Florida Cities Research Articles

Table of Contents

AbstractEHR Costs for Addiction Treatment Programs: $100,000 and upUnit Reinforces Addiction Medicine via Affiliation with Yale SchoolSAMHSA Workforce Report Has LandedFlorida Cities Lobby to Restrict Sober Homes StatewideFive Reasons a Recovery Focus Strengthens EverythingAetna Uses Pharmacy Benefit to Discourage Opioid AbuseBriefly NotedState NewsComing up

Wastewater use in algae production for generation of renewable resources: a review and preliminary results

Microalgae feedstock production can be integrated with wastewater and industrial sources of carbon dioxide. This study reviews the literature on algae grown on wastewater and includes a preliminary analysis of algal production based on anaerobic digestion sludge centrate from the Howard F. Curren Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (HFC AWTP) in Tampa, Florida and secondary effluent from the City of Lakeland wastewater treatment facilities in Lakeland, Florida. It was demonstrated that a mixed culture of wild algae species could successfully be grown on wastewater nutrients and potentially scaled to commercial production. Algae have demonstrated the ability to naturally colonize low-nutrient effluent water in a wetland treatment system utilized by the City of Lakeland. The results from these experiments show that the algae grown in high strength wastewater from the HFC AWTP are light-limited when cultivated indoor since more than 50% of the outdoor illumination is attenuated in the greenhouse.An analysis was performed to determine the mass of algae that can be supported by the wastewater nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorous) available from the two Florida cities. The study was guided by the growth and productivity data obtained for algal growth in the photobioreactors in operation at the University of South Florida. In the analysis, nutrients and light are assumed to be limited, while CO2 is abundantly available. There is some limitation on land, especially since the HFC AWTP is located at the Port of Tampa. The temperature range in Tampa is assumed to be suitable for algal growth year round. Assuming that the numerous technical challenges to achieving commercial-scale algal production can be met, the results presented suggest that an excess of 71 metric tons per hectare per year of algal biomass can be produced. Two energy production options were considered; liquid biofuels from feedstock with high lipid content, and biogas generation from anaerobic digestion of algae biomass. The total potential oil volume was determined to be approximately 337,500 gallons per year, which may result in the annual production of 270,000 gallons of biodiesel when 80% conversion efficiency is assumed. This production level would be able to sustain approximately 450 cars per year on average. Potential biogas production was estimated to be above 415,000 kg/yr, the equivalent of powering close to 500 homes for a year.

Slugging and Snubbing: Hugh Casey, Ernest Hemingway, and Jackie Robinson—A Baseball Mystery

Slugging and SnubbingHugh Casey, Ernest Hemingway, and Jackie Robinson—A Baseball Mystery Steven P. Gietschier (bio) “The hardest thing in the world to do is to write straight honest prose on human beings. First you have to know the subject. . . . ” Ernest Hemingway By-Line: Ernest Hemingway, Selected Articles and Dispatches from Four Decades Spring comes early to baseball. For most people living in the Northern Hemisphere, spring arrives officially on or about March 21, but for professional baseball players it starts in February when they gather to begin training for the upcoming season. Nowadays, major-league clubs train in Florida or Arizona, but years ago, trips to more exotic places were not unusual. Thus it was that in 1947, the Brooklyn Dodgers and their top minor-league club, the Montreal Royals, found themselves training in Havana, Cuba. This was not the Dodgers’ first excursion to the island nation. After making brief visits to Cuba in 1900, 1913, 1921, and 1931, they had trained there full-time in 1941 and 1942. But this trip was unusual, with a purpose much greater than getting players into shape.1 The 1947 Dodgers were on the verge of doing something truly historic. Just before Opening Day, April 15, Brooklyn’s president, Branch Rickey, announced that Jackie Robinson was being promoted from Montreal to the parent club, making him the first African American to play major-league baseball since 1884. The Dodgers had signed Robinson to a contract in the fall of 1945 and assigned him to the Royals. In 1946, both Brooklyn and Montreal had trained in Florida: the Dodgers in Daytona Beach, a relatively progressive southern city thanks to the heroic work of civil rights pioneer Mary McLeod Bethune, and the Royals in Sanford, a small town forty miles south and considerably less enlightened. Despite Rickey’s hopes, the Montreal club ran into legal segregation every step of the way. Law enforcement officials cancelled a number of Royals games in several Florida cities and also in Savannah and Richmond [End Page 12] as the team traveled north to open the season in Jersey City. Robinson encountered few problems once he and his wife Rachel reached Montreal. They were welcomed into the community, and he had a terrific season. His manager, Mississippian Clay Hopper, and his teammates adjusted. They had little choice.2 Rickey wanted 1947 to be different. He kept Robinson on the Montreal roster, but he knew that the former ucla student and Army veteran would be a Dodger when the season began. Aiming for spring training to be free from racial strife, he picked Cuba, a country where he believed the color of a player’s skin would not be an issue. Still, when the players arrived in Havana, they noticed a peculiar housing arrangement. The players on the major-league roster stayed at the Hotel Nacional, a stately structure designed in an Andalusian-Moorish style and built in 1930. White members of the minor-league club stayed at the nearby Havana Military Academy. But Robinson and three other black players trying to make the Montreal roster were housed separately, away from their white teammates, in “a musty, third-rate hotel in the heart of town.” Robinson, catcher Roy Campanella, and pitchers Roy Partlow and Don Newcombe endured this humiliation together. Robinson at first blamed the Cuban government for the segregated housing, but he soon learned that the idea was Rickey’s. “I can’t afford to take a chance and have a single incident occur,” said the Dodgers executive. “This training session must be perfectly smooth.” He was wary, he said, that some white Royals new to the club or American tourists staying at the Nacional might raise a stink. “I wasn’t even allowed to go in the lobby of the Nacional to see Mr. Rickey on baseball business,” Newcombe remembered. “I had to get permission from the bellhops. In fact, one [white] bellhop put me out of the lobby.”3 Rickey also wanted spring training to make a profit. He enticed three other major-league clubs—the Boston Braves, New York Yankees, and St. Louis Browns—to come to the Caribbean for exhibition games. Brooklyn played the...

