Biomagnetic Fluid Flow Research Articles

Significance of biomagnetic fluid flow with Ni-ZnFe2O4 particle over a wedge in the presence of a magnetic dipole

Significance of biomagnetic fluid flow with Ni-ZnFe2O4 particle over a wedge in the presence of a magnetic dipole

Influence of Magnetic Dipole on Biomagnetic Fluid Flow Past a Thin Needle Under the Interaction of Magnetohydrodynamics and Ferrohydrodynamics Using Lie Group Analysis

Influence of Magnetic Dipole on Biomagnetic Fluid Flow Past a Thin Needle Under the Interaction of Magnetohydrodynamics and Ferrohydrodynamics Using Lie Group Analysis

Biomagnetic Fluid Flow on a Nonlinearly Stretching Sheet with Variable Thickness in a Magnetic Environment

The main contribution of the current work is a numerical and mathematical investigation of the effects of magnetic dipole and electrical conductivity on the heat and flow transfer of biomagnetic fluid over a non-linear stretched sheet with variable thickness. Static magnetic fields are produced by magnetic dipoles, which are used in medical a pplications such as MRI, drug administration, and cancer therapy. Additionally, the impact of non-linear heat source/sink features was examined in the study, leading to an interesting phenomenon. The PDEs are attenuated to nonlinear ODEs with dealing appropriate similarity variables. These resultant ODEs are computed by developing an effective method emerged on the application of the finite differences technique. In the end, this section offers a summary of the implications resulting from different physical limitations on blood flow, including variable thickness and power index effects. It was discovered that the rise in Kelvin and Lorentz forces in the boundary layer significantly affected blood flow. The current findings for the biomagnetic fluid model are novel and inventive since they effectively expand upon the issues previously addressed by previously published scientific documentation.

Numerical study on heat and flow transfer of biomagnetic fluid with copper nanoparticles over a linear extended sheet under the influence of magnetic dipole and thermal radiation

A steady, two-dimensional flow of biomagnetic fluid namely blood flow with copper nanoparticles across a stretchable sheet that is affected by a strong magnetic field and thermal radiation is investigated in this study. Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) were used for this study because of their important applicability in biomedical research. Thus, the properties of copper nanoparticles render it an antibacterial, antimicrobial, and anti-fungal material. Similarity substitutions were applied to reduce the nonlinear partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations. Utilizing the MATLAB R2018b software bvp4c function technique, the physical solution was established. This model's pertinent dimensions, such as the ferromagnetic parameter, the magnetic field parameter, the radiation parameter, the suction parameter, the ratio parameter, the slip parameter, and the Prandtl Number, were computationally and graphically inspected about the dimensionless velocity, temperature, skin friction, and heat transfer rate. One of the pivotal observations was that a rise in the ferromagnetic parameter and Prandtl number drops the temperature and velocity, correspondingly. A cross-case analysis with the outcome of other published research is also executed for divergent parameter values. Based on the investigations, copper nanoparticles may be advantageous for biomedical purposes and lessen the hemodynamics of stenosis. Owing to the research, copper nanoparticle-concentrated blood exhibits a reduced flow impedance and a larger temperature changeability compared to sheer blood.

Numerical simulation of biomagnetic pulsatile flow through a channel

The study of biological fluids in the presence of a magnetic field is known as biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD). The research work in BFD has been rapidly growing due to its applications in developing magnetic devices used for cell separation, targeted drug delivery and cancer tumor treatment. This study aims to examine the biomagnetic fluid flow with pulsatile conditions through a channel when subjected to a magnetic field that varies in space. The nondimensional continuity and momentum equations are solved with the effect of the magnetic field added as a body force. A two-dimensional computational model is developed using the finite volume method and is implemented on a staggered grid system with the help of the semi-implicit fractional step method. The code is written using MATLAB. Numerical simulations are performed by varying the Magnetic, Reynolds and Womersley numbers. Pulsatile flow results indicate the periodic growth and decay of vortices near the source of the magnetic field. With an increase in the magnetic number from 100 to 150, 250 and 500, the maximum vorticity increases by 48.04%, 149.84% and 402.68%. A similar relation is found when varying the Reynolds number, while almost no change is found when varying the Womersley number.

