Floor Zones Research Articles

Potential hazards and road-source apportionment of toxic trace metals in the dust from residential buildings in typical coal-utilization cities

Toxic trace metals in dust from residential buildings are closely related to human health, but the transmission route and impact degree of dust from coal utilization sources are still unclear. A total of 158 dust samples from different floors of 31 residential buildings in a typical coal-utilization city were collected and analyzed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze chemical speciation and sources of trace elements. Extremely high concentrations of Zn (14,308 mg/kg), Cu (553 mg/kg), Cr (319 mg/kg), Pb (1,208 mg/kg), As (30.8 mg/kg), and Cd (4.18 mg/kg) were found in the dust of residential buildings. Different trace elements tend to be enriched in different floor zones. The concentration of Zn was enriched in the low floor zone, while Cu and Pb were enriched in the middle floor zone, and Cd was enriched in the upper floor zone. The distribution of trace elements was found to be highly correlated between road dust and ground residential building dust, indicating that the input from road dust was the primary factor. Principal component analysis (PCA) combined with particle morphology and mineralogy study demonstrated that coal combustion, road and coal mining dust, and tire wear particles were likely sources of trace elements in dust. Risk assessments showed that As, Pb, and Cr in some samples were found to be harmful to children, particularly in high toxic forms of As (III) and PbO. This study provides systematic evidence for the transmission route and risk assessment of toxic trace metals in dust from residential buildings in coal-utilization cities.

АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ РАСЧЕТА ТЕПЛОПОТЕРЬ ЧЕРЕЗ ГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНЫЕ НАРУЖНЫЕ ОГРАЖДАЮЩИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ С РАЗБИВКОЙ ПОЛА ПОМЕЩЕНИЯ НА ЗОНЫ

Introduction: The calculation of heat loss of the room is a mandatory part of any project. Most of the information required for calculations is present in the building information model and can be extracted from it automatically. An example that requires the transformation of digital model information is the task of constructing room zones when calculating heat loss through the floor. Existing software products do not have modules that allow you to automatically calculate the heat loss of a room, including through the floor, breaking it down into zones. The object displacement functions built into the software products are not intended for constructing floor zones and cannot be used as a component of the developed module. These reasons determine the need to develop an algorithm for constructing zones that are necessary for calculating heat loss through the floor, and its implementation.
 Materials and methods: An algorithm for the formation of floor zones of a room is presented. The algorithm allows you to build zones for placing an arbitrary layout.
 Results: A plug-in for Autodesk Revit, which implements the proposed algorithm, was tested on the calculation of heat losses in the rooms of the technical floor of the building. As a result of the experiment, a reduction in the time required for the preparation of the initial information and for the calculation, from 4 hours to 2 minutes, was revealed.
 Conclusions: The developed software module, designed to calculate the heat loss of premises through the floor of premises, broken down into zones, is a step in the development of software products that use a digital building model as initial information.

Modeling of Daytime and Nighttime Surface Urban Heat Island Distribution Combined with LCZ in Beijing, China

Along with urbanization, surface urban heat island (SUHI) has attracted more attention. Due to the lack of perspective of spatial heterogeneity in relevant studies, it is difficult to propose specific strategies to alleviate the SUHI. This study discusses the impact of spatial heterogeneity on the day and night SUHI by taking one day and night in Beijing as an example, and uses it to improve the efficiency of SUHI simulation for related planning. This study, based on the local climate zone (LCZ), deeply discusses the relationship between urban morphology and the SUHI. Then, an artificial neural network (ANN) model with the LCZ is developed to predict the distribution of the SUHI. The results show that: (1) In summer, the general SUHI intensity distribution patterns are compact zone > large low-rise zone > open zone and medium floor zone > low floor zone > high floor zone. (2) Building density and albedo in dense areas are higher correlated with the SUHI than open areas. The building height has a significant negative correlation with the SUHI in high-rise zone, but has a positive correlation in middle and low floors. (3) The LCZ improves the overall accuracy of the ANN model, especially the simulation accuracy in the daytime. In terms of regions, LCZ2, LCZ8, and LCZ10 are improved to a higher degree. This study is helpful to formulate the SUHI mitigation strategies of “adapting to the conditions of the LCZ” and provide reference for improving the sustainable development of the urban thermal environment.

