Flow Characteristics Research Articles

Design Considerations and Flow Characteristics for Couette-Type Blood-Shear Devices

Cardiovascular prosthetic devices, stents, prosthetic valves, heart-assist pumps, etc., operate in a wide regime of flows characterized by fluid dynamic flow structures, laminar and turbulent flows, unsteady flow patterns, vortices, and other flow disturbances. These flow disturbances cause shear stress, hemolysis, platelet activation, thrombosis, and other types of blood trauma, leading to neointimal hyperplasia, neoatherosclerosis, pannus overgrowth, etc. Couette-type blood-shearing devices are used to simulate and then clinically measure blood trauma, after which the results can be used to assist in the design of the cardiovascular prosthetic devices. However, previous designs for such blood-shearing devices do not cover the whole range of flow shear, Reynolds numbers, and Taylor numbers characteristic of all types of implanted cardiovascular prosthetic devices, limiting the general applicability of clinical data obtained by tests using different blood-shearing devices. This paper presents the key fluid dynamic parameters that must be met. Based on this, Couette device geometric parameters such as diameter, gap, flow rate, shear stress, and temperature are carefully selected to ensure that the device’s Reynolds numbers, Taylor number, operating temperature, and shear stress in the gap fully represent the flow characteristics across the operating range of all types of cardiovascular prosthetic devices. The outcome is that the numerical data obtained from the presented device can be related to all such prosthetic devices and all flow conditions, making the results obtained with such shearing devices widely applicable across the field. Numerical simulations illustrate that the types of flow patterns generated in the blood-shearing device meet the above criteria.

Numerical Study on the Design of an Anti-Backflow Injector for Combustion Chambers

The backflow of high-temperature products in an engine’s combustion chamber is a key issue which can significantly reduce combustion efficiency. This is particularly problematic for hypergolic propellants, as the high-temperature products may still contain fuel or an oxidizer. If either the fuel or the oxidizer backflows into the manifold of the other, it can easily lead to micro-explosions, thereby creating a threat. To address this problem, this paper proposes a new design of an anti-backflow injector, aimed at effectively preventing the backflow of combustion products to the propellant manifold. A steady-state, non-reactive Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is employed to evaluate the steady internal flow characteristics of the proposed anti-backflow injector. Additionally, a complementary transient, multiphase fluid dynamics simulation is carried out to assess the response characteristics of the anti-backflow injector. Our analysis focuses on the response characteristics of the concave valve core. The study also explores the impact of different expansion port angles on the injection effect, finding that the vortex diameter at the injector outlet is positively related to the expansion port angle. It is also shown that the injection angle becomes more stable as the expansion angle increases. When the expansion port angles are 10° and 20°, the injection angles show similar trends. In terms of anti-backflow effect, taking the injection stiffness of 150% and a time range of 300 µs as examples, the response time of the anti-backflow models with expansion ports of 10°, 15°, and 20° is increased by 67 µs, 99 µs, and 213 µs, respectively, compared to the base models with the same expansion angles. Meanwhile, when the injection stiffness is 50%, the response time of the anti-backflow models with expansion ports of 10°, 15°, and 20° is increased by 207 µs, 210 µs, and 207 µs, respectively. When the injection stiffness is 20%, the response recovery speed of the anti-backflow models with expansion ports of 10° and 15° is increased by 41 µs and 96 µs, respectively. However, the performance of the anti-backflow model with a 20° expansion port is 216 µs of the base model. The optimized design of the anti-backflow injector has potential applications in solving the propellant backflow problem and contributes to the advancement of combustors.

Investigation of cold tube structure on flow characteristics and energy separation in vortex tube based on numerical and thermodynamic analyses

A combined approach of computational fluid dynamics modelling, experimental validation and thermodynamic analysis is used to investigate the effect of cold end tube geometry (namely, straight tube, divergent tube, convergent tube, and convergent-divergent tube) on flow characteristics and energy separation, which to improve the energy efficiency and sustainability of the vortex tube in industrial applications. The analyses indicate that the highest axial velocity (212 m/s) and swirl velocity (193 m/s) at different axial locations in the cold tube are demonstrated in the divergent and convergent-divergent structures, respectively. The divergent tube shows better energy separation at lower cold mass fraction, while the convergent-divergent tube is dominant at higher cold mass fraction. The highest coefficient of performance is found at μc = 0.6, with maximum cooling and heating energy transfer efficiencies of 0.112 and 0.103, respectively. By innovatively incorporating the work-heat transfer theory into structural investigation of cold tubes, it is found that tangential viscous shear effect is the dominant factor in energy separation process. It is noteworthy that the highest net energy transfer of 973 W is achieved by convergent-divergent tube at a cold mass fraction of 0.7.

