Flora Of Iraq Research Articles

Analysing the Pollutants Dispersion in Erbil City-Kurdistan with Support of Statistical Analysis.

Analysing the Pollutants Dispersion in Erbil City-Kurdistan with Support of Statistical Analysis.

Vascular Plants of Bani Harir Mountain (Harir intramural bound)

        Field work survey conducted in this investigation area Bani Harir Mountain (MRO, Kurdistan-Iraq) and their adjacent places. The important goals of this study are to determine vascular plant species of this mountain and their adjacent because of have rich plant diversity which has not been surveyed in detailed by previous botanists up to now and it's not signified in Flora of Iraq. For this purpose, new localities for plant species should be reorganized in flora of Iraq. This survey includes all species of natural local flora of vascular plants which are distributed at the mountains and their adjacent. All the plants those are were determined, only they are new record according to the surveyed area. To constitute the floristic composition, field survey duration was from beginning of spring season 2020 and continued to spring season of 2021. For this purpose; field works were divided to 7 sections and more than 950 plant samples were collected. At the result 247 plant species from 67 families and 183 genera were determined and identified. The 3 largest families in the area of this study is fabaceae family (33 species; 13.36%), the second largest is Asteraceae family (30 species; 12.14%), and the third largest family is Poaceae (22 species; 8.9%). These 3 families followed by Brassicaceae family with (13 species), and Rosaceae family with (12 species).     

A Comparative Study of Anatomical and Taxonomical of Juniperus Species Grown in Northern Iraq

This comparative anatomical taxonomic study was conducted for 3 species belonging to the genus Juniper of the Cupressaceae family that grow wild in northern Iraq, in 7 sites distributed over the governorates of Nineveh, Dohuk and Sulaymaniyah, and these species are (Juniperus oxycedrus L., Juniperus polycarpos K. Koch and a new species that was recorded for the first time in the Flora of Iraq by the same researchers, which is Juniperus macrocarpa Sibth and Sm.). The study included the chemical separation of wood Maceration, the results showed the variation of the studied species in the dimensions of the tracheids (like length, diameter of the tracheids and wall thickness) and in the Runkel ratio as well as the variation in the dimensions of the Borderd pits. It was possible to diagnose and isolate the two species of J. oxycedrus and J. Macrocarpa that have similar phenotypes, as the species J. macrocarpa had longer, wider and thicker tracheids than those of J. oxycedrus, while the species J. Polycarpos had the lowest average tracheids length, diameter and thickness; Thus, it was isolated from the previous two species. Regarding the Runkel ratio, the results showed that all types of juniper studied are suitable for the manufacture of pulp and paper. And that is because they have Runkel ratios that have fallen within the approved range for the best production and quality of the paper pulp, as the values for the studied species were limited to between (0.425 - 0.922). The lined click diameters were also varied according to species. It was also found that the qualitative characteristics of the tracheids have a prominent role in the diagnosis of the studied species, as they are constant genetic characteristics of the species, as it was found that there are variations in the qualitative characteristics between the studied species, such as the presence of Thickening Helical in the tracheids of J. oxycedrus, in addition to the presence of Dentate in the walls His tracheids and their absence in the other two species, as well as the presence of two rows of bordered pits in the tracheids of juniper, which is called the Biseriate, and their absence in the other two species. It was evident from these results that the anatomical characters of the wood have a great taxonomic importance that contributed to the diagnosis of Juniper species. This is the first time in the Iraqi country that an anatomical diagnostic key has been placed for the wood of Juniperus L. species growing in northern Iraq . The woods of this studied species.

Validating the combination Centaurea benedicta var. kotschyi (Compositae: Cynareae)

SummaryA new combination, Centaurea benedicta var. kotschyi, invalidly published in Flora of Iraq Volume 6, is here validated.