Arsitekur Multikultural pada Fasad Masjid Agung Sang Cipta Rasa Cirebon

<p><em>The Great Mosque of Sang Cipta Rasa is located in front of the Kasepuhan Palace Complex to the west of the square in front of the Kasepuhan Palace, Cirebon. The construction of this mosque was assisted by Sunan Bonang and Sunan Kalijaga. The physical work was carried out by the former Majapahit architect, Raden Sepat, assisted by 500 of his troops who were former Majapahit troops. (Budi, 2015). The religious shift from the end of the Hindu-Buddhist era to the entry of Islam affected the facade of the Great Mosque of Sang Cipta Rasa in Cirebon. Elements forming a building facade generally include the site entrance, ground floor zone, arcades, windows and building entrances, fences, roofs, and signs. and ornaments. This study uses a descriptive technique in its explanation. The research method used is a qualitative method, by observing the variable character of the facade of the Great Mosque of Sang Cipta. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the facade design of the Great Mosque of Sang Cipta on doors, windows, walls, and ornaments contains elements and components of Hindu, Javanese, Chinese and Islamic historical influences.</em></p>

Main controlling factors to determine depth of failure zone in complete floor of coal seam based on field measurements

Main controlling factors to determine depth of failure zone in complete floor of coal seam based on field measurements

Experimental and numerical study on the seismic behavior of steel plate shear wall with reduced web section beams

In this paper, a new steel plate shear wall with a reduced web section beam is proposed. The proposed model, including a middle link beam with elongated circle opening, offers advantages such as the ease to integrate building services within the floor zone resulting in shallow structural depth, reducing demands on columns and beam-to-column connections, increasing the ductility by forming Vierendeel mechanism around the opening, and changing the pattern and mechanism of yielding. To investigate the structural performance of this system, experimental and numerical studies were carried out. Five 1/3- scale specimens were fabricated and tested under quasi-static cyclic loading. Results indicated that the steel plate shear wall with middle link beam (ML-SPSW) specimens had stable hysteresis curves and experienced 3% story drift without any reduction in bearing capacity. All proposed models could tolerate 6% drift with about a 30% reduction in maximum achieved load without a sudden or significant drop in strength or stiffness. The energy dissipation and ductility capacity were superior and the gravity bearing system (columns) and panel zones remained intact until the end of cyclic loading. Furthermore, nonlinear finite element (FE) models of tested specimens were developed and verified against the experimental results. Numerical simulations and test results showed good agreement. In order to further ascertain the validity of the proposed system, supplementary results were obtained from numerical models. Finally, a parametric study and a design algorithm were proposed to determine the proper size of the beam perforation.

Alternative Disposal Options for High-Level Radioactive Waste

Abstract. Are alternatives to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in a geology repository conceivable? We present the results of the first phase of a research project on the state of the art in science and technology for alternative disposal options. The project is financed by the Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management. Most recently, in 2015, the German Commission on the Storage of High-Level Radioactive Waste (Endlagerkommission) evaluated possible disposal technologies and classified them as either promising, conceivable, or to be pursued further. Only final disposal in a geological repository was considered promising. Conceivable, but not immediately available or not advantageous, were storage in deep boreholes (DBs), long-term interim storage (LTIS), and partitioning and transmutation (P&T). All other alternative disposal options by burial, dilution, or removal from the planet were determined not to be worth pursuing. The Disposal Commission did conclude that none of the three conceivable methods (DBs, LTIS, P&T) would result in earlier disposal of high-level radioactive waste than the preferred final disposal in a mine. However, it recommended continued tracking and regular monitoring of the future development of alternative disposal options, e.g., disposal in deep boreholes. Finally, in 2017, with the amended Site Selection Act, the federal government specified disposal in a repository mine with the option of retrieval during operation or recovery for 500 years after closure. In a learning site selection process, the Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal (BASE) reviews the proposals of the project managing company, the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE), and prepares a reasoned recommendation to the federal government for a site with the best possible safety. Part of the reasoned recommendation is, among other things, a discussion of alternative disposal options to final disposal in deep geological formations. In the presentation, we report on the status of international research on alternative disposal options, discuss advantages and disadvantages of the technologies, and evaluate the potential of the technologies for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste in Germany. The LTIS is designed as dry storage in a building to be constructed above ground or near the surface and is expected to last for a period of several hundred years. With LTIS it would be possible to gain time for the development of a suitable final disposal option; however, this also postpones the disposal issue indefinitely into the future with undetermined methods. DB storage would involve sinking the storage containers into boreholes with depths of up to 5000 m. This could reduce the expense and be particularly advantageous for smaller inventories, although the potential for the use of engineered barriers would be limited and retrievability precluded according to the current state of the art in science and technology. P&T is primarily intended to separate long-lived transuranic elements from high-level radioactive waste and then convert them to short-lived fission products by neutron irradiation in reactors. The main goal is to reduce the necessary containment times in the repository by changing the inventory, but the effort to treat the waste would be significant and a repository for high-level nuclear waste is still needed. More exotic ideas for alternative disposal include deep geological injection of liquid waste, waste forms that melt themselves into rock, storage inside the ocean floor or subduction zones, shipment to space, burial in ice sheets, or dilution in the atmosphere and oceans. None of these exotic options is currently being actively pursued.

