Floor Of Building Research Articles

Life time of Reinforced Concrete floors of industrial buildings, connected with the use of chlorine

The article deals with the issues of durability (Life time) of floors of industrial buildings associated with the presence of chlorine. It is shown that, together with carbon dioxide, chlorine forms well-soluble hygroscopic layers in the form of calcium chloride. The movement of chlorine salts causes corrosion of the reinforcement and penetrates deep into the concrete. Therefore, the service life of reinforced concrete elements when exposed to an external aggressive environment is reduced due to corrosion of reinforcement and concrete. Experimental data and analytical dependences of the advance of the front of chloride concentrations dangerous for reinforcement and destruction of concrete under the action of the considered aggressive environment are presented. A formula is derived for the design service life of reinforced concrete structures by the factor of the passivating action of the protective layer of concrete. An empirical dependence of the service life of the structure on the depth of corrosion (diameter reduction) of the reinforcement was also obtained. The coefficient of corrosive wear of reinforcement for rectangular and tee sections bending reinforced concrete elements is calculated.

Comparative analysis of deviation in high buildings based on earthquake load SNI 1726:2012 and SNI 1726:2019

In 2019 the National Standardization Agency (BSN) issued the latest Indonesian National Standard (SNI), namely SNI 1726:2019 concerning Procedures for Planning Earthquake Resistance for Building Structures and No Buildings. SNI 1726:2019 is a revision of SNI 1726:2012. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of displacement ratio in tall buildings between using SNI for Planning Procedures for Earthquake Resistance for Building Structures and Building Structures SNI 1726:2012 and SNI 1726:2019. The method used in this research is data analysis using numerical methods. Data analysis by analyzing steel building structures and modeling steel building designs using SAP2000. The results of the analysis show that the comparison of drift between floors in buildings using SNI 2012 and SNI 2019 is not very significant and is still within the allowable deviation limits.

Vertical concentration distributions of atmospheric particulates in typical seasons of winter and summer during working and non-working days: A case study of high-rise buildings

It is important to understand the vertical distribution characteristics of outdoor particulates concentration in typical seasons of winter and summer when people's living spaces are getting higher and higher above the ground. The different heights of floors (1st, 7th, 11th, 17th, and 27th) of a high-rise building in Xi'an at 8:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, and 22:00, respectively, were tested and analyzed in this paper. The results showed that the concentrations on non-working days were much lower than that on working day sat different times and on different floors, and the concentrations of particulates were relatively low in summer. The particulates reached the highestat 12:00 in summer, with the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0were37.3, 31.6, and 29.4 ?g/m3.While reached the highest at 15:00 in winter, with the average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0were 82.4, 64.8, and 57.7 ?g/m3. The distribution of atmospheric environment in Xi'an is mainly dominated by small particulates. The particle sizes of low floors are mainly range from 1.0 to 2.5 ?m, and the high floors are less than 1.0?m.With the increase of floors and time, PM1.0/PM2.5and PM2.5/PM10show a trend of first decreasing and then increasing on working days, while PM1.0/PM2.5and PM2.5/PM10show a trend of first increasing, then decreasing and next increasing on non-working days. In addition, outdoor meteorological parameters will also have a certain impact on particulates concentration distribution. It provides reference values for controlling the particulates concentration in high-rise buildings.

Triskaidekaphobia: The Role of the Dreaded 13th Floor in Shaping Investment Preferences in the Indian Residential Real Estate Market

This study investigates the influence of triskaidekaphobia, the fear of the number 13, on investment preferences in the Indian residential real estate market, specifically examining attitudes towards properties on the 13th floor in high-rise buildings. Originating in Western cultures, triskaidekaphobia has transcended cultural boundaries, influencing the Indian market, which is traditionally shaped by a blend of cultural, religious, and socio-economic factors, including beliefs like Vastu Shastra. Using a quantitative research methodology, the study surveyed 500 participants from various demographic backgrounds across India. The findings reveal a significant awareness of triskaidekaphobia among the respondents, with a majority strongly believing in this superstition. This belief translates into a considerable reluctance to invest in properties on the 13th floor, with many respondents and potential developers expressing a preference to exclude or rename this floor. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression, indicate a negative relationship between belief in triskaidekaphobia and willingness to invest in the 13th floor. These findings suggest that triskaidekaphobia significantly influences real estate investment decisions in India, reflecting the deep-rooted impact of cultural beliefs on economic behaviors. The study contributes to the understanding of cultural influences in the real estate market and offers insights for real estate developers, urban planners, and policymakers. It highlights the importance of cultural sensitivity in business strategies and the need to consider local beliefs and superstitions in market analyses. The research suggests that addressing the irrational basis of triskaidekaphobia through investor education could open new market opportunities and promote more rational investment choices.