Black Newspapers Focus More on Community Affairs Stories

This content analysis of two weekly African American newspapers and the daily newspapers in two Florida cities finds that community affairs, politics and religion are covered more frequently in the black press, while sports stories appear more frequently in the dailies.

A Theoretical Framework on the Determinants of Strategic Cities

Strategic planning is a commonly used management technique, but most state and city studies on strategic planning are descriptive and have not developed a clear theory as to why cities use strategic planning. In this paper, we develop a framework for measuring cities’ use of strategic planning, that includes factors related to form of government, community wealth, and other community attributes as well as the more commonly examined factors related to internal city management capacity. Rather than using a dichotomous dependent variable of “use” or “not use,” we use an index of four strategic planning activities to represent the extent of strategic planning use. We test our multivariate model using ordered logit and data collected from a 2005 survey of Florida city managers, mayors and chief administrative officers. We find support for all four of the major theoretical factors in our model. More strategic cities are more likely to be council manager cities, heterogeneous in population, depend less on sales tax revenue, have risk-taking leadership, use more contracting out, and have staff who participate in professional networks.

Knowledge and Skills for Policy Making: Stories from Local Public Managers in Florida

Local public managers regularly participate in the legislative policy-making process and even play a leadership role in policy preparation and deliberation. This phenomenon challenges the dichotomy model of the politicsadministration relationship and raises some rarely studied questions: How do managers work with their elected officials to shape legislative policy making? What knowledge and skills do they need to participate effectively in policy making? And how can MPA programs help prepare students who are interested in a local government career for this role? To answer these questions, we conducted interviews with city and county managers in Florida. The opinions from local public managers help us better understand their role in policy making and provide us with valuable insights about the development of MPA education.

Advanced Training in Music Therapy with Premature Infants: Impressions from the United States and a Starting Point for Europe

This article describes the role of music therapy in neonatal work, and introduces two US-based music therapy advanced-training programmes in Florida and New York City aimed at music therapists who are interested in working in neonatal care. Advanced training is common in the United States and is relevant for therapists wishing to specialise in particular areas of work, or to further extend their general clinical skills. The task of achieving a high professional level of music therapy practice that supports the use of different therapeutic approaches and guarantees therapist mobility within Europe is a unique challenge. There is a review of the two existing neonatal music therapy training programmes and an exploration of how similar courses might be designed and implemented in Europe, along with a list of recommendations. The authors suggest that training opportunities would serve to further raise the professional profile of music therapy in Europe and establish this young and expanding field as an important therapeutic approach in neonatal care.

