Floor Plan Research Articles

Dating mortars and bricks of Santalla de Bóveda Monument (Lugo, NW Spain)

Santalla de Bóveda Monument (Lugo, NW Spain) is a small semi-buried building, under the Bóveda parish church, built in the 18th century, with an apsidal quadrangular floor plan, which was divided into three naves, a small vaulted apse and a rectangular floor plan vaulted, where paintings depicting birds and plant elements have been well preserved. The monument has aroused great interest since its discovery, but its chronology and functionality has always been the subject of controversy. Several hypotheses have suggested that the monument was built in the Roman period and some others around the 5h, 8th or 9th century AD. However, any direct evidence or absolute age has been provided until today. The stratigraphic analysis of the building suggests five constructive phases. Bricks and mortars of all phases were sampling to perform absolute dating techniques and to get a precise and accurate chronology. Radiocarbon dating of mortars and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of bricks and mortars have been used to this purpose. A total of 34 samples were taken, being 20 used for luminescence (mortars and quartz aggregates) and 15 used for 14C ages (charcoal fragments of lime mortars). 5 brick samples were also dated by Thermoluminescence (TL). The obtained ages have allowed, for the first time, stablishing an accurate and precise chronology being the first phase assigned to the 4th Century AD. Alterations of the building and the vault paintings were performed in the early 7th century, while the construction of the second floor and occasional repairs were performed during the 10th-12th centuries.

Planning, Designing, Rendering and Model Making of Institutional Building Using Autocad, Sketchup and Rhino

Abstract: This paper presents a holistic methodology for retroactively planning, designing, rendering, and model making of Dr. Lankapalli Bullayya College, an existing educational institution employee AutoCAD, Sketchup and Rhino software. The approach aims to enhance the colleges architectural features, visualize potential renovations, and communicate design proposals effectively. Beginning with AutoCAD, precise measurements and existing floor plans are digitized to establish a comprehensive foundation for the redesign process. Sketchup is then utilized to create 3D models of thecollege, allowing for virtual exploration of design modifications and spatial arrangements. Rhino software further refines the 3D models, incorporating intricate details and architectural enhancement.Rendering techniques are applied using both Sketchup and Rhino, enriching visualizations with realisticmaterials, lighting effects and contextual elements. These rendered images serve as valuable Tools for stakeholders to visualize proposed changes and provide feedback. In the model making phase, a combination of digital fabrication methods and traditional model making techniques are employed to produce physical prototypes of the redesigned college. These models facilitate a tangible understanding ofspecial relationships and design interventions, aiding in decision making process andcommunity engagement.By integrating AutoCAD, Sketchup, and Rhino, this approach offers a comprehensivesolution for retroactivearchitectural design, enabling stakeholders to re imagine and revitalize existing structuressuchasDr.Lankapalli BullayyaCollegewith efficiency and precision. This project focuses on the planning, designing, rendering and model making of Dr. Lankapalli Bullayya College, leveraging AutoCAD, Sketchup and Rhino. The completed structure serves as the basis for refining architectural elements and visual representations. Through the integration of the software tools, the projectaimsto optimize the collegesspecial layout, aesthetic appeal and functional efficiency

Numerical analysis for the design of a central air conditioning system for center of excellence

The temperature of the towing tank floor of the Center of Excellence in Marine and Offshore Engineering, Rivers State University needs regulation due to the high level of humidity during experiments. Since vapor evaporates from the towing-tank liquid column, the need for central air conditioning is timely. With the temperature regulated, it will help enhance the comfort of the students and improve the working condition of the staff and equipment. This is achieved by conducting a cooling load analysis, consistent with ASHRAE Guidelines, on the floor plan of the Laboratory building that provided useful information on the proper selection and sizing of fit-for-purpose air-conditioning equipment. Analysis revealed a total sensible and latent heat load of 59195.74 W with system capacity of 16.91TR (tons). Duct design utilizing the Velocity Reduction method resulted in a main supply duct length of 57m and flow are of 0.72m2 incorporating four branched ducts measuring 6m each in length and flow area of 1.05m2

Planning, Designing and Estimation of G+2 Residential Building using Autocad and STAAD PRO