Flying to the moon: Impactful accounts of triatomines invasion from the 2nd to the 13th floor of an urban residential building in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.

Vectorial transmission through hematophagous triatomine insects remains the primary mode of Chagas Disease contagion. These insects have become increasingly common in urban environments. Therefore, this study aimed to report an encounter of triatomines with trypanosomatid infection in a vertical residential condominium in Rio Branco, the capital of the state of Acre, in the western Brazilian Amazon. Triatomines were collected from residents and sent to the municipality's Entomological Surveillance sector. Trypanosomatid positivity was evaluated using optical microscopy, followed by species and genotype identification using molecular biology techniques. Twenty-five adult triatomine specimens were collected from two of three condominium buildings invading apartments from the 2nd to 13th floors. Six specimens were identified as Rhodnius sp. and 19 as R. montenegrensis. Among these, molecular tests were conducted on seven specimens, with five testing positive for Trypanosoma cruzi, all belonging to genotype TcI. These findings underscore the need for further studies to better understand the invasive capacity of these insects in these environments and the mechanisms involved in this process.

Service life prediction of timber-concrete composite floors

Timber-concrete composite (TCC) systems have application for new floors and for upgrading and enhancing of existing timber floors in residential and office buildings. In order to develop the optimal maintenance programs of structures, it is essential to predict the performance of structures over their life-cycle. The long-term behavior of timber-concrete composite floors is influenced by a combination of various factors, including material properties, load distribution, moisture effects, temperature effects and durability considerations. Timber and concrete material in the composite system, exhibit different behaviors over time due to their inherent characteristics. Deterioration prediction models are used to estimate the future degradation and condition of various types of structures. The aim of this paper is to present two probabilistic models, random variable deterioration rate model and stochastic gamma process model, that will capture uncertainty and variability associated with the deterioration of TCC floor under the service load and to estimate its service life.

Optimized design research on daylighting performance of cold land buildings based on improved neural network

Abstract This study delves into optimizing daylighting in buildings in cold regions, employing an innovative neural network approach to enhance natural lighting efficiency. Cold climates present unique challenges for daylighting, making it essential to improve indoor lighting conditions, reduce energy usage, and enhance occupant comfort. Traditional design methods fall short in optimizing daylighting due to their inability to effectively navigate complex environmental factors and building configurations. We introduce an advanced neural network model that pioneers efficiency and innovation in the daylighting design of cold buildings. This model leverages the GA-PSO-BP framework, integrating Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Back-Propagation (BP) neural networks to create a potent optimization tool. Our approach focuses on refining key design parameters such as building orientation, floor height, plan depth, and external window design. Notably, specific adjustments to building orientation and floor height significantly boost daylight autonomy (DA) and helpful daylight illuminance (UDI) while maintaining the daylight glare probability (DGP) within optimal limits. Our findings reveal that optimizing building orientation can elevate DA and DGP values by 4.756% and 0.037325, respectively. Similarly, adjustments to floor height can enhance DA, UDI, and DGP values to 51.833%, 51.278%, and 0.361377, respectively. This refined neural network model demonstrates a robust capability to improve daylighting performance in cold-region buildings, offering fresh perspectives and methodologies toward the sustainable evolution of architectural design.