Seismic Evaluation of Multi Storey Building with Ground Soft Story and with Infill Action

The improvements in (3D) three–dimensional underlying examination and processing assets have permitted the effective and safe plan of taller constructions. These constructions are the outcome of expanding metropolitan densification and financial suitability. The pattern towards continuously taller constructions has requested a move from the conventional strength based plan approach of structures to an emphasis on obliging the general movement of the design. Presently a day’s supported cement (RC) divider outline structures are generally suggested for metropolitan development in zones with high SE danger. Presence of shear dividers bestows an enormous solidness to the sidelong power opposing arrangement of the RC building. Appropriate specifying of shear dividers can likewise prompt bendable conduct of such constructions during solid quake shaking. One of the remarkable boundaries impacting the shear divider (SD) SE (SE) conduct outline structures is the SD region proportion. In this manner a scientific examination is performed to assess the impact of Shear Wall Area to floor zone proportion (SW/FZP %) on the SE conduct of multistoried RC structures with delicate story at ground floor. For this reason, 12 structure plans that have Five, Eight and Twelve stories with SW/FZP % going somewhere in the range of 0.70% and 1.31% in the two ways are created. Here, the conduct of these plans under quake stacking is evaluated via doing Response Spectrum Analysis and Linear Time History Analysis utilizing primary examination programming E-TABS. Reaction Spectrum Analysis is finished by SE code IS 1893:2002. Straight Time History Analysis is completed by considering the three ground movement records to be specific Bhuj, Chamba and Uttarkasi. The primary boundaries considered in this investigation are the connection SW/FZP % has with base shear and rooftop dislodging, story uprooting and story float. The logical outcomes demonstrated that building plans with SW/FZP % equivalent to 1% acted sufficiently under tremor loads. Furthermore when the SW/FZP % expanded past 1% it is seen that the improvement of the SE presentation isn’t as huge.

Characteristics of stratum movement induced by downward longwall mining activities in middle-distance multi-seam

With the development of mining depth, multi-seam mining activities is becoming more and more frequent. Correspondingly, the study on stratum movement characteristics induced by multi-seam mining activities is of great significance for preventing water inrush disaster and forecasting support pressure, surface deformation, gas drainage and other mining problems. According to the interaction among the caved zone, the fractured zone and the continuous deformed zone caused by the multi-seam downward mining activities, multi-seam can be divided into three types, i.e. the short-distance, middle-distance and long-distance multi-seam. This paper carries out a case study on the middle-distance multi-seam mining activities in a coal mine in China to investigate the characteristics of stratum movement caused by downward longwall coal mining activities in the multi-seam by means of borehole water level observation, digital borehole camera test, microseismic monitoring, surface crack observation of the surface cracks and distinct element modelling. By analyzing the in-site monitoring results and the numerical simulation results, it can be found that the failure of the key stratum between the lower and upper seams resulting in the connection between the failed zone in floor induced by the upper seam and the fractured zone induced by the lower seam. After the failure of the key stratum, the mining activities of the lower seam has a great influence on the secondary stratum movement in the overburden. These effects are mainly reflected in the rapid increase of horizontal displacement and vertical displacement, which caused the caved and fractured zones extend upward in the overburden and then surface cracks increase significantly. The above research results are of great significance for the prevention and control of disasters induced by downward longwall mining activities in middle-distance multi-seam.