Gas-Solid flow and mass transfer characteristics in activated carbon adsorption equipment: The impact of structural outline

The efficacy of adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial emissions by activated carbon (AC) is influenced by adsorption kinetics and hydrodynamics. To simulate the performance of continuous flow AC adsorption process, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that includes both multiphase flow and adsorption kinetics was developed. Because of its well-understood adsorption mechanism, N-butane was chosen as the target contaminant in this investigation. Simulation results revealed that velocity distribution uniformity is deeply affected by structural outline. According to simulations of the heat and mass transfer process, the adsorption reaction stoichiometric constraints between n-butane and AC were achieved; however, full utilization of AC was difficult to reach because of the hindered heat accumulation and mass transfer diffusion. Different structural outline leads to a 2.15 % improvement of adsorption efficiency due to an enhancement in the velocity distribution uniformity. The CFD model adequately describes the breakage curve occurring in the gas-solid multiphase flow system and confirms that heat and mass transfer is the rate limiting step in contaminant adsorption. This article investigates the effects of velocity distribution, heat and mass transfer on adsorption efficiency in equipment with different structural outline, and provide valuable insights into the design and application of equipment for eliminating VOCs.

Alternatives to Conventional Topical Dosage Forms for Targeted Skin Penetration of Diclofenac Sodium.

Skin penetration of an active pharmaceutical ingredient is key to developing topical drugs. This penetration can be adjusted for greater efficacy and/or safety through the selection of dosage form. Two emerging dosage forms, cream-gel and gel-in-oil emulsion, were tested for their ability to deliver diclofenac into the skin, with the target of maximising skin retention while limiting systemic exposure. Prototypes with varying amounts of solvents and emollients were formulated and evaluated by in vitro penetration testing on human skin. Cream-gel formulas showed better skin penetration than the emulgel benchmark drug even without added solvent, while gel-in-oil emulsions resulted in reduced diffusion of the active into the receptor fluid. Adding propylene glycol and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as penetration enhancers resulted in different diclofenac penetration profiles depending on the dosage form and whether they were added to the disperse or continuous phase. Rheological characterisation of the prototypes revealed similar profiles of cream-gel and emulgel benchmark, whereas gel-in-oil emulsion demonstrated flow characteristics suitable for massaging product into the skin. This study underlined the potential of cream-gel and gel-in-oil emulsions for adjusting active penetration into the skin, broadening the range of choices available to topical formulation scientists.

A Comparative Study of the Rheological Properties of a Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Reinforced with PP Fiber for 3D Printing: An Experimental and Numerical Approach

The present study investigates the flow characteristics of fly ash-based (FA) geopolymers reinforced with polypropylene (PP) fibers during the extrusion process in three-dimensional printing. By applying the Herschel–Bulkley rheological model, this research provides a sound theoretical basis to understand the flow behavior of these materials under various conditions. The Herschel–Bulkley model describes the relationship between shear stress and the shear rate in non-Newtonian fluids, capturing yield stress and flow consistency. A combination of experimental and numerical techniques based on the Finite-Element Method (FEM) in COMSOL has been used in this study. The results of both experimental and simulation approaches are compared to examine the material behavior during extrusion. The experimental results indicate that PP fiber content significantly affects the rheological properties. Mixtures with high fiber content encountered issues such as high static yield. However, mixtures with moderate fiber content showed smoother extrusion processes, suggesting an optimal fiber addition range that balances mechanical properties and extrudability. The numerical simulations generally agreed with the experimental data up to a certain fiber content level, beyond which more complex interactions necessitate further model refinements. The investigation identified a 0.25% to 0.5% fiber content range that enhances performance without complicating the extrusion process, facilitating the production of properly printed structures.

