Flourishing Scale Research Articles

The mediating role of Tawakkul and perceived social competence between locus of control and flourishing

ABSTRACT The chief objective of the study was to investigate the mediating role of Tawakkul with perceived social competence between locus of control and flourishing in a purposive sample of 300 Muslim adults. Urdu versions of Tawakkul Scale, Diener Flourishing Scale, Perceived Social Competence Scale II and Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale were used to measure the focal variables. Tawakkul had moderate to strong positive relations with perceived social competence, flourishing and internal locus of control and a weak positive relationship with an external locus of control. Path analysis revealed that Tawakkul mediated the relationships between perceived social competence, flourishing and locus of control. Additionally, perceived social competence mediated the relationships between locus of control, Tawakkul and flourishing. Serial mediation indicated that locus of control and flourishing were mediated by perceived social competence and Tawakkul. The study’s implications and future research recommendations are discussed.

Evaluating flourishing: a comparative analysis of four measures using item pool visualization.

The construct of flourishing, which refers to a high level of wellbeing, is a key concept in the field of positive psychology. Nevertheless, despite the proliferation of questionnaires attempting to measure wellbeing and flourishing, there is still an ongoing debate in the scientific community about the definition and assessment of both, which makes the choice of appropriate measures a major challenge. This study addresses this uncertainty through a comparative analysis of four widely used flourishing measures in a German-speaking sample, to enable researchers to make a reasonable choice among the measures available: the PERMA-Profiler, the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, the Flourishing Scale, and the Wellbeing Conceptual Framework. To enhance the understanding of these four measures, we compared and contrasted the instruments using Item Pool Visualization (IPV), an illustrative approach that generates item pools from the same dataset and displays them as nested radar maps. Our research indicates that all four measures are useful in measuring the concept of flourishing. However, they differ from each other depending on specific interest (from a broader to a narrower view). If the aim is to get a comprehensive overview of flourishing, then the PERMA-Profiler, the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, and the Flourishing Scale are appropriate options. If the focus is on measuring a more central concept, the Wellbeing Conceptual Framework provides the most specific assessment of flourishing.

A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Group Positive Psychotherapy and Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Flourishing, Happiness and Satisfaction with Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The present study examines the efficacy of Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) on psychological well-being, happiness, and satisfaction with life. We investigated people suffering from different kinds of depressive disorders, comparing it to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). PPT is an empirically validated intervention targeting positive resources and personal strengths. It aims at amplifying well-being while also ameliorating the impact of symptoms. In a controlled two-center-study, we randomly assigned 92 out-patient participants with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depressive disorder and/or Dysthymia to 14 sessions of manualized PPT or CBT group therapy. We assessed outcomes related to well-being using the Flourishing Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Positive Psychotherapy Inventory (PPTI). The PPTI represents the five components of Seligman’s PERMA-model of flourishing, encompassing positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. We took measurements before and after the intervention, and at a 6-months follow-up. Moreover, we considered a list of moderators that may impact the efficacy of PPT. PPT resulted in significant improvements in all measures, and these improvements remained stable for up to 6 months. Using 2 × 2 mixed-effects models (T1 vs. T2), we found significant interactions for all three main scales and two out of the five PPTI subscales. These interactions depicted significantly better outcomes for PPT at post-treatment. Regarding the follow-up (T1 vs. T3), we did not find significant interactions, and thus, there were no differences between the two therapies. No demographics or characteristics of the treatments were significant moderators. Summarized, these findings provide support for the effectiveness of PPT in increasing happiness, well-being, and quality of life. We can confirm that PPT is an additional tool for the enhancement of positive mental health.

Creencias sobre el amor y bienestar durante la adultez emergente

The aim of this research was to study beliefs about relationships during emerging adulthood, specifically romantic love myths and types of love, and their relationship with well-being, taking into account gender differences. A total of 631 young people between 18 and 29 years of age articipated. The Spanish version of the Love Attitudes Scale, the Romantic Love Myths Scale, and the Flourishing Scale were used. The results showed a general tendency towards Eros love and a greater inclination of males towards Altruistic and Playful love, while females were more inclined towards Pragmatic love. Likewise, a low level of acceptance of romantic myths was observed, being higher in men. Higher levels of Eros and Pragmatic love were related to higher flourishing, while higher levels of Playful and Obsessive love predicted lower flourishing.