Metodology for checking the seismic strength of buildings based on existing norms

The article also provides basic information on methods and tools currently used when adding additional floors to buildings in use, assessing the seismic strength of buildings recommended for reconstruction work, determining the reserves for increasing their earthquake intensity. The main part of the article details the methods of accounting for seismic loads in increasing the number of floors of buildings for organizations studying the technical conditions of buildings and structures operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Anchor Beams with Needles. An East Anglian Mystery

In central north Essex and central south Suffolk there are a number of houses dating from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries with a form of anchor beam where, unlike those in Denmark and a number of north European countries, the protruding end is not reduced to a tenon that goes through a post, but passes through the wall undiminished with a long wedge, called here a needle, through its protruding end. These anchor beams are not attached to a post or stud but are supported by a rail. Most appear to be sixteenth or, more likely, seventeenth century, and in most cases are used either to insert a floor into an open hall of a medieval house, or of a transitional house built with an open hall heated by a chimney, or simply to remove the need for tiebeams blocking access on the first floor of low buildings. Some do act as anchor beams holding up the side walls. Apart from a few outliers, the list descriptions in the Historic England National Heritage List for England (NHLE) suggests these beams are mostly confined to north Essex and south Suffolk.

Aging City and House Prices: Impact of Aging Condominium Stock on the Housing Market in the Tokyo- Metropolitan Area

Based on an analysis of the housing market in the Tokyo metropolitan area, this study focuses on the external diseconomies of aging condominiums. It is possible that the quality of the condominium stock deteriorates more rapidly than that of ordinary housing. This deterioration in quality leads to a reduction in the quality of housing services received by residents. Furthermore, this worsening of the residential environment may lead to external diseconomies. We run hedonic models to identify the external diseconomies of aging condominiums in the residential market of the Tokyo metropolitan area. The results of our estimated models indicate that such external diseconomies occur for detached housing in areas where detached houses and condominiums coexist. These external diseconomies exert downward pressure on prices. Specifically, detached housing prices are lowered by around 3.2% for each 1% increase in the proportion of total building floor area in neighborhoods where condominiums were built before 1990. In other words, aging condominiums begin to generate diseconomies in their vicinities approximately 20 years after they were built.

Elastic and inelastic acceleration amplification of nonstructural components characterized using recorded building responses

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the acceleration (or force) amplification behavior of building nonstructural components characterized using a large set of recorded building responses available in the Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD) repository. The elastic acceleration amplification demands of nonstructural components are analyzed statistically and subsequently compared with the corresponding inelastic demands characterized by the constant-ductility floor response spectra. Different simplified hysteretic rules are adopted for evaluating the inelastic acceleration responses of nonstructural components. The numerical study demonstrates that the elastic acceleration amplification characteristics of the nonstructural components are highly dependent on their natural periods relative to the specific vibration modes of the supporting structures as well as their attachment locations relative to the building height. The presence of component ductility effectively reduces their seismic acceleration demands, particularly in period ranges tuned with their supporting structures. Furthermore, the hysteretic behavior of nonstructural components may moderately modify their acceleration amplification effects. Findings from this study substantiate current seismic design provisions of nonstructural components with evidence derived from building floor responses recorded during real earthquakes.

CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS FOR EXPLOSION-RESISTANT BUILDINGS WITH CIVIL PROTECTION FACILITIES

In the conditions of the large-scale war led by russia in Ukraine, the issue of designingblast-resistant buildings with civil defense facilities that can withstand additional special loads and impacts has become crucial. These impacts include artillery and missile attacks, bomb explosions, blast waves, and the spread of fires, among others. An analysis of the consequences of building and structure destruction resulting from military operationsindicates that reinforced concrete structures of buildings have superior load-bearing capacity compared to traditional brick and steel frames of pavilion-type buildings.Reinforced concrete is a non-combustible material with significant mass, improving its inertialresistance. It possesses high strength and plasticity characteristics, allowing it to deform and redistribute forces between adjacent structures, thereby preventing progressive collapse – the cascading destruction of buildings.The main principles of designing blast-resistant reinforced concrete frames for high-rise buildings involve rational constructive systems and schemes with simple and compact configurations and symmetrical plans. The structural solution of the reinforced concrete frame must ensure the redistribution of gravity loads between adjacent structures. Therefore, the joints of vertical and horizontal structures must be plastic, capable of dissipating a significant amount of explosion energy. The load-bearing elements of buildingstructures must withstand cycles of large deformations in different directions, such aspressures from the lifting of floor slabs opposing ordinary gravity loads. For buildings classified with medium (CC2) and significant (CC3) consequences, where more than 50 individuals are constantly present or periodically more than 100 people, it is necessary to design civil protection premises. These premises should be strategically located below the planned ground level.The construction of civil protection premises located in the underground floors of an explosionproof building must withstand all types of main and episodic loads and impacts and resist the spread of fire. Building frames with monolithic reinforced concrete ribbed ceilings and systems of main and secondary beams or transversely located beams rigidly fixed to vertical supporting structures – columns, pylons, walls – can withstand such loadsbest. The article investigates the reasons for the destruction of reinforced concrete slabs in high-rise frame monolithic buildings when subjected to bending or pressure from explosive loads below. It also explores the potential twisting of the building as a result of reverse explosive effects.The article presents measures to strengthen sections of floor structures in high-rise framemonolithic buildings that may be destroyed due to reverse explosive loads and upward pressure from explosive forces. The expediency of reinforcing critical areas of monolithic reinforced concrete floor slabs with external reinforcement – adhering reinforcing mats in the form of fabrics, lamellas, or carbon fiber nets to the upper zones of slabs near vertical supports – is justified.