On the prediction of the turbulent flow behind cylinder arrays via echo state networks

This study aims at the prediction of the turbulent flow behind cylinder arrays by the application of Echo State Networks (ESN). Three different arrangements of arrays of seven cylinders are chosen for the current study. These represent different flow regimes: single bluff body flow, transient flow, and co-shedding flow. This allows the investigation of turbulent flows that fundamentally originate from wake flows yet exhibit highly diverse dynamics. The data is reduced by Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) which is optimal in terms of kinetic energy. The Time Coefficients of the POD Modes (TCPM) are predicted by the ESN. The network architecture is optimized with respect to its three main hyperparameters, Input Scaling (INS), Spectral Radius (SR), and Leaking Rate (LR), in order to produce the best predictions in terms of Weighted Prediction Score (WPS), a metric leveling statistic and deterministic prediction. In general, the ESN is capable of imitating the complex dynamics of turbulent flows even for longer periods of several vortex shedding cycles. Furthermore, the mutual interdependencies of the TCPM are well preserved. However, optimal hyperparameters depend strongly on the flow characteristics. Generally, as flow dynamics become faster and more intermittent, larger LR and INS values result in better predictions, whereas less clear trends for SR are observable.

Enhancing hydrodynamic forces through miniaturized control of square cylinders using the lattice Boltzmann method

This study investigates the influence of small control cylinders on the fluid dynamics around a square cylinder using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Varying the gaps (L) between the main and control cylinders from 0 to 6, four distinct flow regimes are identified: the solo body regime (SBR), shear layer reattachment (SLR), suppressed fully developed flow (SFDF), and intermittent shedding (IS). The presence of control cylinders results in significant reductions in flow-induced forces, with drag coefficient (CD) and root mean square values of drag and lift coefficients (CDrms and CLrms) decreasing by approximately 31%, 90%, and 81%, respectively. The SFDF flow regime exhibits the lowest fluid forces compared to other regimes. The effects of tiny control cylinders on the fluid flow characteristics of a square cylinder are examined using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) in this research work. The gaps (L) between the main and control cylinders are varied in the range from 0 to 6. The size of each control cylinder is equal to one-fifth of the primary cylinder. According to the findings, there are four distinct flow regimes as the gap spacing varies: solo body regime (SBR), shear layer reattachment (SLR), suppressed fully developed flow (SFDF), and intermittent shedding (IS) for gap spacing ranges 0 ≤ L ≤ 0.2, 0.3 ≤ L ≤ 0.9, 1 ≤ L ≤ 3, and 3.2 ≤ L ≤ 6, respectively. Additionally, it has been noted that the amplitude of variable lift force is reduced when the gap separation between the main and control cylinders is increased. When compared to solo cylinder values, it is found that the presence of small control cylinders in the flow field results in a considerable reduction of flow-induced forces. The SFDF flow regime was determined to have the lowest fluid forces compared to the other flow regimes studied. Our findings highlight the efficacy of small control cylinders in mitigating flow-induced forces and controlling flow characteristics. The LBM proves to be a valuable computational technique for such fluid flow problems.

Analysis of unsteady internal flow characteristics in axial pump with varying number of blades using computational modelling and vibration techniques

Axial pumps were extensively applied in many varying applications because of their large flow and low head. In this research investigation, the comparative analysis of the findings unveiled that the predominant source of hydraulic-induced vibration in the pump stemmed from pressure pulsations at the impeller inlet. Notably, similar patterns in amplitude were observed as flow rates increased. Furthermore, time-domain analysis confirmed that pressure pulsations and vibrations are highly correlated under high flow rates. Pressure pulsation's Frequency-domain analysis also revealed that it was a multiple of shaft frequency and changed from one multiple to three multiples of vibration. While analyzing the flow rate characteristics pertaining to pressure pulsation and vibration, it was determined that pressure pulsations at the impeller inlet had the potential to generate frequency components across a broad spectrum, encompassing both low and high flow rates, as well as their respective multiples. This phenomenon was particularly pronounced in regions characterized by unstable and high flow rates. Vibration ingredients likely influenced by pressure pulsation at the impeller inlet could be as low as design flow rates and as high as high flow rates. A vibration frequency with a multiple did not seem to be influenced by pulsating pressure at the impeller entrance. The present study focuses on investigation of flow behaviors in an axial pump with varying numbers of blades. It is an important geometric parameter that significantly affects the pump's performance. Therefore, the dynamic flow patterns in a pump, considering changed flow and impeller blade configurations, are investigated by employing the sliding mesh technique in combination with SST (k-ω) turbulence model. The numerical results exhibit a commendable alignment with the existing experimental data, enhancing the predictive accuracy of pump performance. Qualitative analyses encompass static pressure, shear stress, and various velocity components. Concurrently, quantitative investigations delve into pressure fluctuations and average pressure across a spectrum of operating conditions and impeller blade configurations. These comprehensive findings underscore the substantial influence of the impeller blade on pressure, velocity magnitudes radial, axial, tangential shear stress, average pressure within the system.