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for the planning, design, and estimation of a G+2 residential building utilizing AutoCAD for architectural drafting and STAAD.Pro for structural analysis and design. The process involves several key stages including site analysis, conceptual design, detailed architectural planning, structural analysis and design, and cost estimation. The initial phase involves site analysis to understand site constraints, orientation, and surroundings, followed by conceptual design to establish the building layout and spatial arrangement. AutoCAD is employed for creating detailed architectural plans, including floor plans, elevations, and sections, ensuring compliance with local building codes and regulations. Subsequently, structural analysis and design are performed using STAAD.Pro, incorporating factors such as loads, material properties, and structural elements. The software facilitates the analysis of various structural systems and helps optimize the design for efficiency and safety. Finally, the estimation phase involves quantifying materials and labor costs based on the finalized architectural and structural designs. This includes itemized lists of materials such as concrete, steel, bricks, and finishing materials, as well as labor costs for construction activities. The proposed methodology integrates AutoCAD and STAAD.Pro to streamline the planning, design, and estimation process for G+2 residential buildings, offering efficiency, accuracy, and adherence to regulatory requirements. The approach presented in this paper serves as a valuable guide for architects, engineers, and construction professionals involved in similar projects

Client-centered detached modular housing: natural language processing-enabled design recommender system

Abstract Designing modular housing is a complex task that necessitates a thorough understanding of the diverse needs of clients in terms of both design aesthetics and floor plan layout. Furthermore, adhering to design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) principles adds to the complexity, as these are essential modular home requirements. Traditional construction methods frequently fail to meet the specific needs of both clients and DfMA, potentially resulting in suboptimal design solutions. Incorporating client requirements during the design phase necessitates the use of an effective system and framework to reduce changes in subsequent project stages. Existing literature lacks a suitable approach, particularly in the context of modular housing. To address this gap, this paper introduces an artificial intelligence–building information modeling recommender system (RS) for detached modular housing design. The system processes client requirements entered as text utilizing the Word2vec algorithm with the GloVe dataset, refined through transfer learning using surveyed client data of housing needs. The system recommends three distinct modular building design alternatives sourced from a building information modeling models database using cosine and Euclidean similarity functions. A sensitivity analysis ensures that client needs are considered fairly, increasing the robustness of the RS. By incorporating natural language processing, this system transforms the construction industry by making initial designs more client-centric compared with traditional methods. Furthermore, it promotes improved collaboration among clients, design, and construction teams, reducing modifications to design in later stages of construction.

In-plan distribution of peak floor acceleration demands in torsionally irregular buildings

The precise estimation of peak floor acceleration demands is essential to ensure the seismic safety of building contents and attachments. The present study aims to investigate the distribution of the peak floor acceleration demands across the floor plan in torsionally irregular buildings. To achieve this objective, 28 mid-rise reinforced concrete buildings with torsional irregularities are analyzed under 5600 bidirectional earthquake excitations, considering various strength ratios in buildings. A total of 2,59,200 in-structure amplification factors are estimated at multiple locations within the building plan and also at different floors. It is observed that current seismic design codes tend to underestimate the in-structure amplification factor for torsionally irregular buildings, particularly at locations distant from the center of rigidity (towards flexible frames), by up to 137 % for elastic buildings, and up to 54 % for moderately inelastic buildings. Even in the case of frames closer to the stiff frames, the seismic design codes underestimated the in-structure amplification factor by up to 68 % for elastic buildings. It is observed that a strong relationship exists between the torsional amplification of the peak floor acceleration and displacement amplification due to building torsion at the floor of interest. The torsional amplification of peak floor acceleration is found to be approximately equal to torsional displacement amplification for the flexible frames at the floor of interest. Simplified equations are developed for their integration with existing building codes to precisely estimate the in-plan distribution of peak floor acceleration demands in torsionally irregular buildings.

THE INTERSECTION OF MODERNITY AND RESIDENTIAL SPACE

The social and economic landscape of the globe has changed dramatically and daily life is still evolving quickly. People are in a better place than they have ever been and in the next 25 years the standard of living is predicted to quadruple. Apart from the economic shifts, there have also been a number of social shifts, including the rise in nuclear families, the DINC (double income, no children) phenomenon, and single parent households. A new urban atmosphere has been established by the altered social attitudes and rituals of urban living. Thus, the function of modern residential architecture is undergoing a similar transition, moving from one of only providing shelter to one of creating "Life Style-oriented Environments." Thus, in order to improve liveability and happiness at home the focus is now on "How the space is programmed with features." Changes in Employment trends with innovations in technology and communications have made the central workplace less necessary and a portion of home becoming an extension of the workplace. Also, modifications in the makeup of households, such as married people without children, single parents, and single individuals. Another reason is a shift in values where leisure and cultural pursuits are given greater weight and a willingness to spend more time in the safety and comfort of a well-designed home are prioritized. The way that modern residential architecture is planned, created and sold is being redefined by all of these developments. Therefore, choosing to buy a new house is mostly determined by lifestyle factors with purchasers seeking for specialized items with floor plans that suit and represent their unique lives. With a focus on lifestyle-oriented design, residences are arranged as a collection of component sections, with each component area planned differently for a variety of household types. The goal of this paper is to go into depth of various component areas, their space needs and their interactions with one another for various lifestyle-oriented houses in today's society.