A NEW RECORD FOR THE FLORA OF IRAQ: LOTUS GARCINII DC. (PAPILIONACEAE)

Lotus garcinii is a new additional plant species to papilionaceae family in flora of Iraq for the first time found at Al-Imsad Dam region (South of Rutba) of Western Desert District (DWD) from Iraq. The species was collected in spring season of 2017 and 2018, preserved in National Herbarium of Iraq(BAG) with the numbers 59780, 59781 and 59782. The identification of the species was confirmed by using some Flora of the neighboring countries for Iraq, taxonomic treatment was done, and some distinguishing characters are given.

Two New Records of Orchid Species for the Flora of Iraq: Anacamptis papilionacea (L.) R.M. Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W. Chase and Dactylorhiza romana (Sebast.) Soó

The Orchidaceae is one of the most cosmopolitan flowering families however, the national floristic knowledge for Iraqi territories is restricted by the outdated and incomplete status of Flora of Iraq. We already recently add two new records of Orchid species for Iraq and the study objective was to pursue the dynamics on field studies and thus provide new contribution for Flora of Iraq. Two new Orchid species were recorded for the first time in Iraq: (i) Anacamptis papilionacea found on Sile waterfall locality (Dostaka mountain, Duhok governorate); and (ii) Dactylorhiza romana found in Harike locality (Gara mountain, Duhok governorate). Field illustrations, infraspecific identification ( A. papilionacea subsp . schirwanica ; D. romana subsp . georgica ), environment and geographical distribution, conservation status and a brief discussion about the new records are provided. This study highlights the importance of floristic surveys and their continuity over time as a first step towards the modern floristic knowledge including open databases.

Sobre el género <em>Sternbergia</em> (Amaryllidaceae) en Iraq

Sternbergia is a genus containing mostly remarkable autum flowering taxa within Amaryllidaceae. Its distribution ranges from the Mediterranean region through the Irano-Anatolian region to Caucasus and Central Asia. In Flora of Iraq, the information about the occurrence, habitat, and distribution of its species is outdated or incomplete. The main aim of this study has been to contribute with new data from the field in order to update its status in the Kurdistan Region. Botanical field surveys were mostly carried out between 2013 and 2015 in autumn and spring. The main result of this study has been the occurrence of 3 species of Sternbergia: S. colchiciflora, which is reported in this study for the first time for the Kurdistan Region and therefore for Iraq; S. clusiana, which has been rediscovered in Iraq; and S. vernalis, which has been found again in the Berwarya Mountains, after being considered a lost species in Iraq over the last 80 years. These 3 observed species occur in the mountains of Amadiya District, making this area the richest territory for Sternbergia in the country. Due to certain factors that currently threaten their natural habitats, they are rare species and could be regarded as potentially endangered at regional level according to the IUCN criteria.

The distribution of some medicinal plants in three zone of Western desert of Iraq

This study was carried out for the characterization and quantitative analysis 1 the types 2 medicinal value 3 plants medicinal valuable species in three zone within the Western desert in Iraq which located between longitude (40 ° 16'08.68 "E - 42 ° 15'50.68" E) and latitude (32 ° 58'39.50 "N - 34 ° 04'40.50" N), so the zone are Upper Haqlan wadi and depressed Ga`ara and Wadi Al Massad south Rutbah. With high above sea level ranged between (165-636m). Most of the natural plant derived in the study of water requirements areas of rainfall in the winter, as well as surficial water in these sites, which represents the influencing factor and the species of plant communities as well as the types of prevailing soils in the Iraqi western desert. Plant samples were collected from zones the three sites during 2012-2013 seasons using random squares of twenty repeater at each site modeling. Consequent plant with medicinal value species and classified on the basis of the Iraqi plant encyclopedia (flora of Iraq), with the assistance herprium in the College of Education Pure Sciences - Department of Biology Sciences University of Anbar data of height circumstances, dry weight for each spices, plant coverage , density and frequency. The results showed the presence of nine plant species with medicinal value of all the species that have been identified belonging to plant families of Boraginaceae, Labiatae, and Compositae, and Chenopodiaceae, Umbelliferae, and Plantaginaceae. With perennial species compared to annual. Quantitative analyses showed that the Labiatae specie, was dement, followed by all the families of the Compositae and Boraginaceae. Thus it covet inferred that re-seeding of their spices which had iterating economical and popular heritance, therefore it could be recommend to fine the patterns that conserve these species via establishment enclosures in these zones to conserve pheto- diversity and state the legislation to protein and development knees zone .further on it had to characterize the active constituents for these spices.