Cultural and gender differences in predicting flourishing through gratitude and life purpose: A moderated mediation analyses

Background: This study investigated the relationship between gratitude, purpose in life and flourishing, as well as the mediating role of purpose in life in the relationship between gratitude and flourishing in two different cultures, Indian and Polish. We also examined the moderating role of gender in the relationship between gratitude and purpose in life. Methods: A sample of 328 Indian and 303 Polish participants aged 18–56 years completed the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Scale, the Purpose in Life Questionnaire, and the Flourishing Scale. Pearson’s correlations were used to assess the associations between the main study variables, and PROCESS software was used to calculate moderated mediation. Results: Findings showed that gratitude and purpose in life were positively related to flourishing. Life purpose mediated the relationship between gratitude and flourishing. In the Indian sample, gender was a statistically significant moderator between gratitude (and its three facets) and purpose in life. In the Polish sample, gender moderated the relationship between overall gratitude and only one dimension (a sense of abundance) and purpose in life. Conclusions: The results suggest that enhancing gratitude and a sense of purpose in life can significantly improve individuals’ flourishing, considering gender and cultural differences.

Flourishing: Development of a Higher-Level Uses Well-Being Scale and Concept in Positive Psychology

Background: Flourishing is the highest level of well-being in positive psychology. Flourishing individuals have high levels of well-being based on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being perspectives. Flourishing is a developing concept that has yet to be widely studied in positive psychology. Objective: This literature review aims to trace the development of theoretical concepts and scales that can be used to research the flourishing variable further. Methods: This research uses a literature review, which involves searching reputable journals for articles related to the concept and scale of flourishing. Results: The PERMA concept introduced by Seligman is the primary literature that forms the foundation for examining flourishing by combining two theories. This PERMA concept states that flourishing in individuals can be measured by five aspects: positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaningfulness, and individual achievement. Conclusion: Other researchers then developed the PERMA concept as a reference for creating a flourishing scale. Keywords: Flourishing, well-being, theory, scale, literature review

Flourishing in the Later Years: Exploring, Developing, Validating, and Reliability Testing of a Flourishing Scale for Filipino Older Adults

This study developed, validated, and tested the reliability of the flourishing scale for Filipino older adults. The exploratory sequential mixed methods approach and the purposive snowball sampling technique were utilized. The study revealed nine themes: life triumphs, activities, attitude, relationships, emotions, resources, life purpose, life lessons, and spirituality. These served as bases for the nine items developed, constituting the flourishing scale. The scale evaluation revealed an I-CVI > 0.78 and S-CVI/Ave = 0.943, which indicated excellent content validity with all items maintained. For reliability testing, Cronbach’s alpha analysis yielded α = .865, indicating a reliable and acceptable scale. Recommendations to utilize the flourishing scale for Filipino older adults are provided in nursing practice and nursing education.

Flourishing in Education: Psychometric Properties of the Flourishing Scale in a Sample of Romanian Teachers.

The Flourishing Scale (FS) is one of the most well-known tools for assessing psychological flourishing. However, its psychometric properties have been little analyzed in the case of teachers. This study aimed to examine the validity of the scale in the case of a sample of Romanian teachers and to analyze the latter's level of flourishing. In this regard, 323 Romanian teachers from the pre-university education system were recruited. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the construct validity of the scale, and Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω indices were used to assess internal consistency. The convergent validity was assessed by associating the FS with other instruments related to well-being: the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience. Network analysis was performed to examine the items that are particularly influential in the scale. As a result of the CFA, the one-factor structure of the scale was certified (χ2/df = 1.39; CFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.035). The internal consistency is excellent (both α and ω = 0.89). The FS correlates with both of the scales which operationalize components of well-being. The teachers' flourishing level is above average. The network approach showed that the items related to self-acceptance, optimism, and respect had the highest indicators of centrality, and the item related to supportive social relationships was the least informative in the network. For the male subsample, flourishing means optimism about the future and respect for others, and for the female respondents, it is related to self-acceptance and respect. The results provide support for using the scale in assessing flourishing among teachers.

Volunteers’ initial motivations in a community-based end-of-life care programme and the associations with their eudaimonic well-being

ABSTRACT Volunteers are integral to the success of community-based end-of-life care (EoLC) programme. However, volunteers’ exposure to death may affect their well-being and retention. This study investigated volunteers’ motivation to join EoLC teams, and their eudaimonic well-being. The self-determination theory (SDT) framed the analysis. A self-administered survey recorded demographics, the 30-item Chinese Version of the Volunteer Functions Inventory (C-VFI) and the 8-item Flourishing Scale (FS). Repeated measures analysis, MANOVA and multivariate regression models tested associations between motivation and eudaimonic well-being. Two hundred and eighty cases were applied for analysis. Eudaimonic well-being was positively associated with autonomous motivation and negatively associated with controlled motivation. To protect volunteers’ health, and optimise retention and EoLC service quality, volunteers’ motivations should be matched with tailored training and supports.