Study Of The Elements Of Facade Of Colonial Buildings, Case Study: Palm Oil Research Centre (PPKS) And Agency Of Sumatera Plantation Companies (BKS - PPS)

Dutch plantation expansion in the city of Medan left many historical buildings. The plantation building is a historical legacy that must be preserved. G.H Mulder was one of the architects of the time, with his work on the Palm Oil Research Center (PPKS) and the Sumatra Plantation Cooperation Agency (BKS-PPS). The facade is an inseparable element of the architectural product, which is the first element that we capture visually. This research studied and analyzed the elements of colonial architecture that form the facade of The Plantation Development of the Oil Palm Research Center (PPKS) and the building of the Sumatra Plantation Cooperation Agency (BKS-PPS). The research method used in this study is a qualitative method with variables such as walls, columns, doors, windows, vents, roofs, balcony, and ground floor zones. The study founded that the two estate buildings had the characteristics of the transitional colonial architectural period, accompanied by a grouping of similarities in the elements of the two facade. Despite having the same function, architect, and construction period, the two buildings still have differences in the characteristics in facade elements and the visual quality.

Energy and Economic Analysis for Greenhouse Ground Insulation Design

Energy and life cycle cost analysis were employed to identify the most-cost effective ground envelope design for a greenhouse that employs supplemental lighting located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (45.4° N). The envelope design alternatives that were investigated consist of installing insulation vertically around the perimeter and horizontally beneath the footprint of a greenhouse with a concrete slab and unfinished soil floor. Detailed thermal interaction between the greenhouse and the ground surface is achieved by considering 3-dimensional conduction heat transfer within the TRNSYS 17.2 simulation software. The portion of total heat loss that occurred through the ground was approximately 4% and permutations in ground insulation design reduced heating energy consumption by up to 1%. For the two floor designs, the highest net savings was achieved when perimeter and floor zone horizontal insulation was installed whereas a financial loss occurred when it was also placed beneath the crop zone. However, in all cases, the improvement in economic performance was small (net savings below $4000 and reduction in life cycle under 0.2%). Combined energy and life cycle cost analysis is valuable for selecting optimal envelope designs that are capable of lowering energy consumption, improving economics and enhancing greenhouse durability.

The construction dust-induced occupational health risk using Monte-Carlo simulation

Abstract A probabilistic risk assessment model was developed to explore the health effects of construction dust on the practitioners in the construction industry based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) risk assessment model and the Monte-Carlo simulation method. The health risk was assessed for workers in five zones during the superstructure construction stage of residential projects in Beijing. Health impairment assessment models were applied to translate health risks into disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are more intuitive and easy to understand. Sensitivity analysis methods were used to analyse the various exposure parameters and influencing factors that affect the health risk assessment results. The results indicated that workers in the template zone were exposed to the largest health risk, which followed a lognormal distribution of 1.14 × 10−6±9.43 × 10−7, and the probability exceeding 10−6 was more than 40%. The average health risks for workers in the steel, concrete and floor zones were slightly below 10−6, and the workers in the office zone had the lowest health risk. The spearman rank correlation coefficient method and the full factorial designs method were used for a sensitivity analysis and validation. Sensitivity analysis showed that the sensitivities of the average exposure time (AT), exposure duration (ED), exposure frequency (EF) and concentration (C) were larger, while AT and body weight (BW) exhibited a negative sensitivity. Workers in the template and steel zones had the larger health damage, with an average of more than 0.1a.