Eighteen species new to the flora of Iraq

AbstractThe following 18 species are reported for the first time from Iraq: Heracleum persicum Desf. and Trigonosciadium brachytaenium (Boiss.) Alava (Apiaceae), Arum dioscoridis Sibth. & Sm. (Araceae), Filago eriocephala Guss. (Asteraceae), Alkanna orientalis Boiss. and Nonea ventricosa (Sm.) Griseb. (Boraginaceae), Silene coniflora Nees ex Otth (Caryophyllaceae), Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla (Cyperaceae), Centaurium meyeri (Bunge) Druce (Gentianaceae), Marrubium parviflorum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. and Nepeta nuda L. (Lamiaceae), Fritillaria straussii Bornm. and Tulipa clusiana DC. (Liliaceae), Linaria simplex (Willd.) DC. (Plantaginaceae), Bromus intermedius Guss. (Poaceae), Polygonum convolvulus L. and P. hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae), and Prunus lycioides (Spach) C.K.Schneid. (Rosaceae). Brief notes on habitat and distribution are given. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Two New Generic and Three Specific Records of Lemnaceae to the Aquatic Flora of Iraq

In this study two genera Spirodela Schleiden, and Landoltia Les & Crawford were recorded for the first time for flora of Iraq. Each genus represented by one species, these species is Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden and Landoltia punctata (G. Meyer) Les & Crawford. In addition one more species of the genus Lemna (L. minuta) was added to the flora of Iraq for the first time too. Brief descriptions with main distinguishing characters for the three new recorded species were provided. Habitat and geographical distribution were mentioned .Floral and fruit characters for Lemnaceae species from Iraqi material were tabulated and illustrated for the first time. A key to all species of Lemnaceae in Iraq was provided.

Allium olivieri Boiss. (Alliaceae), a new taxon to Turkey, with contributions to its taxonomy

<em>Allium olivieri </em>Boiss. (Alliaceae) is reported as a new record for Turkish flora. It was identified using the collected specimens and Flora orientalis, Flora of Iraq and Flora Iranica. The detailed description, illustrations, geographical distribution, habitat, status of IUCN extinction risk and some comments and discussions on the taxonomy of the species are given.

Seventeen spp. new records for the Moss flora of Iraq

Seventeen spp. new records for the Moss flora of Iraq

Concerning Two Species of Iraqi Echinops (Compositae): Contributions to the Flora of Iraq: XV

Whilst preparing the account of Echinops for the "Flora of Iraq", a last contribution to the Flora which overlapped into my retirement, I was struck by the great resemblance in facies and indumentum between the plants treated by Rechinger (1979) as E. haussknechtii Boiss. and E. armatus Boiss. et Hausskn. var. armatus on the one hand, and those treated by him as E. armatus var. papillosus Rech.f. and var. cryptadenus Rech.f. on the other. Accordingly, I began searching for characters to confirm the uneasiness I felt concerning Rechinger's treatment. His key separated E. armatus and E. haussknechtii on the basis that the former has a cornigerous head, whereas the latter does not. In point of fact, neither the type of E. armatus nor the two other specimens cited by Rechinger as E. armatus var. armatus (Hadat' 5753 and Haines s.n. from Kirkuk) are cornigerous-though most of the more mature specimens of "var. papillosus" and "var. cryptadenus" are. If the type specimen of E. armatus is examined using the "Flora Iranica" key, it comes out, to my view, straight to E. haussknechtii. There is, happily, a confirmatory character for this. In E. haussknechtii the pappus is long (c. 2-75-3 mm), dark-based, and considerably overtops the apical hairs of the achene (Fig. 1H): this was found to be true also of the type of E. armatus Boiss. and the specimens named by Rechinger as E. armatus var. armatus. In all the specimens named by him as E. armatus var. papillosus and var. cryptadenus, the pappus is short (c. 2 mm), brownish, and completely overtopped by the hairs of the achene (Fig. 1G). I find no character reliably to separate E. armatus and E. haussknechtii, (though the spines of the former are somewhat stronger) and formally combine them here, choosing the latter of these two names (which were published at the same date) since it has not been subject to confusion.

REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Flora of Iraq. Volume IV, parts 1 and 2. Bignoniaceae to Resedaceae. Ed. by C. C. Townsend and Evan Guest. Studies in Biology. No. 120. The Respiration of Higher Plants. By Helik Opik Collins Guide to the Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Garden Plants. By Stefan Buczacki and Keith Harris Root Parasites of Southern Forests. By L. J. Musselman and W. F. Mann. The Shore Environment. Vol. 1. Methods. Vol. 2. Ecosystems. Ed. by J. H. Price, D. E. G. Irvine and W. T. Farnham. Standard List of Characters Suitable for Computerized Hardwood Identification. Historical Plant Geography: an Introduction. By Philip Stott. Morphologie der Blüten und der Blütenstände. By Focko Weberling. Zum Wasserhaushalt verschiedener Strassenbaumarten unter dem Einfluss der winter‐lichen Streusalzanwendung. (Water regime of several roadside tree species as influenced by the use of de‐icing salt in winter). By A. Sirig. Advances in Legume Systematics. Ed. by R. M. Polhill and P. H. Raven. Demography and Evolution in Plant Populations. Botanical Monographs, volume 15. Ed. by Otto T. Solbrig.

Contributions to the Flora of Iraq: XIII. Notes on Some Genera of Chenopodiaceae

While performing routine determinations over a number of years, difficulty has often been experienced in naming material of this genus owing to the emphasis placed by Aellen (1950) and Aellen & Hillcoat (1964) on the annual habit of C. leucacantha Charif & Aellen. As any botanist working in arid regions knows, to determine the duration of a plant from herbarium material is often impossible-either because the basal parts and root have not been collected, or because many annual species become woody below in an effort to survive the constant grazing by goats or camels. While revising the Iraqi material it has been found that C. leucacantha can readily be separated from C. monacantha on an androecium character. The key to Iraqi Cornulaca devised is published here to be of service since the volume of the 'Flora of Iraq' in which the Chenopodiaceae will appear will not be published for several years yet:

Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article: Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Plant Carbohydrate Biochemistry. (Annual Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society, Number 10.) Ed. by J. B. Pridham. The Biology of Nitrogen Fixation. Ed. by A. Quispel. The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Proteins. (Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society Symposium, University of Ghent, Belgium, September, 1973. Annual Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society, Number 11.) Ed. by J. B. Harborne and C. F. Van sumere. Chromosomale Proteine: Funktion und Bedeutung bei höheren Organismen. By Günter Fellenberg. The Physiology of Giant Algal Cells. By A. B. Hope and B. A. Walker Plant Mineral Nutrition. By E. J. Hewitt and T. A. Smith. An Introduction to Biorheology. By G. W. Scott Blair. Crop Physiology: Some Case Histories. Ed. by L. T. Evans. The Shoot Apex and Leaf Growth. By R. F. Williams. Biological Control by Natural Enemies. By Paul DeBach. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. By Kenneth F. Baker and R. James Cook. Climate and the Orchard. Ed. by H. C. Pereira. Hayley Wood its History and Ecology. By Oliver Rackham. The British Oak. Ed. by M. G. Morris and F. H. Perring. The Wild Flowers of Guernsey. By David McClintock. Flora of Iraq. Volume 3. Leguminales, Ed. by C. C. Townsend and E. Guest.