Things that make Employees Flourish

Humans need to grow up. This means that individuals be involved, meaning, relationships and achievements as subjective and objective components within themselves to be able to grow. Those who grow will believe in their ability to have extensive and satisfying social relationships. This ability is termed flourishing. Abilities required by employees in the world of work. Meanwhile, many factors can influence individuals to grow. The aim of this research is to determine the sociodemographic predictors of flourishing on employees. This research used a quantitative non-experimental approach with an accidental sampling method involving 957 employees. The research subjects were employees who worked as State Civil Apparatus (ASN), BUMN employees, and private employees. The instruments used in this research were the Flourishing Scale (FS) and sociodemographic questionnaire. Data analysis used independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. The research results show that employee growth can be predicted by age, education level, profession, marital status, and gender. This means that to increase employee growth, it can be viewed from various factors.

Lonely online: A social model of digital media addiction: A study in 21 countries

ABSTRACT Digital media addiction limits face-to-face communication, which can have negative effects on the subjective wellbeing of individuals. However, the effect of digital media addiction on subjective wellbeing has not been adequately explored, and it is recommended in the literature that the role of mediating variables related to social life should be investigated. These include loneliness and satisfaction with relationships. The current study investigated whether loneliness and satisfaction with relationships explained the link between people’s digital media addiction and their sense of flourishing. A sample of 6,434 respondents from 21 countries (Mage = 25.92 years, SD = 9.78; 65.5% women) took part in a cross-sectional survey study. The study included a comprehensive evaluation of digital media addiction using several measures. The following scales were applied: the Internet Addiction Scale, the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire, the Phubbing Scale, the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Relationship Assessment Scale, and the Flourishing Scale. A two-level path analysis showed that loneliness and satisfaction with interpersonal relationships fully mediated the link between digital media addiction and flourishing on the individual level. This suggests that digital media addiction may affect flourishing only through its impact on loneliness and satisfaction with interpersonal relationships.

How can Women Working in Mining Achieve a Flourishing Life

Mining is a high-risk field of work, especially for women. A work environment that is prone to accidents is the basis for the application of strict work rules. This risk causes concern and has an impact on the individual’s process of achieving a flourishing life. Although, individual personality considerations also play a role in achieving flourishing. This study aims to determine the relationship between the big five personalities and development. This research is nonexperimental quantitative research with a correlational approach. The research respondents were 32 female employees who worked in the mining company. The age of the respondents was in the range of 20–54 years. The majority of respondents had a bachelor’s degree. As many as 68.75% of employees work in the office and 31.25% work in the field. The scale used is the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the Flourishing Scale (FS). The analysis was performed with multiple linear regression. The results showed that big five personalities simultaneously does not affect flourishing (R = 0.515; P > 0.05). However, partially agreeableness and conscientiousness influence flourishing (R = 0.493; P < 0.05). That is, women who work in mining with agreeableness and conscientiousness tend to flourish more easily than extraversion, emotional stability, and openness to experience. However, the personalities of the big five were not an important consideration in achieveing a flourish life for women who work in mining company.
 Keywords: big five personalities, flourishing, mining female employees

The Flourishing Scale: Psychometric Properties in Breast Cancer Patients.

Promoting well-being is a key goal of cancer care, and it needs to be assessed using appropriate instruments. Flourishing is considered part of psychological well-being and it is commonly assessed with the Flourishing Scale (FS). To our knowledge, no studies have analyzed the psychometric properties of the FS in breast cancer patients. Our aim here was to provide validity evidence for use of the FS in this context. Participants were 217 Spanish women with breast cancer who completed the FS and other scales assessing positive psychology constructs (life satisfaction, positive affect, resilience, self-esteem, optimism) and indicators of psychological maladjustment (negative affect, depression, anxiety, and stress). The internal structure of the FS was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We calculated the average variance extracted (AVE) to evaluate convergent validity, and both McDonald's omega and Cronbach's alpha coefficients to estimate reliability. Item analysis was performed by computing corrected item-total correlations. Validity evidence based on relationships with other variables was obtained through Pearson correlation analysis, controlling for age and cancer stage. The CFA supported a single-factor structure, with adequate goodness-of-fit indices (CFI = 0.997, NNFI = 0.996, RMSEA = 0.069, and SRMR = 0.047) and standardized factor loadings ranging from 0.70 to 0.87. The value of the AVE was 0.63, and the reliability coefficient obtained with both procedures was 0.91. Corrected item-total correlations ranged from .62 to .78. Correlation analysis showed direct and strong associations between the FS score and scores on positive psychology constructs (range from 0.43 to 0.74), the strongest correlations being with positive affect and life satisfaction. The FS score was inversely correlated with scores on depression, anxiety, stress, negative affect, and pessimism (range from -0.14 to -0.52), the strongest association being with stress. The FS is a useful tool for exploring well-being in the breast cancer context, providing useful information for psychological assessment.