Motivations Behind Using Performance Measurement: City-wide vs. Selective Users

This article identifies and describes the utilisation of performance measurement in Florida local governments. Two research questions are considered here: which factors influence Florida city governments to use performance measurement? And how do the factors associated with cities that are city-wide users differ from cities that are selective users? The paper develops a framework constructed from literatures in performance measurement and management innovation to develop hypotheses that are tested with 2005 Florida local government data. This study finds strong support for the role of community attributes, form of government and internal capacity as contributors to the use of performance measurement. The study also finds the factors that influence city-wide users are different from factors that influence selective users, especially with regard to revenue size and the reward/incentive system.

Labor Day: The Lessons of the Past

Labor Day: The Lessons of the Past Robert H. Zieger (bio) Since it is known in the North Florida city in which I live that I am interested in labor history, the local Central Labor Council invited me to speak at its annual Labor Day breakfast (held actually on the Saturday before Labor Day). (Full disclosure: until my retirement, I was a delegate for my union, the United Faculty of Florida, to the Council.) The idea is for me in my activist persona to remind an audience of unionists, community, civil rights, environmental, and gender activists, and other progressive-minded people of what singer Billy Bragg calls “the lessons of the past.” Presumably, edifying stories of labor’s struggles will encourage men and women of good hope in the current fight for human rights in the workplace and in the community. The assignment turned out to be more complicated than I initially thought. No less a figure than AFL-CIO president Richard Trumka recently has warned that “nostalgia for organized labor’s past is no strategy for our future,”1 but I did hope that lessons drawn from the experience of the CIO–whose history I chronicle in a book published in 19952—could be helpful for today’s activists. Since most in the audience would be occupied with their plates of sausage, eggs, biscuits, and redeye gravy, I’d have to be concise in the brief time allotted tomy remarks. I soon discovered that I would need only four words with which to convey the lessons of the CIO experience to today’s beleaguered trade unionists and their allies. They are: fight, unite, connect, vote. The CIO experience of the 1930s and 1940s provides ample evidence of the power of these four verbs. The CIO was a fighting organization: the Flint sit-downers, John L. Lewis’s coal miners, World War II wildcatters; the postwar auto and steelworkers who struck to achieve pension and health care benefits; black and white workers combining to achieve racial equity in the packinghouses of Chicago, Omaha, and Fort Worth—all attested to the centrality of struggle in labor’s story. The words of the Almanac Singers’ “Talking Union” came to mind: If you wait for the boss to raise your pay You’ll be awaitin’ till judgment day The CIO also united workers across the lines of race, ethnicity, and job categories. It mobilized first-and second-generation immigrants; Appalachian whites and African Americans; assemblyline workers and skilled tradesmen; and, at least on occasion, men and women. It reached out to the unskilled and to the marginalized. The Packinghouse Workers’ slogan from the 1930s captured this theme: Negro and White/ Unite and Fight. Click for larger view View full resolution CIO head John L. Lewis denounces wage and price reductions at the 35th Biennial Convention of the United States Mine Workers, January 1938. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number, LC-DIG-hec-24583]. But the CIO didn’t do it alone. It had to connect with allies in the community. Protestant social gospelers; Catholic worker advocates; African-American storefront preachers; the NAACP and other civil rights organizations; liberal and radical academics, publicists, and agitators; and socialists, communists, and Wobblies. Voting was also critical. The workers’ cause could not be confined to the picket line and the bargaining table. In 1936 John L. Lewis mobilized the CIO’s human and financial resources on behalf of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s reelection. And in 1943 the CIO created the first political action committee. CIO leaders, notably Clothing Workers’ head Sidney Hillman, recognized that what you won on the picket line could be lost in the legislative chambers. Four verbs: fight, unite, connect, vote. Clearly, the CIO experience contains useful lessons for today’s activists. True, today’s workers face challenges very different from those confronting their grandfathers and grandmothers seventy years ago, but the idea that there can be no progress without struggle remains. Like their earlier counterparts, today’s workers have to combat divisiveness. Problems involving immigration, outsourcing, and public-vs-private employment surely pose tests as serious as those involving race, ethnicity, and ideology did seventy-five years. Today, perhaps...