Numerical Simulation of Slip Flow and Heat Transfer of Biomagnetic Fluid over a Stretching Sheet in the Presence of a Magnetic Dipole with Temperature Dependent Viscosity

The study of flow and heat transfer of biomagnetic fluid past a stretching sheet has a significant importance in a number of bio-medical and engineering applications including cancer treatment, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, reducing blood flow during surgeries etc. Owing to these applications, the aim of the present paper is to study an electrically non-conducting Newtonian biomagnetic fluid in the presence of a magnetic dipole over an extendable sheet subject to velocity slip. The governing steady boundary layer equations with the help of similarity transformations were converted into a set of highly non-linear ordinary differential equations which are then computationally solved by applying the bvp4c function technique in MATLAB software. The results show that blood velocity and temperature can remarkably be influenced by the variation of ferromagnetic parameter. As the ferromagnetic parameter increases, the rate of heat transfer of blood is increased while coefficient of skin friction is reduced. We hope that this study could be useful in cancer treatment as well as in drug administration.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF BIOMAGNETIC MAXWELL FLUID PAST A NONLINEARLY STRETCHING SHEET WITH CONSIDERING MAGNETIZATION AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

This study goal is to examine the flow of two-dimensional biomagnetic Maxwell fluid past a nonlinearly stretched sheet while it is subject to an applied magnetic field that is produced by the presence of a magnetic dipole. Assumedly, the fluids magnetization M varies linearly with temperature T and magnetic field strength H. Consideration is given to the effects of magnetohydrodynamics (MHDs) and ferrohydrodynamics (FHDs) on the flow. The controlling nonlinear partial differential equation is presented with similarity transformations to change it into coupled ordinary differential equations. These equations are then numerically solved with the help of common finite differences method. The influence of the addressed problem parameters, namely, magnetic parameter [Formula: see text], ferromagnetic parameter [Formula: see text], Deborah number [Formula: see text] and nonlinear stretching parameter [Formula: see text] on the flow profile is discussed with the help of graphical demonstration. The obtained results show that the fluid velocity increases near the wall but its reverse after a fixed point from the wall with increases nonlinearity stretching parameter. The study also demonstrates that as the magnetic field intensity increases, the temperature distributions increase while the fluid velocity decreases. It was also discovered that, in contrast to the situation of pure hydrodynamics, the effect of MHD or FHD interaction is to slow down the fluid velocity. By making numerous comparisons with previously published work, the numerical method accuracy is examined, and the comparisons show that the results are generally in good accord. Along with the flow parameters, physical parameters like the dimensionless Nusselt number and the skin friction coefficient are shown. The study will be crucial for applications in medicine.

EFFECTS OF MAGNETIC PARTICLES DIAMETER AND PARTICLE SPACING ON BIOMAGNETIC FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OVER A LINEAR/NONLINEAR STRETCHED CYLINDER IN THE PRESENCE OF MAGNETIC DIPOLE

Magnetic particles are essential in materials science, biomedical, bioengineering, heat exchangers due to their exceptional thermal conductivity and unique properties. This work aims to model and analyze the biomagnetic fluid flow and heat transfer, namely the flow of blood with magnetic particles (Fe3O[Formula: see text] induced by stretching cylinder with linear and nonlinear stretching velocities. Additionally, this study investigates the impact of particles diameter and their spacing under the influence of ferrohydrodynamics (FHD) principle. The collection of partial differential equations is transformed using similarity transformations to produce the theoretically stated ordinary differential system. An efficient numerical technique, which is further based on common finite difference method with central differencing, a tridiagonal matrix manipulation and an iterative procedure are used to solve the problem numerically. The major goal of this extensive study is to enhance heat transformation under the influence of numerous parameters. There have been numerous displays of the velocity profile, temperature distribution, local skin friction factor and rate of heat transfer in terms of the appearing physical parameters. It is observed that variation in velocity and temperature distributions is the cause of increasing the ferromagnetic interaction parameter and the size of magnetic particles. The enhancement of particle diameter causes an increment in the skin friction while the rate of heat transfer declines. For verifying purposes, a comparison is also shown with previously published scientific work and found to possess suitable accuracy.