Numerical investigation of discharge pressure effect on steam ejector performance in renewable refrigeration cycle by considering wet steam model and dry gas model

Abstract In recent times, steam ejectors have garnered significant interest among researchers due to their environmental friendliness and the utilization of low-grade energy sources. However, a key drawback of the ejector refrigeration cycle (ERC) is its relatively low coefficient of performance (COP). Understanding the behavior of ejectors under various operating conditions is crucial for addressing this concern. This study specifically focuses on investigating the flow characteristics of ejectors in the single-choking mode. Both dry steam model (DSM) and wet steam model (WSM) are employed to analyze and evaluate the performance in this study. Based on the findings, it is evident that the discharge pressure (DP) significantly influences the flow characteristics. With increasing DP, there is a decrease in the Mach number and liquid mass fraction (LMF) within the ejector, while the temperature distribution shows an upward trend. Additionally, as the DP increases, there is a notable decline in the entrainment ratio (ER) and production entropy. With an increase in the DP, both the DSM and WSM exhibit similar trends. However, in the DSM, the ER reaches zero at an earlier stage compared to the WSM. Specifically, when the DP rises from 5000 Pa to 5600 Pa, there is a 12.6 % increase in the production entropy in the WSM, while the DSM experiences a slightly higher increase of 12.9 %.

Numerical study of fluid flow and convective heat transfer over multi-cylindrical obstacles in a channel using the lattice Boltzmann method

The aim of this work is devoted to study the hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of fluid flowing around multi-cylindrical obstacles confined inside a 2D plane horizontal channel with constant-cool parallel plates. For this purpose, numerical simulations using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based on double-distribution functions (DDFs) with a D2Q9 scheme is used to compute both velocity and temperature fields. The developed model is validated against established analytical and numerical results available in literature and the deviation does not exceed 2%. For a comprehensive parametric study, numerous calculations have been done for several parameters such as Reynolds number ( 10 ≤ Re ≤ 200 ), Prandtl number ( 0.1 ≤ Pr ≤ 2 ), blockage ratio ( 1 / 8 ≤ β ≤ 1 / 2 ) and number of obstacles. Effects on heat transfer evolution and flow characteristics are analyzed. Results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms and Nusselt numbers. The findings reveal a significant influence of the number of cylinders on both temperature and velocity distributions inside the channel. The average Nusselt number exhibits a linear correlation with Reynolds number, reaching a peak value at Re = 200 . These observations highlight the potential of LBM as an accurate and efficient tool to simultaneously predict the dynamic and thermal behavior of fluid flows in heat exchangers.

Effect of the base angle of an isosceles obtuse-angled trapezoidal duct of a solar air heater on fluid flow and thermal characteristics – an experimental and computational investigation

Effect of the base angle of an isosceles obtuse-angled trapezoidal duct of a solar air heater on fluid flow and thermal characteristics – an experimental and computational investigation

The height ratio effects on the flow characteristics of a wall-mounted hemisphere immersed in the turbulent boundary layer