Factors affecting the operation of the floor of industrial buildings

In recent years, a high rate of construction of industrial facilities, located not only outside the city limits, but also in the conditions of urban development, in most cases on the outskirts of cities, has been observed. Such buildings include: production, transport, logistics or warehouse complexes. The latter, moreover, play a rather important role in the life cycle of any city.
 For the reliable and efficient operation of such structures, in addition to ensuring the requirements for their strength, reliability and durability, which are put forward to the supporting and enclosing structures, it is also necessary to ensure the long-term, trouble-free and safe operation of floors subjected to various influences.
 In recent years, the use of industrial concrete floors, which can be found quite often not only in industrial buildings, but also in places with a high traffic load, for example, floors in warehouses or factories, sales halls, hangars, airports, railway stations, stations, is gaining relevance maintenance, laboratories, which is explained by their high technical and economic indicators, as well as their resistance to the load from equipment and transport, the fall of heavy objects, thermal, vibration, chemical, temperature effects and abrasion.
 In addition, industrial floors should be characterized by high strength, wear resistance, a long service life, maintainability, unpretentiousness in care.
 However, along with this, there are also negative factors regarding the use of concrete industrial floors. Thus, due to the presence of a porous structure, the concrete floor covering is prone to destruction during operation. This leads to the formation of dust, which can rise into the air and fall into respiratory organs. Also, concrete floors are not resistant to chemical solutions that affect resistant to chemical solutions that affect the formation of cracks. Of course, there are methods of combating these negative factors, such as wet cleaning or using a special topping.

Study on flow characteristics of exhaust shaft with parallel fans in high-rise residential buildings

The exhaust shaft is often used to centrally extract cooking fumes captured by parallel fans on each floor of high-rise buildings. Inadequate airflow rate and excessive pressure in the exhaust shaft lead to poor ventilation and unsatisfactory air quality in kitchens. This issue is made worse by mixed installations of exhaust fans with different dynamic performances. In this study, the flow characteristics in the exhaust shaft with parallel fans are investigated by full-scale experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Based on the orthogonal experimental design, the cross-sectional area, concurrent operating rate, operating position distribution, and P-Q curves are key factors affecting the flow rate distribution significantly. Mixed installation of fans deteriorates the uniformity of the flow distribution along the shaft by even 62.6%. The competition for flow rate between different types of fans is obeying the Matthew effect. Concentration at the bottom and more simultaneous operations exacerbate this problem. An 28% enlargement in the shaft size increases the flow rate by 28.9% and improves the uniformity of the flow distribution by 50%. The stack effect is positive and unstable, with up to a 6.49% increase in system flow rate as a function of the cooking heat intensity. This work can provide guidance for the design of centralized exhaust systems in high-rise residential buildings.

CLUSTER ANALYSIS FOR DISTRICT/CITY GROUPING BASED ON VARIABLES AFFECTING POVERTY IN ACEH PROVINCE USING AVERAGE LINKAGE METHOD