Numerical simulation of two-dimensional biomagnetic shear flow

The current work focuses on numerical analysis of two-dimensional simple shear flow of biomagnetic fluid flowing in the vicinity of non-uniform magnetic field. Accordingly, the numerical model is constructed with the help of semi-implicit fractional step algorithm utilizing a finite volume method to solve the corresponding continuity and Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical simulations are mainly focussed on changing Reynolds number (Re), magnetic number (Mn) and Stuart number(N). The results reveal that multiple recirculation zones emerge as a result of the combined influence of flow and magnetic field. Out of the three parameters considered, the formation of vortices is not affected by variation of Stuart number compared to Reynolds and magnetic numbers.

Finite Element Analysis of Biomagnetic Fluid Flow in a Channel with an Overlapping Stenosis

Analysis of biomagnetic fluid (blood) flow (BFD) is important due to the potential biomedical applications that have been proposed such as cell separation for magnetic devices, drug delivery using magnetic particles for the treatment of cancer tumours, hyperthermia, and the reduction of bleeding during surgeries. In this study, the effects of spatially varying magnetic field on a straight channel with an overlapping stenosis is investigated numerically using finite element method (FEM). The mathematical model of biomagnetic fluid is constructed based on the coupled study of Navier-Stokes equations with the principles of ferrohydrodynamic (FHD). While the flow in a constricted artery is considered to be Newtonian, steady, two-dimensional and isothermal. Galerkin finite element method is used to discretize the governing equations and then the source code is developed by using MATLAB software. The source code is validated, and the results is compared with the previous literature. Based on the findings, the introduction of magnetic field alters the behaviour of blood flow in the area near the magnetic source. The increment of magnetic field intensity near stenosis area causes the recirculation area downstream to become smaller. This could be seen from the velocity profile and streamline pattern of constricted artery.

Mixed convection flow and heat transfer of Biomagnetic fluid with magnetic/non-magnetic particles due to a stretched cylinder in the presence of a magnetic dipole

Mixed convection flow and heat transfer of Biomagnetic fluid with magnetic/non-magnetic particles due to a stretched cylinder in the presence of a magnetic dipole

Applications of a Group Theoretical Method on Biomagnetic Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer for Different Shapes of Fe3O4 Magnetic Particles under the Influence of Thermal Radiation and a Magnetic Dipole over a Cylinder

The flow and heat characteristics of an unsteady, laminar biomagnetic fluid, namely blood containing Fe3O4 magnetic particles, under the influence of thermal radiation and a magnetic dipole over a cylinder with controlled boundary conditions using a group theory method are investigated in the present study. The mathematical formulation of the problem is constructed with the aid of biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD) which combines principles of ferrohydrodynamics (FHD) and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). It is assumed that blood exhibits polarization as well as electrical conductivity. Additionally, the shape of the magnetic particles, namely cylindrical and spherical, is also considered. Moreover, in this model, a group theoretical transformation, namely a two-parameter group technique, is applied. By applying this group transformation, the governing system of partial differential equations (PDEs) along with applicable boundary conditions are reduced to one independent variable and, consequently, converted into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with suitable boundary conditions. An efficient numerical technique is applied to solve the resultant ODEs and this technique is based on three essential features, namely (i) a common finite differences method with central differencing, (ii) tridiagonal matrix manipulation and (iii) an iterative procedure. The flow and heat characteristics of blood-Fe3O4 are found to be dependent on some physical parameters such as the particle volume fraction, the ferromagnetic interaction parameter, the magnetic field parameter, and the thermal radiation parameter. An ample parametric study is accomplished to narrate the influences of such physical parameters on velocity, temperature distributions as well as the coefficient of skin friction and rate of heat transfer. From the numerical results, it is deduced that the fluid velocity is enhanced for the ferromagnetic number and the temperature profile is decreased as the ferromagnetic number is gradually increased. It is also obtained that for the cylindrical shape of magnetic particles, the fluid temperature is more enhanced than that of the spherical shape. Both the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are increased for increasing values of the ferromagnetic interaction parameter, where the heat transfer rate of blood-Fe3O4 is significantly increased by approximately 33.2% compared to that of pure blood, whereas the coefficient of skin friction is reduced by approximately 6.82%.