The effects of the height ratios on the flow characteristics of a wall-mounted hemisphere immersed in the turbulent boundary layer are investigated by particle image velocimetry technology (PIV). The Reynolds number based on the hemisphere diameter D is ReD=8160, and three height ratios (i.e., H/D=0.5, 0.4 and 0.3) are selected for comparison at δ/D=0.79, where δ is boundary layer thickness without the presence of hemisphere. The PIV measurements are carried out in x-y plane and x-z plane, and the flow characteristics behind the hemisphere and the distributions of the von Kármán vortices (vK vortices) are investigated. In x-y plane, the curl of the shear layer on the top of the hemisphere brings reverse flow of fluids, and the area of the recirculation region and the area fluctuations are decreased as H/D decreases from 0.5 to 0.3. In x-z plane, the recirculation regions are symmetrical about z/D=0, reflecting reverse flow of fluids induced by the curl of the shear layers on both sides of the hemisphere. Moreover, the maximal velocity deficit is decreased as H/D decreases in x-z plane. The vK vortices are formed from the shear layers on both sides of the hemisphere, and the formation frequencies are same for different H/D, and the value is about 0.35 Hz. The Strouhal number St of the vK vortex is calculated by the hemisphere base diameter, and St slightly decreases from 0.154 to 0.142 as H/D decreases from 0.5 to 0.3. The turbulent fluctuations behind the hemisphere are decreased as H/D decreases.

Experimentally estimating wind load coefficients for tornadoes – An alternative perspective

Given the increased interest in tornado-induced wind loading (in part exhibited by inclusion of such loading in wind standards around the world) it is vital to understand the various characteristics of such loading and their relative overall importance. As such, employing a range of types of simulations and simulators would be helpful for understanding and estimating tornado-induced wind load coefficients. This paper advocates a quasi-steady framework to estimate tornado-induced wind loads and identifies the tornado flow characteristics most likely to influence these loads. The flow characteristics discussed include the flow field itself, the static pressure field, vortex translation, flow turbulence, streamline curvature, and flow acceleration. A fundamental conclusion of this paper is that pressure coefficients for tornado-induced wind loading should always be measured and reported as functions of these characteristics. The paper discusses various alternatives for simulating these characteristics and highlights which types of facilities would be effective for studying each one. Such approaches will also require deliberately measuring velocity and static pressure simultaneously with any load measurements made on a building model. This will then help clarify the dependencies of pressure and load coefficients to the various parameters, will limit the parameter space that must be explored to understand extreme loading, and will facilitate easier comparison among different laboratory results, all of which will ultimately lead to improved design standards.

A Heterogeneous Viscosity Flow Model for Liquid Transport through Nanopores Considering Pore Size and Wettability.

The confinement effect in micro- and nanopores gives rise to distinct flow characteristics in fluids. Clarifying the fluid migration pattern in confined space is crucial for understanding and explaining the abnormal flow phenomena in unconventional reservoirs. In this study, flow characteristics of water and oil in alumina nanochannels were investigated with diameters ranging from 21 nm to 120 nm, and a heterogeneous viscosity flow model considering boundary fluid was proposed. Compared with the prediction of the HP equation, both types of fluids exhibit significant flow suppression in nanochannels. As the channel size decreases, the deviation degree increases. The fluid viscosity of the boundary region displays an upward trend as the channel size decreases and the influence of the interaction between the liquid and solid walls intensifies. The thickness of the boundary region gradually decreases with increasing pressure and eventually reaches a stable value, which is primarily determined by the strength of the interaction between the liquid and solid surfaces. Both the pore size and wettability are essential factors that affect the fluid flow. When the space scale is extremely small, the impact of wettability becomes more pronounced. Finally, the application of the heterogeneous flow model for permeability evaluation has yielded favorable fitting results. The model is of great significance for studying the fluid flow behavior in unconventional reservoirs.

Performance analysis of coaxial shear static mixer for hydrogen blending into natural gas

Blending a specific proportion of hydrogen into a natural gas (NG) pipeline network is an effective strategy for achieving long-distance, large-scale, and cost-effective hydrogen transport. Static mixers played a crucial role in this process. In this study, a coaxial shear static mixer with ring-shaped structures instead of turbulence elements is proposed. The mixer exhibited favorable mixing performance and low pressure loss. The flow characteristics of NG and hydrogen within the mixer were investigated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. The effects of the number of cavities, hydrogen pipe diameter, hydrogen blending ratio and pressure on the mixer performances were investigated, taking into account both mixing uniformity and pressure loss. When the number of cavities in the coaxial shear mixer increases to 48, the mixing uniformity reaches 95.43% (SMX is 95%), and the pressure loss is 67.02 Pa (SMX is 500 Pa).