The effects of transportation network failure on people’s accessibility to hurricane disaster relief goods: a modeling approach and application to a Florida case study

Following the catastrophic and devastating Atlantic Hurricane seasons in 2004 and 2005, there has been increased interest in formulating planning directives and policy aimed at minimizing the societal impacts of future storms. Not all populations will evacuate an area forecast to be affected by a hurricane, so emergency managers must plan for these people who remain behind. Such planning includes making food, water, ice, and other provisions available at strategic locations throughout an affected area. Recent research has tackled problems related to humanitarian and relief goods distribution with respect to hurricanes. Experience shows that the torrential rains and heavy winds associated with hurricanes can severely damage transportation network infrastructure rendering it unusable. Scanning the literature on hurricane disaster relief provision, there are no studies that expressly consider the potential damage that may be caused to a transportation network by strong storms. This paper examines the impacts of simulated network failures on hurricane disaster relief planning strategies, using a smaller Florida City as an example. A relief distribution protocol is assumed where goods distribution points are set up in pre-determined locations following the passage of a storm. Simulation results reveal that modest disruptions to the transportation network produce marked changes in the number and spatial configuration of relief facilities. At the same time, the transportation network appears to be robust and is able to support relief service provision even at elevated levels of hypothesized disruption.

Police and Fire Pensions in Florida: A Historical Perspective and Cause for Future Concerns

Supplementary contributions to pension plans are predicted to increase for some Florida municipal governments because of the funding source used for police and fire plans. This article examines the history of local government pensions and focuses on Chapter 175 and 185 Pension Plans, which access funding through a tax on property insurance premiums. The notable legislative changes, Attorney General Opinions and court cases are also briefly assessed. This study research examines a sample of 32 pension funds in 20 Florida cities and indicates that the cost of providing these pensions is increasing because of legislative mandates for use of these revenues. This is evidenced by a historical decrease in the funding ratios of the funds of the cities sampled.

House prices and city revenues

Very little is known about what impact recent large upward and downward swings in single-family home values have had on local government budgets. Using a unique 15-year panel of Florida cities that includes both detailed revenue and house price data, we investigate the pathways whereby a change in house price may affect city revenue per capita and test for symmetric effects during housing booms and busts. For the median-sized city, we find that while increases in house price raise revenues, decreases in price have no effect on revenues. In addition, the former impact is small in magnitude. While the strongest pathway is through assessed values, our results illustrate that a change in house price can also affect other sources of revenue besides ad valorem taxes. The overall conclusion is that movements in Florida housing markets are only weakly related to a city's property taxes and total revenues per capita, which fails to support the argument portrayed in the popular press that house price changes strongly impact local budgets.

Constitutional Problems with Judicial Takings Doctrine and the Supreme Court's Decision in Stop the Beach Renourishment

I. INTRODUCTION II. CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEM NUMBER 1: CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY DOES NOT SUPPORT A JUDICIAL TAKINGS THEORY III. CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEM NUMBER 2: A JUDICIAL TAKINGS THEORY WOULD VIOLATE PRINCIPLES OF FEDERALISM AND COMMON LAW IV. CONSTITUTIONAL PROBLEM NUMBER 3: THE TEXT OF THE CONSTITUTION ALREADY PROVIDES PROTECTION THROUGH THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE, RENDERING A JUDICIAL TAKINGS THEORY SUPERFLUOUS V. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION Supreme Court's 2009 term featured a slate of blockbuster cases: for example, the second, special-session re-argument of Citizens United v. FEC, (1) review of the criminal conviction of former Enron CEO Ken Skilling in Skilling v. United States, (2) and the question in McDonald v. City of Chicago (3) of whether an individual right to have a gun for self-defense is constitutionally protected against state infringement. Another potential blockbuster was the first takings case to be heard since Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Samuel Alito and Sonia Sotomayor joined the Court: Stop the Beach Renourishment v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. (4) Closely watched by property-rights activists, environmental advocates, and state and local governments, (5) Stop the Beach presented the Court with the opportunity to recognize for the first time a doctrine of judicial0 takings, (6) which would have the potential to significantly limit state courts' ability to reform state property law and, in this case, to seriously hinder state and local efforts to protect coastal areas and respond to environmental disasters. Stop the Beach Renourishment involved a restoration project on Florida's Gulf Coast. (7) Due to sea level rise and increased hurricane activity, beaches around the country are eroding rapidly, and a number of states have invested heavily in programs to maintain their beaches. In particular, Florida's shorelines have been repeatedly damaged by hurricanes and erosion. (8) Beach and Shore Preservation Act of 1965 (9) was enacted to protect Florida's citizens and environment, in light of the legislature's view that beach erosion is a serious menace to the economy and general welfare of the people of this state and has advanced to emergency proportions. (10) Act provides for restoration and nourishment projects to shore up beaches threatened by erosion along the state's 825 miles of sandy beaches. (11) In other words, when local governments like Florida's City of Destin and Walton County apply for the necessary permits under the Act, the state will dredge sand from one area and dump it on another, expanding the width of the threatened beach. In most coastal states like Florida where ownership of beachfront property is split between the state and private parties, the traditional rule of beachfront property ownership, stated simply, is that private landowners own the dry land and the state owns the seabed. (12) The dividing line is the mean high water line (MHWL), a dynamic boundary that fluctuates as the grows or erodes. (13) Traditionally, the state owns everything seaward of the (14) Florida law, like most states, differentiates between gradual and sudden changes in the coastline. (15) Gradual additions to the shoreline are accretions; gradual subtractions are erosion. (16) Under the common law, a beachfront property owner bears both the benefit and burden of these changes: accretion increases the property owners' land, but erosion will reduce it. (17) Sudden, perceptible changes in the shoreline--as opposed to gradual accretion or erosion--are called avulsions. (18) While a sudden change to the shoreline would obviously change the MHWL, under the common law of avulsion in Florida, the legal boundary remained the pre-avulsion MHWL. (19) Beach and Shore Preservation Act shifts the line between public and private property, modifying the common law of beachfront property ownership. …