Group method analysis for blood‐Mn‐ZnFe2O4 flow and heat transfer under ferrohydrodynamics through a stretched cylinder

In this paper, a steady, viscous, incompressible, and electrically non‐conducting laminar flow of biomagnetic fluid, namely, the flow of blood with magnetic particles over a stretched cylinder in the presence of magnetic dipole, is studied. Since magnetic particles with low cytotoxicity can carry away unwanted reactive oxygen species and provide safeguard for biomedical applications, this study has immense applications in medical and bio‐engineering sections like cancer treatment, drug delivery, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The problem is first analyzed by applying group theoretical method, namely, one parameter group method. The invariance property of system of partial differential equations (PDEs) under one parameter group method transformations yields the weeny generators. By using the basic theorem of one parameter group method including invariance conditions, the set of PDEs is converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and consequently, the number of independent variables is reduced into one variable. Afterwards, the resulting coupled nonlinear set of ODEs is numerically solved by introducing an efficient numerical technique that based upon common finite difference with central differencing, a tridiagonal matrix manipulation, and finally, an iterative procedure. A comparative graphical analysis of velocity, temperature profiles, skin friction coefficient and rate of heat transfer for blood‐Mn‐ZnFe2O4 magnetic fluid has been carried out for various physical parameters such as ferromagnetic interaction parameter and magnetic particles volume fraction etc. The important findings from the present investigation are that the temperature of blood is enhanced for larger values of magnetic particles volume fraction and more effectively than pure blood. It is also found that blood velocity is increased as the ferromagnetic number increases. The skin friction coefficient is enhanced 132.22%, and the rate of heat transfer is increased by 5.86% by the application of magnetic field; whereas for particles volume fraction, skin friction decreases about 0.61%, and rate of heat transfer declines about 4%. Additionally, this study also discloses that the application of group theoretical method is justified in biomagnetic fluid dynamics especially research on blood flow and heat transfer, where the blood flow significantly influenced by the ferromagnetic number. A comparison has been also performed, and the results are found in excellent agreement with previous published in literature. The present study could be considered for magnetic driving of biologically suitable magnetic particles filled with medicine.

Numerical Study of Unsteady Boundary Layer Flow of a Biomagnetic Fluid over a Horizontal Stretching Sheet with Magnetic Dipole

This paper focuses on the theoretical and numerical investigation of the unsteady, viscous, incompressible, two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of a Newtonian biomagnetic fluid over a stretching sheet under the influence of an applied magnetic field in the presence of heat transfer. The magnetic field is induced by a magnetic dipole placed below the stretching sheet. The magnetic field intensity represents the magneto-thermo-mechanical coupling. This allows exclusion of the biofluid that is distant from the sheet at Curie temperature to avoid further magnetization. The unsteadiness of the flow is discernible in the fluid flow properties. The mathematical model of the problem conforms to the principles of Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and Ferrohydrodynamics (FHD). In this work, the study is performed on a specific biofluid, human blood. The modified Stokes principle is used to implement the model under the assumption that along with the three thermodynamic variables P, ρ, and T, the Biomagnetic Fluid Dynamics (BFD) fluid behavior can be characterized as a function of magnetization M. To describe the physical problem, a coupled non-linear system of ordinary differential equations subject to appropriate boundary conditions is derived from Navier-Stokes and thermal energy equations by performing non-dimensionalization of the considered variables. To solve these equations, the dsolve routine in the MAPLE software is used. Numerical results for flow profiles and the local skin friction coefficient (Cfx) and the local Nusselt number (Nux) are discussed for different values of unsteadiness parameter (A), biomagnetic interaction parameter (B) and a rational quantity (ϵ). The achieved results are compared with previously published work for steady state flow, and they seem to be in good agreement. It is found that MHD and FHD interaction parameters affect significantly on the velocity, temperature and pressure field. A successful completion will bring interesting results for better understanding of the biomagnetic fluid flow characteristics and can be beneficial to medical and bioengineering applications; particularly for estimating the characteristics of blood flow in stenosed arteries.