Determining of the optimal design of a closed loop solar dual source heat pump system coupled with a residential building application

This work highlights the results on the coupling of a flat plate collector coupled with a dual source heat pump system and a heat exchanger for building application. The novelty point of this work is to integrate a heat exchanger in the floor and in the interstitial space of the residential house roof in order to minimize the consumed electric power. This technology defining the operational state of the system has been developed and adapted in the present investigation by adopting the Tunisian climate. The dimensioning of this installation for different component makes it possible to operate the hot water heating systems ecologically. Hence, our objective is to ameliorate the performance of the system using the solar radiation converted to the thermal energy in the level of the flat plate collector and the heat pump. A several experimental data have been added for realizing a numerical model based on TRNSYS software. From this point of view, a numerical model was improved in building application using a 150m2 as surface area of the building which consists of two floor zones. The dual source heat pump was coupled with a ground heat exchanger (GHE) with 0.2m of depth. The distance between two consecutive tubes is 0.3m and the surface area of the solar collector is 8m2. The simulation results have been obtained for 48h operation in January and all inputs data of the system have been predicted during 48h and 6months of heating in Tunisia. It was demonstrated that the COP of the dual source heat pump was enhanced with the increase of the solar radiation during the typical sunny day in the heating season. In addition, the COP strengthened in proportion to the solar collector area, as well. Meanwhile, the numerical model predicts a gain of energy which exceeds 50% compared with a conventional heating system for 25years as viewing time.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF A HYPERBOLIC CIRCULAR DIAGRID STEEL STRUCTURE REHABILITATED AT CORE WITH SHEAR WALL AND STEEL BRACED FRAMES

In contemporary decades, the requirements of the people groups are more for business reason. For that the creating of constructional procedure was enhanced by developing the tall structures. So late tall structures would have more convoluted basic conduct than some time recently. In the event that the stature of the building is goes on expansion while the conduct of the tall building get to be basic as far as straight and non-direct cases. From the thought of basic conduct we need to oppose that basic viewpoints by giving parallel burden opposing frameworks. For the perspective of auxiliary effectiveness and compositional noteworthy give half and half structures by giving the center core at the focal point of the tall structures and diagrid at the fringe of the structures even its disposing of the sections at the border of the tall building. The diagrid framework is just the helpful strategy to give at fringe of a hyperbolic circular about structure since that all floor range are straightly fluctuating to each other, in this manner the vertical sections are not great to give at border of the all floor regions. The motivation behind this paper is to examine the seismic reaction and wind analysis of a hyperbolic circular diagrid structure rehabilitated with shear wall and steel braced frames. Since the hyperbolic circular tall structures are additionally one of the convoluted structure. So in this project we concentrate on the straight static conduct of that specific convoluted structure utilizing programming. In this work basically comprise of two models with shifting floor zone and center divider framework. The external fringe comprise of diagrid funnel segment for both models. These models are examined for two distinctive seismic zones (zone2 and zone3). All the models and its components are investigated utilizing ETABs programming according to Indian codes. This work shows the outcomes parameter regarding story drift, story displacement, time period, story shear and modes.

Transient Heat Transfer in Radiant Floors: A Comparative Analysis between the Lumped Capacitance Method and Infrared Thermography Measurements

The paper presents a simplified mathematical model to describe the transient heat transfer of a radiant floor heating system. A purpose-built test room has been realized to investigate the actual thermal response of a concrete radiant floor in unsteady-state conditions. Beyond the temperature sensors needed for the standard thermal analysis of the heat transfer inside the chamber, the floor temperature was retrieved by means of an infrared thermography camera, in order to validate more precisely the proposed analytical model. The infrared thermography analysis gives interesting information on the floor temperature distribution during the transient, highlighting the pipes’ layout and, if present, inhomogeneous floor zones. The thermal images have been elaborated in order to set and tune the colour map. A portion of the image has been defined for measuring the surface floor temperatures with a previous evaluation of the parameters dealing with the thermographic technique, in order to perform the quantitative survey. The comparison results show that the calculated air and floor temperatures substantially agree with the temperatures measured by infrared thermography and thermocouples, provided that the boundary conditions obtained by the field measurements are strictly reproduced in the lumped capacitance mathematical model. The difference between the two approaches results in values lower than 4 °C during the entire monitoring period: a satisfactory outcome, considering the approximations of the analytical method. The proposed model and its infrared thermography measurements validation represent a useful tool to understand at first sight the floor radiant panels behaviour in the start-up and switch off period, at the aim of gather useful information for the difficult task of their regulation.