Risk of Strong Hurricane Winds to Florida Cities

Abstract A statistical procedure for estimating the risk of strong winds from hurricanes is demonstrated and applied to several major cities in Florida. The procedure, called the hurricane risk calculator, provides an estimate of wind risk over different length periods and can be applied to any location experiencing this hazard. Results show that the city of Miami can expect to see hurricane winds blowing at 50 m s−1 [45.5–54.5 m s−1 is the 90% confidence interval (CI)] or stronger, on average, once every 12 yr. In comparison, the city of Pensacola can expect to see hurricane winds of 50 m s−1 (46.9–53.1 m s−1, 90% CI) or stronger once every 24 yr. A quantile regression is applied to hurricane wind speeds in the vicinity of Florida. Results show that the strongest hurricanes are getting stronger as a consequence of higher offshore intensification rates.

Optimizing hurricane disaster relief goods distribution: model development and application with respect to planning strategies

Over the last few years, hurricane emergencies have been among the most pervasive major disruptions in the United States, particularly in the south-east region of the country. A key aspect of managing hurricane disasters involves logistical planning to facilitate the distribution and transportation of relief goods to populations in need. This study shows how a variant of the capacitated warehouse location model can be used to manage the flow of goods shipments to people in need. In this application, the model is used with protocols set forth in Florida's Comprehensive Emergency Plan and tested in a smaller city in north Florida. Scenarios explore the effects of alternate goods distribution strategies on the provision of disaster relief. Results show that measures describing people's accessibility to relief goods are affected by the distribution infrastructure used to provide relief, as well as assumptions made regarding the population(s) assumed to be in need of aid.

Local Institutions and the Politics of Urban Growth

This article uses a political market framework to analyze how the structure of local political institutions affects the relative political influence of development and environmental interests in the context of urban growth. Using panel data from 406 Florida cities from 1998 to 2003, the empirical analysis finds important interaction effects between the structure of city executive branch institutions and interest group variables. The economic and political forces driving urban growth do not operate identically in all cities—they vary as a function of institutional context. Institutional structure helps determine which interest groups have their preferences reflected in local land‐use changes and development patterns. The resulting patterns suggest a “sustainability paradox” wherein richer, environmental interests push for the preservation of environmental amenities while at the same time accelerating the number of residential units built in a community.

Shared Planning Time: A Novel Context for Studying Teachers’ Discourse and Beliefs About Learning and Instruction