Correlation Between Satisfaction with Life, Self-esteem, and Flourishing among Educated Working Women of Leh

Background: The constructive perception of educated working women about themselves helps them perform dual responsibilities at the workplace and home effectively. Objective: The present piece of study is intended to discover the correlation between Satisfaction with Life, Self-Esteem and Flourishing among educated working Method: The present piece of study comprises a sample of educated working women (N = 150) which was collected through the Non-probability (Purposive) sampling method. The following psychological tools administered include Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener et al., 1985), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) (Rosenberg, 1965) and Flourishing Scale (FS) (Diener et al., 2009). Results: The outcomes of the study showed a statistically significant correlation between Satisfaction with Life and Self-Esteem. However, Satisfaction with Life shows no statistically significant relationship with Flourishing. A statistically significant correlation has been observed between Self-Esteem and Flourishing. g women of Leh.

The Indonesian Version of the Flourishing Scale: Is it Reliable and Valid for Indonesian People?

The Flourishing Scale (FS) was developed to measure individual psychological well-being. The FS was developed based on psychological well-being theories that include meaning and purpose in life, involvement in activities, social relationships, and feelings of competence. The psychometric properties of the FS have been studied in several countries. However, research that provides reports on reliability and validity for the Indonesian version of the FS is limited. The aim of the study was, therefore, to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of FS which include reliability, internal structure, and convergent validity. 1129 respondents completed the FS, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). The Cronbach's Alpha coefficients indicate a good internal consistency of the FS. The result of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed that a single-factor structure of the FS fit to the data. The result of the Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed measurement invariance across two subsamples. The results of the correlation test show a significant correlation between the FS with the SPANE and PHQ-9. Taken together, the Indonesian version of the FS can be considered a reliable and valid instrument to measure psychological well-being for Indonesian people.

Psychological well-being of patients with arthritis: impact of psychological distress on quality of life, and patient satisfaction

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which individual’s immune system attack healthy cells in one’s body and giving rise to inflammation. Recently, it has been found to be manifested in individuals with stress-related diagnosis. This study investigates how psychological distress, quality of life, patient satisfaction, and the role of pharmacists affect the psychological well-being of patients who have received medical diagnoses of different forms of arthritis.
 METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Psychology University of Gujrat during 1st January to 30th August, 2022. A sample of 380 patients already diagnosed with arthritis by the physicians was taken by Purposive sampling technique, from various orthopedic hospitals. A demographic sheet, and Urdu versions of Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale DASS-21, WHO QOL-BREF, Patient Satisfaction with Pharmacist Services Questionnaire and Flourishing Scale were used to assess psychological distress, quality of life, doctor patient satisfaction and psychological well-being in arthritis patients.
 RESULTS: The study results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between quality of life and psychological distress (r= -.11, p<0.01). Well-being and quality of life are positively correlated (r=.68, p<0.01). 57% variance in wellbeing of the patients with arthritis is explainable due to the presence of psychological distress, and perceived quality of life.
 CONCLUSION: The well-being of individuals diagnosed with arthritis can be strongly predicted by their levels of psychological distress and their perceived quality of life. This study delves into the implications of these findings.

Evaluation of the fear of Covid-19 and well-being of patients with cancer and caregivers

ABSTRACT
 Purpose: The effects of Covid-19 pandemic on physical health are the focus of attention around the world but the effects on psychological health shouldn’t be ignored. It’s known that patients with cancer are concerned due to being more susceptible to infections. The difficulties experienced by patients and caregivers during the pandemic put also their well-being at risk. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on fear and well-being of patients with cancer and caregivers. 
 Methods: This descriptive study was carried out with 136 cancer patients and 142 caregivers at three university hospitals. Participant Information Form, the Fear of Covid-19 Scale and the Flourishing Scale were used for data collection.
 Results: The mean score of the Fear of Covid-19 Scale of patients and caregivers were 19.6 ± 6.6, and 20.8 ± 6.9 respectively. The mean score of the Flourishing Scale were 42.1 ± 9.9 and 42.1 ± 9.5 respectively. It was determined that caregivers who are female and have lower income had higher fear of Covid-19. The well-being of patients with cancer who were single, had higher income, and had higher education level were higher. The well-being of caregivers who were unemployed was lower. 
 Conclusions: The psychosocial support given to patients and caregivers, whose importance has increased in the pandemic, shouldn’t be considered separately from medical treatment. In particular, the support given to people who are more affected by the negative consequences of the pandemic should be increased.