Application of high-pressure water jet technology and the theory of rock burst control in roadway

This paper puts forward using high-pressure water jet technology to control rock burst in roadway, and analyzes the theory of controlling rock burst in roadway by the weak structure zone model. The weak structure zone is formed by using high-pressure water jet to cut the coal wall in a continuous and rotational way. In order to study the influence law of weak structure zone in surrounding rock, this paper numerically analyzed the influence law of weak structure zone, and the disturbance law of coal wall and floor under dynamic and static combined load. The results show that when the distance between high-pressure water jet drillings is 3m and the diameter of drilling is 300mm, continuous stress superposition zone can be formed. The weak structure zone can transfer and reduce the concentrated static load in surrounding rock, and then form distressed zone. The longer the high-pressure water jet drilling is, the larger the distressed zone is. The stress change and displacement change of non-distressed zone in coal wall and floor are significantly greater than that of distressed zone under dynamic and static combined load. And it shows that the distressed zone can effectively control rock burst in roadway under dynamic and static combined load. High-pressure water jet technology was applied in the haulage gate of 250203 working face in Yanbei Coal Mine, and had gained good effect. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for controlling rock burst in roadway.

Fractal Dimension of Shopping Path: Influence on Purchase Behavior in a Supermarket

This paper aims to use fractal dimensions to quantify the complexity of customer in-store movements, and proposes a purchase model factoring in the effects of complex customer movements on purchase behavior. We used the box-counting method to calculate the fractal dimension of shopping paths and investigated its relationships with basket size and sales, which are viewed as important for marketing. We found that the customer group with high fractal dimensions had mean values for the number of sales floor zones visited, basket size, stay time in store, and sales amount statistically higher than those of the customer group with lower fractal dimensions. We analyzed a binomial logit model to identify positive effects that the fractal dimension has on purchases in the food ingredient categories of vegetable, fish, and meat.

Visualization System for Shopping Path

Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to render the customer-shopping path and customer existence probability visible such that people in the marketing field can easily grasp customer behaviors in store. To achieve this, we introduced the customer existence probability, which provides a visual of how long customers stay in each sales floor zone. The visualization system was then applied to customer-shopping path data to provide separate and concurrent displays of customer-shopping paths and the customer existence probability. Concurrent display of customer-shopping paths/customer existence probability is suitable for visualization of longer customer stays in-store, where the customer moves a great deal. This display enables easy assessment of in-store customer rounds including length of time. It also incorporates to the maximum the information volume of customer-shopping path data.

Partial strengthening of R.C square columns using CFRP

In some buildings, when quality control is poor, the upper parts of columns have a weak compressive strength, especially in floor zone. Low compressive strength for upper part of the column will lead to a reduction in bearing capacity of column. Strengthening of this part using traditional methods such as R.C jackets and steel jackets will not satisfy the architectural conditions. Also the Egyptian code for design and construction of fiber reinforced polymers prevents partial strengthening of rectangular columns with fiber laminates.This study is carried out to investigate the overall behavior of R.C square columns with poor concrete at upper part, strengthened with CFRP. The wrapped part of column was the upper part only.An experimental program was undertaken testing ten square columns 200×200×2000mm. One of them was a control specimen and the other nine specimens were strengthened with CFRP. The main parameters studied in this research were the compressive strength of the upper part, the height of the upper poor concrete part, and the height of CFRP wrapped part of column. The experimental results including mode of failure, ultimate load, concrete strain, and fiber strains were analyzed. The main conclusion of this research was, partial strengthening of square column using CFRP can be permitted and gives good results of the column carrying capacity.

Airflow characteristics by air curtain jets in full-scale room

A new air distribution pattern, air curtain jet ventilation was presented. The ventilation or airflow patterns and the air velocity produced by air curtain jet were investigated in detail. To identify the airflow characteristics of this novel air curtain jet ventilation system, a full-scale room was used to measure the jet velocity with a slot-ventilated supply device, with regards to the airflow fields along the vertical wall as well as on the horizontal floor zones. The airflow fields under three supply air velocities, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m/s, were carried out in the full-scale room. The experimental results show the velocity profiles of air distribution, the airflow fields along the attached vertical wall and the air lake zones on the floor, respectively. The current experimental research is helpful for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) engineers to design better air distribution in rooms.