Background/Context Although teachers’ core instructional beliefs are difficult to accurately measure, they provide a framework for understanding the thinking that underlies important curricular and pedagogical decisions made in the classroom. Previous research has primarily used self-report to study teacher beliefs, but self-report is better for reporting explicit cognitions rather than implicit ones, such as beliefs. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The purpose of our study was to investigate teacher talk during shared planning time to provide insight into the rationales behind teachers’ decision making that may be related to their underlying beliefs about subject matter, teaching, learning, and their students. Setting Xavier Middle School is located in a suburban area of a midsized progressive city in Florida and has a teacher-student ratio of about 1:19. It serves sixth- through eighth graders, and 28% of the student population are minority students. Population/Participants/Subjects A team of 4 eighth-grade mathematics teachers at a suburban middle school in the southern part of the United States agreed to participate in this study. Research Design A qualitative case study of eighth-grade mathematics teachers’ discourse was conducted during their weekly shared planning time during the course of one semester. Data Collection and Analysis A tape recorder and field notes were used to record the team's lesson planning discourse. After reviewing the written field notes, scenes of rich dialogue from the audiotapes were selected to be transcribed. Data from the transcripts were coded and assigned to relevant domains based on semantic relationships. Findings/Results We compiled all the domains related to teachers’ rationales or teachers’ thinking about learning and instruction and organized the data in a taxonomy supported by relevant examples from the transcripts. We found that these rationales and cognitions mapped onto six categories consisting of beliefs about pedagogical content, general pedagogy, subject matter, curricular choices, resources/textbooks, and students’ thinking. A consistent theme was found that reflected underlying beliefs in a traditional transmission model of instruction and learning. Conclusions/Recommendations This study supported our hypothesis that teachers’ collaborative planning time discourse provides a unique lens for understanding teachers’ beliefs. Furthermore, teachers’ planning time provided a forum for teachers to display the rationales underlying their decision making, rationales that are usually hidden from view, especially from the view of a researcher. Teachers’ normally hidden planning process was thus rendered visible, and hence open to investigation.

The relationship between risk and homeland security financing: a survey of florida city managers and fire chiefs

Survey findings from Florida reveal that larger, higher risk communities perceive greater budgetary trade-offs, a view that supports in part the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s recently implemented strategy in distributing its grants. Per expectations, city managers with graduate education saw higher levels of readiness and lower threat risk than fire chiefs. Consistent with prior research, cities were reprogramming and using existing funds rather than new levies for homeland security initiatives. This finding was buttressed by results that recently enacted property tax limits and cuts in federal aid were seen as the greatest challenges to increased funding. Contrary to mainstream public administration writing, our respondents stated that restrained funding rather than intergovernmental coordination was the biggest issue they faced in meeting homeland security needs. Overall, our respondents saw a low risk of terror threat, a perception that may represent an accurate read of the operating environment or an implicit belief that higher levels of government will provide significant assistance in the event of a major terrorist attack or other conflagration.

Comments on “Assessing and Managing Environmental Risk: Connecting Local Government Management with Emergency Management”

Public Administration ReviewVolume 69, Issue 2 p. 194-197 Comments on “Assessing and Managing Environmental Risk: Connecting Local Government Management with Emergency Management” Thomas J. Bonfield, Corresponding Author Thomas J. Bonfield City of Durham, North CarolinaThomas J. Bonfield has been the city manager of Durham, North Carolina, since August 2008. He previously served as city manager in Pensacola, Florida, for 10 years and in Temple Terrace, Florida, for 13 years. He was the president of the Florida City and County Management Association in 1992–93 and currently is a member of the board of the directors of the Alliance for Innovation. He has been an ICMA Credentialed Manager since 2002. He received a master of business administration degree from the University of South Florida in 1981.E-mail: tom.bonfield@durhamnc.govSearch for more papers by this author Thomas J. Bonfield, Corresponding Author Thomas J. Bonfield City of Durham, North CarolinaThomas J. Bonfield has been the city manager of Durham, North Carolina, since August 2008. He previously served as city manager in Pensacola, Florida, for 10 years and in Temple Terrace, Florida, for 13 years. He was the president of the Florida City and County Management Association in 1992–93 and currently is a member of the board of the directors of the Alliance for Innovation. He has been an ICMA Credentialed Manager since 2002. He received a master of business administration degree from the University of South Florida in 1981.E-mail: tom.bonfield@durhamnc.govSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01964_1.xCitations: 4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume69, Issue2March | April 2009Pages 194-197 RelatedInformation

Florida City Expands Wastewater Facility to Service Expanding Population

This article discusses an effort by the Palm Coast Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) to expand its treatment capacity, and to produce reclaimed water for use within the city as well as meet the following tertiary effluent limits: carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, 5 mg/L; total suspended solids (TSS), < 5 mg/L; and, total nitrogen (TN), 10 mg/L. To meet these challenges, the WWTP incorporated an additional process train comprising a Kruger AE‐DENITRO single‐ditch system followed by two new circular clarifiers to treat an additional design flow of 2.275 mgd for biological treatment. The AE‐DENITRO ditch system consists of five 40‐hp brush aerators, two 4.4‐hp submersible mixers, and one effluent weir. The process uses phased isolation ditch technology by alternating between aerobic (nitrification) and anoxic (denitrification) phases to help reduce the effluent TN. Tertiary treatment at the plant is discussed, along with an expansion of the plant's automation instrumentation and control process.