Poverty is an inability of a person/household to meet basic needs in everyday life. Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia which is still faced with the problem of poverty. In March 2021 the poor population in Aceh numbered 834.24 thousand people and in September 2021 the poor population in Aceh increased by 16 thousand people, a total of 850.26 thousand people. Therefore the authors are interested in classifying and looking at the characteristics of 23 districts/cities in Aceh Province based on 5 variables that affect poverty. This study uses data from SUSENAS processed from BPS Kota Langsa in 2021. The variables used are households with the type of floor of a residential building made of soil/bamboo (X1), households with a floor area of ​​a residential building < 10 m2 per capita (X2), households with residential walls made of bamboo/rumbia/wood (X3), households with a source of drinking water from unprotected wells/springs/rivers/rainwater (X5), and households whose head of household did not attend school/didn't finish primary school/only primary school (X8). This study uses the average linkage method, namely the distance between two clusters is measured by the average distance between objects in each cluster. Of the 23 regencies/cities, 3 clusters were formed, namely cluster 1 with the lowest poverty rate consisting of 17 regencies/cities. Cluster 2 with the highest poverty rate consists of 2 districts/cities. Cluster 3 with a moderate poverty level consists of 4 districts/cities. The characteristics of the clusters that are formed are in clusters 1, 2 and 3 the dominant poverty level is influenced by the variable X3, which means that there are still many households that have houses with inadequate wall types. In clusters 1 and 3 the poverty rate is not dominantly influenced by variable X1, which means that many households have houses with proper floor types. In cluster 2 the poverty rate is not dominantly influenced by variable X5, which means that many households consume drinking water from cleaner and more protected sources.

Natural Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in Domestic School Building: CFD Simulation and Improvement Strategies

Natural ventilation is a process of replenishing used air from the interior environment with fresh outer air without the use of mechanical equipment. This project aims to investigate the feasibility and performance of implementing natural ventilation in dilapidated classroom designs of actual geometry. Computer models of an existing classroom were created using SOLIDWORKS based on real-scale building floor plans, while the same software was applied to compute flow simulation studies to visualise the airflow pattern, temperature distribution, relative humidity, and the thermal comfort level of occupants in the classrooms. Estimated climate parameters were input in the simulation process to illustrate better the effect of hot and humid climate conditions in Malaysia towards the thermal comfort level of occupants. In this project, a visualised wind tunnel was created to simulate the prevailing wind source that supplies wind to the designed classroom, and the airflow pattern across the designed building was analysed. From the initial simulation results, it was discovered that the airflow into the classroom is uneven, whereby some locations in the building are experiencing extremely low wind breeze, which eventually affects the comfort level of occupants in the room. On the other hand, an internal analysis focusing on the interior comfortability of the classrooms was applied to examine the thermal comfort condition while using the naturally ventilated classrooms. Recommendation optimisation approaches such as the louvre angle and introduction of a windcatcher was presented in this project to improve the natural ventilation performance of the designed classroom.

Equilibrating provincial carbon increments for residential buildings in China under carbon peaking constraints

The speedy raise of residential buildings' carbon emissions is a hindrance to achieving China's 2030 carbon peak goal. This study constructs an assessment framework for comprehensive consideration of 30 Chinese provinces' socioeconomic circumstances, energy demand, and emissions reduction technology to meet the consistent coupling degree of equity and efficiency (CDEE). This study is the first to propose an allocation scheme for equilibrating provincial carbon increments for rural and urban residential buildings in 2030 under carbon peaking constraints. The relevant results are fourfold. (1) Residential building's floor area per capita and energy carbon emissions coefficients are the soliddest drivers to facilitate and inhibit the raise of carbon emissions during 2010–2020. (2) Through dynamic Monte Carlo simulation from 2021 to 2030, we demonstrate that provinces with the most gamey carbon emissions in urban and rural areas include Shandong, at 121.52 (± 5.50) Mt. and Hebei, at 61.34 (± 3.08) Mt. in 2030, respectively. (3) A CDEE of 52.3% (biased equity) in urban areas and 34.5% (biased efficiency) in rural areas indicates equilibrated allocation of provincial carbon increment. (4) In the final 2030 allocation scheme, the greatest carbon mitigation pressures are in Beijing (11.34 Mt) and Heilongjiang (3.23 Mt), and the provinces with the largest carbon increment in urban areas include Hebei, Henan, and Guangdong, while the largest carbon increments in rural areas are in Hebei, Henan, and Guangdong. Overall, this study furnishes a targeted and valuable decision making reference for the government to determine provincial carbon peak goals for Chinese residential buildings.