Biomagnetic Flow with CoFe2O4 Magnetic Particles through an Unsteady Stretching/Shrinking Cylinder

The study of biomagnetic fluid flow and heat transfer containing magnetic particles through an unsteady stretching/shrinking cylinder was numerically investigated in this manuscript. Biomagnetic fluid namely blood taken as base fluid and CoFe2O4 as magnetic particles. Where blood acts as an electrically conducting fluid along with magnetization/polarization. The main concentration is to study a time-dependent biomagnetic fluid flow with magnetic particles that passed through a two dimensional stretching/shrinking cylinder under the influence of thermal radiation, heat source and partial slip condition which has not been studied yet as far as best knowledge of authors. This model is consistent with the principles of magnetohydrodynamic and ferrohydrodynamic. The flow equations, such as momentum, energy which is described physically by a system of coupled, nonlinear partial differential equation with appropriate boundary conditions and converted into a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations by using suitable similarity transformations. The resultant ODEs numerically solved by applying by applying an efficient numerical technique based on a common finite differencing method along with central differencing, tridiagonal matrix manipulation and an iterative procedure. The values assigned to the parameters are compatible with human body conditions. The numerous results concerning velocity, temperature and pressure field, as well as the skin friction and the rate of heat transfer, are presented for the parameters exhibiting physical significance, such as ferromagnetic interaction parameter, magnetic field parameter, volume fraction, unsteady parameter, curvature parameter, etc. The main numerical findings are that the fluid velocity is decreased as the ferromagnetic number is enhanced gradually in both stretching or shrinking cases whereas, the opposite behavior is found for the skin friction coefficient. The rate of heat transfer with ferromagnetic interaction parameter was also monitored and found that opposite behavior occurs for stretching and shrinking cases. Comparisons were made to check the accuracy of the present numerical results with published literature and found to be in excellent agreement. Hopefully, this proposed model will control the blood flow rate, as well as the rate of heat transfer, such as magnetic hyperthermia.

Effect of Chemical Reaction and Thermal Radiation on Bio-Magnetic Viscoelastic Fluid Flow Embedded in a Porous Medium

The justification of our work is to describe the effects of bio-magnetic viscoelastic fluid flow. Here the study has been investigated with the companionship of a chemical reaction as well as thermal radiation. We consider the medium as a porous medium. By the two-dimensional fluid model, the blood flow is represented. The fluid is assumed as a viscoelastic fluid that consists of the core region suspension of all erythrocytes. By using a suitable method and proper mathematical analysis the model is developed. The velocity, temperature, and concentration coupled nonlinear PDEs are reformed into respective sets of nonlinear ODEs. Then the set of ODEs is solved analytically. The paper is authentic and it has been conducted by graphical representation for different profiles such as momentum, heat, and mass. The computation of skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are presented through the tabular form. It has been noticed that the present work excellently agrees with previous work done by Misra and Adhikary [27] for some comparison and it has been treated as a particular case.

Similarity and Finite Difference Solution on Biomagnetic Flow and Heat Transfer of Blood‐Fe3O4 through a Thin Needle

A magnetic fluid is composed of a base fluid and magnetic particles, where magnetic particles are carefully distraught in the base fluid. Here, we will assume that blood is the base fluid that exhibits electrical conductivity and polarization properties and Fe3O4 as magnetic particles. The addition of Fe3O4 into the blood can remarkably ameliorate the properties of the blood’s thermal conductivity. Such physical aspects can play a vital role in biomedical and bioengineering. The presented model studies the biomagnetic fluid flow, such as blood that contains magnetic particles through a thin needle in the appearance of a strong magnetic dipole. First, the governing equations are transformed using similarity transformation into a system of dimensional differential equations, which are then nondimensionalized. The system of nondimensional equations is then solved numerically using a finite difference method. By analyzing the results, we find that the axial flow decreases for the ferromagnetic number, magnetic field number, and Eckert number, while the temperature increases with volume fraction, where the size of the needle plays a significant role. Finally, the results also indicate that the presence of ferromagnetism significantly influences the skin friction coefficient. Our presented results will also be compared with existing literature that is similar to our work.