Flow Characteristics Analysis of Load Rejection Transition Process in Pumped Storage Unit Based on Cavitation Model

Flow Characteristics Analysis of Load Rejection Transition Process in Pumped Storage Unit Based on Cavitation Model

Characterization of biodiesel blends produced from repurpose used cooking oil

Characterising the fuel before it is used in an engine is necessary for a healthy fuel supply for an engine, just as a clean environment is necessary for a healthy life. Used cooking oil (UCO), a third-generation feedstock, is investigated for its physicochemical properties. To ascertain the blend's suitability as an alternative fuel, characterisation was conducted using GC-MS, thermogravimetric, infrared spectroscopy and element analysis. To enhance the characteristics the oxygenated additive (diethyl ether: DEE) was added at higher proportions. In accordance with Indian requirements, the impact of DEE on the physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel blends was examined (IS1448). Oleic acid keeps RUCO-B's fuel mixture well in terms of viscosity, ignition quality and oxidative stability. Sulphur-free technology on the RUCO-B eliminates sulphur oxide emissions automatically. The physical (density and viscosity), chemical (cetane number and calorific value) and cold flow (flash point, pour point and cloud point) characteristics of ternary blends were all enhanced by the addition of DEE. According to ASTM D975, the blend's 4% DEE surpasses the standard's acid value by 36%, potentially causing engine damage. In ternary blends, the DEE proportion (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2%) enhances the cold flow, chemical and physical qualities.

Numerical Calculation of the Oil Flow in a Truck Rear Axle Transmission and the Influence of Gear-Induced Air Flow

Abstract For the reliable operation of a gearbox, consistently sufficient lubrication of tooth contacts and bearings is necessary. Thus, gearbox oil flow plays an important role. Additionally, air flow may affect the oil flow in the gearbox. The state of the art indicates that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) enables targeted support of the gearbox development process at an early stage. Computational time plays a prominent role in practical applications due to associated costs. The particle-based Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) shows great potential for time-efficient calculations, especially with a simplified single-phase modeling approach. This study examines the influence of gear-induced air flow on gearbox oil flow, focusing on a test gearbox to identify a suitable modeling approach for a truck rear axle transmission. The results indicate that for the investigated operating conditions, the gear-induced air flow only impacts gearbox oil flow at higher circumferential speeds. For lower circumferential speeds, a single-phase SPH yields good results with significantly reduced computation times compared to the two-phase SPH. Applying the single-phase SPH to the truck rear axle transmission and comparing numerical results with experimental findings demonstrates a reliable representation of the oil flow characteristics.

Nylon 12 composite optimization: Investigating influence of ceramic functional fillers on FFF 3D printing performance and rheological properties

AbstractFused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is a promising 3D printing technology for industrial and technological applications due to its cost‐effective ability to fabricate large, complex objects from thermoplastics. Nylon 12, a versatile thermoplastic, is widely used for functional prototyping and has significant potential for end‐user applications. Our research focuses on enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of Nylon 12 by developing composites with ceramic fillers such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and alumina (Al2O3). This is achieved by melt mixing the fillers into the Nylon 12 polymer matrix and preparing filaments using a filament extruder. The optimal concentration of these fillers was determined by analyzing tensile strength of the polymer composites, while DSC was employed for thermal analysis. Additionally, rheological studies were conducted to assess the impact of the fillers on the viscoelastic properties and flow characteristics of Nylon 12. The Carreau‐Yasuda model was employed to study the complex viscosity of the materials. Our findings indicate that the addition of functional fillers enhances the shear thinning behavior of Nylon 12, improving material flow through the printer nozzle. This optimization leads to 3D printed structures with minimal dimensional inaccuracies, ensuring high‐quality prints suitable for commercial applications.Highlights Different functional fillers reinforced Nylon 12 composites‐based filaments for FDM 3D printing applications are manufactured. Different wt.% of functional fillers are added into Nylon 12 polymer matrix via melt mixing, and their filaments are prepared by filament extruder. Rheological studies of polymer composites were conducted to examine the influence of functional fillers in flow characteristics of polymer. The presence of functional fillers enhanced shear thinning behavior of polymer and develops maximum printable viscosity for extrusion‐based 3D printing.