Evaluation of food security status, psychological well-being, and stress on BMI and diet-related behaviors among a sample of college students

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate food insecurity on body mass index (BMI) and diet-related behaviors among college students and whether psychological well-being (PWB) and stress levels mediate this relationship. Study designThis was a cross-sectional study. MethodsData from 1439 students from the American College Health Association National College Health Assessment III (Fall 2020) were used. Food security status was evaluated by the USDA Six-Item Short Form. PWB was measured using the Diener Flourishing Scale. Diet-related behaviors included the average servings of fruits, vegetables, and sugar-sweetened beverages consumed per day. Stress was measured by self-reported levels. Regression model analysis evaluated the influence of food security status, PWB, and stress levels on BMI. PWB and stress were also tested as mediators in the relationship between food insecurity and BMI. ResultsAmong our sample of college students, 44.54% (n = 641) were food insecure, and 55.46% (n = 798) were food secure. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher food insecurity, older age, full-time enrollment status, and fifth-year student status were positively associated with a higher BMI score (P < 0.05). Results from mediation models revealed that PWB, but not stress, mediated the relationship between food security and BMI among Black/African American students. Regarding diet-related behaviors, high stress levels mediated the relationship between food insecurity and sugar-sweetened beverage intake among students. ConclusionsFood insecurity appears to influence BMI in college students. This relationship seems to be mediated by disrupted PWB and a higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages due to stress.

The Eco-Generativity Scale (EGS): A New Resource to Protect the Environment and Promote Health.

(1) Background: Environmental issues are among society's most pressing concerns as they can significantly impact the environment and human health. The Eco Generativity Scale (EGS), a 28-item four-factor scale has been introduced to promote a constructive outlook on the matter. It encompasses two types of generativity, namely ecological and social generativity, as well as environmental identity and agency/pathways. The aim of the current study was to examine the EGS's psychometric properties among 375 Italian university students. (2) Methods: To evaluate the scale's factor structure, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Internal consistency was evaluated via Cronbach's alphas and McDonald's omega. Concurrent validity was analyzed with the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Satisfaction with life Scale (SWLS), Meaningful Life Measure (MLM), and Flourishing Scale (FS). (3) Results: The exploratory factor analysis showed the best fit for a four-factor solution. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a four-factor higher-order model provided the best fit to the data with good internal consistency. Furthermore, each factor and the total score showed a good concurrent validity with the PANAS, SWLS, MLM, and FS. (4) Conclusions: The Eco-Generativity Scale (EGS) showed good psychometric properties for its use in research and intervention as a promising tool to measure eco-generativity.

Emotional Availability (EA) Brief: Single Session Feedback and Coaching for Improving Fathers’ Emotional Availability for Children Across a Wide Developmental Spectrum

Fathers are a historically underrepresented population in developmental research and must be considered for their modern presentation in parenting processes. Emotional Availability (EA) is a construct that captures the parent-child relationship quality and predicts positive outcomes for children. A recently developed intervention, the EA Brief, is a program conceptualized for easy administration that may be utilized to improve father-child dyadic functioning across a range of child ages. The final sample of interested fathers was 18 fathers with children between 4-months and 13.5-years. For pretest sessions, all fathers completed surveys (demographic information, the Emotional Availability Self Report, and the Flourishing Scale) via Qualtrics, followed by a 20-minute filmed interaction via Zoom which was later coded for EA. Immediate Intervention Group (IIG) received one pretest before the intervention and one posttest after the intervention over a 3-5 week intervention delivery. The intervention involved a 2-hour interactive Zoom workshop where information about EA, attachment, and mindfulness was provided, a 1-hour individualized, Zoom EA feedback/coaching session, and two weeks of text reminders about the covered content. In contrast to the IIG, the Waitlist Control (WC) participants received two pretests (same assessments as above) separated by the 3-5 week time period corresponding to the timing of intervention delivery for the IIG. After the second pretest, they received the same intervention as the IIG. All IIG and WC fathers received posttest sessions (exact same assessments as for the pretests noted above). Across 16 target variables assessing EA, six observed variables showed post-intervention improvement (α &lt; 0.05) though no significant findings were found on self-reported measures. These findings suggest that fathers respond to programs that provide guidance for clinically informed, research-based parenting despite the program having limited effect on their self-perceptions of how they parent.