Aligned Magnetic Field and Radiation Effects on Biomagnetic Fluid over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet with Various Slip Conditions

The aim of the present study is to analyze the effects of aligned magnetic field and radiation on biomagnetic fluid flow and heat transfer over an unsteady stretching sheet with various slip conditions. The magnetic field is assumed to be sufficiently strong enough to saturate the ferrofluid, and the variation of magnetization is approximated by a linear function of temperature difference. The governing boundary layer equations with boundary conditions are simplified by suitable transformations. Numerical solution is obtained by using the bvp4c function technique in MATLAB software. The numerical results are derived for the velocity, temperature, the skin friction coefficient, and the rate of heat transfer. The evaluated results are compared with analytical study documented in scientific literature. The present investigation illustrates that the fluid velocity is decreased with the increasing values of radiation parameter, magnetic parameter, and ferromagnetic interaction parameter, though is increased as the Prandtl number, Grashof number, permeable parameter and thermal slip parameter are increased. In this investigation, the suction/injection parameter had a good impact on the skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer.

Two Dimensional Biomagnetic Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer over a Nonlinear Stretching Sheet with Temperature Dependent Viscosity

This investigated the flow and heat transfer of two dimensional biomagnetic fluid (blood) flow over a non-linear stretching sheet in the presence of magnetic dipole. It is assumed that the magnetic field is sufficiently strong enough to saturate the ferrofluid and variation of magnetization with temperature can be approximated by a linear function of temperature difference. The fluid viscosity is assumed to vary as an inverse linear function of the temperature. The governing boundary layer equations with boundary conditions are simplified to couple higher order equations using usual transformation. Numerical solutions are obtained by using bvp4c function technique in MATLAB software. The acquired results are shown graphically and were examined for several values of the dimensionless parameters. It is observed that for different values of ferromagnetic interaction parameter and variable viscosity parameter, the velocity distribution decreases while temperature distribution increases. The magnitude of skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer decrease with the increasing values of radiation parameter and Prandtl number. The results are also compared for specific values of the parameters with others documented in literature.

Effect of Thermal Radiation on Biomagnetic Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet

This study examines the influence of thermal radiation on biomagnetic fluid, namely blood that passes through a two-dimensional stretching sheet in the presence of magnetic dipole. This analysis is conducted to observe the behavior of blood flow for an unsteady case, which will help in developing new solutions to treat diseases and disorders related to human body. Our model is namely biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD), which is consistent with two principles: ferrohydrodynamic (FHD) and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), where blood is treated as electrically conductive. It is assumed that the implemented magnetic field is sufficiently strong to saturate the ferrofluid, and the variation of magnetization with temperature may be approximated with the aid of a function of temperature distinction. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformation and numerical results are thus obtained by using the bvp4c function technique in MATLAB software with considering applicable boundary conditions. With the help of graphs, we discuss the impact of various parameters, namely radiation parameter, unsteady parameter, permeability parameter, suction parameter, magnetic field parameter, ferromagnetic parameter, Prandtl number, velocity and thermal slip parameter on fluid (blood) flow and heat transfer in the boundary layer. The rate of heat transfer and skin friction coefficient is also computationally obtained for the requirement of this study. The fluid velocity decreases with increasing values of the magnetic parameter, ferromagnetic interaction parameter, radiation parameter whereas temperature profile increases for the unsteady parameter, Prandtl number, and permeability parameter. From the analysis, it is also observed that the skin friction coefficient decreases and the rate of heat transfer increases respectively with increasing values of the ferromagnetic interaction parameter. The most important part of the present analysis is that we neither neglect the magnetization nor electrical conductivity of the blood throughout this study. To make the results more feasible, they are compared with the data previously published in the literature and found to be in good accuracy.