Contributions to the Flora of Iraq, XII New Species and New Combinations in the Liliaceae

Bulbus 1-5-3 cm. diametro, late ovoideus; tunicae exteriores atro-brunneae, diffractae; tunicae sequentes pallidiores, demum partim in fibras solutae. Scapus 8-13 cm. altus, usque supra medium subterraneus, in sicco sulcatus. Folia 2(-3), umbellam multo excedentia, usque 14 mm. lata, ? undulata, saepe ? circinnata, margine cartilaginea, scabrida. Spatha circiter 15 cm. longa, breviter apiculata, 2-3-fida, basin pedicellorum includens, persistens. Umbella hemisphaerica, multiflora, densa. Pedicelli io-i8 mm. longi, crassi, apice clavato-incrassati, purpurascentes. Perianthium substellatum, atropurpureum vel raro album nervis viridibus; tepala 4-5'5 mm. longa, 2-3 mm. lata, ovata vel elliptico-ovata, concava, apice obtusa, mox reflexa. Filamenta quam tepala plerumque aliquantum breviora, e basi ? late triangulari subulata, alternatim latiora, per circiter I mm. tepalis adnata, per circiter

Contributions to the Flora of Iraq: XI: A Note on the Verbenaceae

Summary. Phyla canescens (H.B.K.) Greene is recorded from Iraq, and a key supplied for its separation from P. nodiflora (L.) Greene. There is a note on Vitex iraquensis Moldenke, and attention is drawn to a hitherto unobserved character separating V. pseudo-negundo (Hausskn.) Hand.-Mazz. from V. negundo L. and V. agnus-castus L.

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: A Course in Biology. By J. J. Baker and G. E. Allen. Papers on Plant Systematics. By R. Ornduff. Die Entstehung der Arten und hoheren Kategorien. By H. Lamprecht. Flora of Iraq, Vol. 9. Gramineae. By N. L. Bor. (Ed. by C. C. Townsend and Evan Guest, with the collaboration of Ali Al‐Rawi). Wild Elowers of North Carolina. By William S. Justice and C. Ritchie Bell. The Lichen Genera Cetrelia and Platismatia (Parmeliaceae). By W. L. Culberson and C. F. Culberson. Essays on Form in Plants. By C. W. Wardlaw. Crop Responses to Water at Different Stages of Growth. By P. J. Salter and J. E. Goode. Protons, Electrons, Phosphorylation and Active Transport. By R. N. Robertson. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, XVIII, Sexuality: Reproduction; Alternation of Generations. General editor, W. Ruhland; sub‐editor for this volume, H. F. Linskens. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, Vol. 19. 1968. By L. Machlis (Ed.). Biophysical Technique as Applied to Cell Biology. By J. Chayen and E. E. Denby. The Measurement of Environmental Factors in Terrestrial Ecology. British Ecological Society Symposium No. 8. Ed. by R. M. Wadsworthet al. Guide to the Check Sheet for IBP Areas. IBP Handbook No. 4. By G. E. Peterken.

Contributions to the Flora of Iraq: VIII

Herba perennis (? vel biennis). Caulis 15 cm. altus, ramosus, leviter anfractuosus, aliquantum costatus, hirsutus, indumento e pilis crispis composito. Folia basalia valde rosulantia, anguste obovata, 5--6 x I -6-2 cm., profunde pinnatisecta; segmenta inferiora distantia, integra, anguste triangularia; segmenta superiora oblonga, anguste dentata; segmenta terminalia magna, orbiculata vel oblongo-orbiculata, dentata, ad apices leviter trifida; omnia cum indumento e pilis crispis ad costam densioribus composito. Folia caulina oblonga, pinnatisecta, segmentis inferioribus integris anguste triangularibus, segmentis terminalibus amplis oblongo-cuneatis serratis ad apices leviter trifidis. Bracteae foliis caulinis superioribus similes