed circuit by introducing equations of motion for the sum charges, by explicitly accounting for the external circuit element(s). Charging and discharging of the model supercapacitor via a resistance proceed by double exponential processes, supplementing the usual time scale set by the electrolyte dynamics with a novel time scale set by the external circuit. Finally, we propose a simple equivalent circuit that reproduces the main characteristics of this supercapacitor.

Unconventional Breathing Currents Far beyond the Quantum Tunneling Distances in Large-Gapped Nanoplasmonic Systems.

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in plasmonic nanoparticles propels the field of plasmo-electronics, holding promise for transformative optoelectronic devices through efficient light-to-current conversion. Plasmonic excitations strongly influence the charge distribution within nanoparticles, giving rise to electromagnetic fields that can significantly impact the macroscopic charge flows within the nanoparticle housing material. In this study, we present evidence of ultralow, unconventional breathing currents resulting from dynamic irradiance interactions between widely separated nanoparticles, extending far beyond conventional electron (quantum) tunneling distances. We develop an electric analogue model and derive an empirical expression to elucidate the generation of these unconventional breathing currents in cascaded nanoplasmonic systems under irradiance modulation. This technique and theoretical model have significant potential for applications requiring a deeper understanding of current dynamics, particularly on large nanostructured surfaces relevant to photocatalysis, energy harvesting, sensing, imaging, and the development of future photonic devices.

Investigation of Solar Energy Applications with Design and Implementation of Photovoltaic Traffic Light Signal System for Qatar

The objective of this paper is to promote the use of solar energy in powering traffic signal systems for rural areas in Qatar with no power grid. A photovoltaic system is needed in order to use this energy continuously. The results of the investigation of components, design, and market availability are shown in the paper. Solar cells, which are used for absorbing sunlight and generating electric current, are the main source for the system’s operation. A charge controller is used to control the flow of charge through the battery and to protect the battery from overcharging and deep discharging. A dc-dc converter is used to regulate the output voltage which depends on the type of dc to dc converter. Lead acid batteries are used as the electric energy storage for the PV system to use electrical energy in the absence of sunlight. The principle operation of the system and the feasibility of using it for rural area with no power grid have been studied. For this project, a mount tracker was constructed that enabled the solar panel to be placed at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 degree angles in order to determine which angle and what time provides the optimum voltage. Experimental results for different angles of radiation at different times of the day and different days of the year are shown in the paper.

First-principles calculations to investigate structural, electronic, and optical properties of AgWO4 and PdWO4 tungstate materials for optoelectronic applications

The optoelectronic devices play a crucial role in our daily lives by seamlessly integrating optics and electronics, enabling technologies like smartphones, solar cells, and optical communication. Solar cells have been very vital in terms of providing sustainable and clean energy. Conventional Perovskite-based solar cells possess limitations like stability and toxicity. Recently, ABO4-type materials have gained attention in optoelectronic devices due to their structural stability and suitable optoelectronic properties for solar cell applications. The structural, electronic, and optical properties of AgWO4 and PdWO4 have been explored using the first principal simulations in line with density functional theory (DFT) using WIEN2K simulation software. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof Generalized-Gradient-Approximation (PBE-GGA) is acclimated to optimize the geometry of both materials under consideration. Trans-Balha modified Becke-Johnson approximation (TB-mBJ) approximation is implemented to study materials' optoelectronic properties. Structural analysis revealed the stable structure of AgWO4 and PdWO4 in the monoclinic phase with increasing lattice parameters and decreased unit cell volume upon replacement of Ag with Pd cation on the A site. Both materials ' negative values of ground state energies indicate the stability of both compounds. Upon analysis of the band structure of AgWO4 and PdWO4, it is found that both materials possess a band gap of 1.34eV and 0.73eV,respectively, signifying that both materials under consideration are semiconductors, with a potential for a controlled flow of electrical charges, coming up with promising various optoelectronic applications. Optical characteristics were explored and examined in depth in the framework of hypothetical dielectric constant. It has been discovered that the dielectric function has a broad span of energy integrity when it comes to its dielectric function. Materials with narrow bandgaps and excellent UV light absorption were found suitable for optoelectronic and solar cell applications.

How Dedicated Ribosomes Translate a Leaderless mRNA

In bacteriophage λ lysogens, the λcI repressor is encoded by the leaderless transcript (lmRNA) initiated at the λpRM promoter. Translation is enhanced in rpsB mutants deficient in ribosomal protein uS2. Although translation initiation of lmRNA is conserved in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, structural insight of a lmRNA translation initiation complex is missing. Here, we use cryo-EM to solve the structures of the uS2-deficient 70S ribosome of host E. coli mutant rpsB11 and the wild-type 70S complex with λcI lmRNA and fMet-tRNAfMet. Importantly, the uS2-deficient 70S ribosome also lacks protein bS21. The anti-Shine-Dalgarno (aSD) region is structurally supported by bS21, so that the absence of the latter causes the aSD to divert from the normal mRNA exit pathway, easing the exit of lmRNA. A π-stacking interaction between the monitor base A1493 and A(+4) of lmRNA potentially acts as a recognition signal. Coulomb charge flow, along with peristalsis-like dynamics within the mRNA entrance channel due to the increased 30S head rotation caused by the absence of uS2, are likely to facilitate the propagation of lmRNA through the ribosome. These findings lay the groundwork for future research on the mechanism of translation and the co-evolution of lmRNA and mRNA that includes the emergence of a defined ribosome-binding site of the transcript.

Customizing precise, tunable, and universal cascade charge transfer chains towards versatile photoredox catalysis.

The core factors dictating the photocatalysis efficiency are predominantly centered on controllable modulation of anisotropic spatial charge transfer/separation and regulating vectorial charge transport pathways. Nonetheless, the sluggish charge transport kinetics and incapacity of precisely tuning interfacial charge flow at the nanoscale level are still the primary dilemma. Herein, we conceptually demonstrate the elaborate design of a cascade charge transport chain over transition metal chalcogenide-insulating polymer-cocatalyst (TIC) photosystems via a progressive self-assembly strategy. The intermediate ultrathin non-conjugated insulating polymer layer, i.e., poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), functions as the interfacial electron relay medium, and simultaneously, outermost co-catalysts serve as the terminal "electron reservoirs", synergistically contributing to the charge transport cascade pathway and substantially boosting the interfacial charge separation. We found that the insulating polymer mediated unidirectional charge transfer cascade is universal for a large variety of metal or non-metal reducing co-catalysts (Au, Ag, Pt, Ni, Co, Cu, NiSe2, CoSe2, and CuSe). More intriguingly, such peculiar charge flow characteristics endow the self-assembled TIC photosystems with versatile visible-light-driven photoredox catalysis towards photocatalytic hydrogen generation, anaerobic selective organic transformation, and CO2-to-fuel conversion. Our work would provide new inspiration for smartly mediating spatial vectorial charge transport towards emerging solar energy conversion.