TOWARDS PEDESTRIAN ACCESSIBILITY ANALYSIS IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS WITH CROWDS

Abstract. Except in emergency cases, indoor crowds could also decrease the walking speed of pedestrians in daily life. To investigate daily-based accessibility of locations to a pedestrian in the presence of crowds, this paper proposes a method of indoor accessibility analysis. We adopt a hierarchical spatial model to represent indoor environments and evaluate the varied accessibility to a user. The first level refers to a door network representing door connectivity. On the second level, spaces are gridified so that crowd density can be readily measured, and its obstruction to pedestrians can be quantified at different time slots. Instead of generating specific obstacle-avoidance paths in a short period, we depict accessibility variation with two types of paths, i.e., central and periphery paths inside rooms. Based on the hierarchical model, pathways are pre-computed between doors for a user and indexed in the grid model. In a path query, a sequence of doors is derived from the door network, and the pre-computed pathways are readily retrieved to form the two types of paths. Accordingly, walking time can be estimated with crowd density in these grids at each time slot. We conducted an initial test on a building floor to demonstrate the use of the proposed method. We sampled the locations of simulated crowds (50 persons) every 10 seconds, and the time cost between given doors in both paths are compared. A slowdown occurred in the central path, and the periphery path involves the minimum time in the test scenario. In the future, the relationship between crowd density and the possibility of blockage to pedestrians will be further investigated.

Non-destructive testing of concrete layer adhesion by means of vibration measurement

A common practice in the construction of the garage floors of residential and office buildings is the construction of the concrete slab in two steps: one thick layer at the beginning of the work, a second thin layer at the end of it. This procedure saves time but also brings in the problem of a cold joint between the two layers which, eventually, may get loose or even split. However it is difficult to control the status of the concrete layers until they are completely split unless one make use of destructive tests such as the extraction of test samples.In this paper we demonstrate the use of vibrational data to assess and control the status of the joint between the two layers. To that end we have carried out two series of experiments.The first one is an experimental procedure in the laboratory with the goal to see if vibrational data are able to distinguish among different levels of fixation between the two layers. We use a concrete slab as the thick layer and a MDF board as the thin layer, bonded by means of gypsum plaster. Different amounts of the surface covered by the gypsum plaster give different levels of fixation between the layers. For each configuration we produced vibration with a standard tapping machine and measured it with the aid of a vibrometer. Our results are positive; with a simple test vibrational data can distinguish whether two layers are fixed by 25% or less, by 50% or by 100% of their surface. With the laboratory results we have designed a non-destructive test to be carried on in-situ measurements so as to ascertain the level of fixation of two layers of a concrete slab. The test is based on the installations described in Annex A of ISO 16251-1, so that it does not require large investments or facilities. It is able to cope with different kind of data and is independent of the characteristics of the slab thanks to the statistics tools applied to the data.The second one is the application of the test to data measured in an actual building with the aforementioned problem in its garage floor. We measured vibration induced by a different source, a car passing by, and in several locations, both with loose and well fixed layers. The vibration was recorded by the same vibrometer as above. Notwithstanding the differences in the data source, the test can be applied to the data and the results are compatible with the known status of the slab: we obtain a 77.0% of sensitivity and 54.5% of specificity, while only a 1.0% of false positives and none false negatives. The only drawback of the test is its high number of undecidable cases, which amounts to 24.1%.

Floor plan graph learning for generative design of residential buildings: a discrete denoising diffusion model

ABSTRACT Floor planning, as one of the most important considerations in building design, often involves intensive trial-and-error processes with many constraints considered simultaneously. Artificial intelligence (AI) generative design solutions being developed are hampered by two shortcomings. Firstly, the vast topological knowledge embedded in existing floor plans has been largely unexplored and is thus wasted. Secondly, an efficient methodological instrument to learn the topological knowledge for generative design is lacking. This paper aims to develop a graph learning methodology to learn graph knowledge from floor plans and generate knowledge ready for building generative design. A discrete denoising diffusion model (D3M) that can learn topology graphs via its bi-directional structure of ‘corruption and denoise’ is developed and trained using more than 80,000 floor plans from a large-scale dataset. It is found that the D3M can learn the knowledge from floor plans and present it as various building floor topologies, which are evaluated in a preliminary case study as reliable and useful for generating real-life building floor plans. The research provides a design knowledge management framework that can be further implemented in academic works and design practices through some mainstreaming or commercializing efforts.