Smart Parking System for Navi-Mumbai Airport

A commercial airport parking system has to deal with many problems such as unnecessary traffic congestion which is mainly caused due to the lack of smart and systematic parking. This eventually causes the time loss of the users while causing unwanted delays in their individual journey. Due to the lack of employees as well as inefficiency in their employment skills, the users again have to face various problems. All these problems ultimately lead to dissatisfaction in the experience of users. Its final capacity will be to handle 90 million passengers. Considering the problems mentioned above, we are providing a designed parking layout which includes a ground floor plan and a typical floor plan with all the basic amenities like washrooms, staircases, waiting areas, elevators, etc. This paper analyses a few parking apps and software and then suggests to build a dedicated app for the airport parking system which will help to counter the problems faced while enhancing the user’s experience. The smart features which should be included in the app are license plate recognition, online parking prepayment, parking guidance, vehicle Detection sensors and automated payment stations, unique code for the parking slot of the user's vehicle. Keywords – applications, airports, mlcp, Smart Parking systems, technologies

Floor plan reconstruction from indoor 3D point clouds using iterative RANSAC line segmentation

Indoor Floor Plans (IFPs) are crucial in many fields, such as architectural design, BIM generation, indoor navigation, as well as reliability analysis and safety assessment in civil engineering. The traditional manual creation of IFPs is labor-intensive and time-consuming, hence the growing interest in their automatic generation. To automate IFP creation and ensure their consistency with original indoor layouts, a method for generating IFPs from indoor 3D point clouds is proposed. This method uses a complete point cloud from an indoor scene as the sole input and produces a corresponding vectorized IFP. It first identifies wall points from the 3D point cloud, and projects them onto a 2D plane. An iterative RANSAC-based clustering algorithm is then used to detect and segment line segments from the 2D point cloud. Finally, we restore the topological structure of the discrete line segment set and outputs a vectorized IFP composed of continuous line segments. When tested on two different scale indoor point cloud datasets, this new method achieved over 90 % of accuracy in line segment reconstruction and 97 % of IoU in IFPs reconstruction, proving its effectiveness in non-Manhattan indoor scenes. Compared with other representative methods, Floor-sp and ASIP, this new method offers more detail and higher accuracy.

Artificial intelligence in conceptual prototyping design

The treasures of world architecture, reflecting theories and concepts, principles and techniques of design, are an inexhaustible base for the growth and development of young architects, searching for ideas to create the image and form of an object. Artificial intelligence, in addition to developing floor plans, structural layouts, patterns for environmental and organisational decisions, etc., can effectively generate conceptual and prototypical images using the diffusion method. Artificial intelligence can significantly reduce the time of the creative process by offering a wide range of options for creative and practical solutions based on the prototype patterns and their descriptions offered to it.

Flatness detection of super-flat emery floor based on terrestrial laser scanning

Traditional flatness detection method with 2-m ruler and feeler gauge can only manually measure to obtain data at sparse locations. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) has been widely used in the detection task of small-scale components. To overcome the time-consuming and laborious problem of traditional method and extend the application of TLS-based method, an efficient, full-coverage and intelligent TLS-based flatness detection method applicable to large-scale floors is presented in this paper to help with the acceptance of emery floor. An algorithm is designed to find the optimal position of ruler above the ground profile and measure the deviation between ruler and ground. The results of two comparison experiments demonstrates that the TLS-based method proposed in this paper has a high detection accuracy. In the detection task of a super-flat emery floor, floor plan labeled with pass rates can be easily obtained. Color maps marked with unqualified areas can be used as a guide for concrete polishing. By comparing row detection and column detection results, the pass rate is significantly directional in some conditions.

Website Based Floor Plan Design for Henricus Constant and Mikael Unika Soegijapranata Buildings

This study explains how influential technological progress is in several aspects, in this study it refers to aspects of education, knowledge, and facilities for students regarding floor plans. And with existing technological advancements, it doesn't make it difficult for students to find information boards or bulletin boards.There are several methods of analysis, namely, Primary Data Sources and Secondary Data Sources. The second uses the Data Collection method in this method which is also divided into several sections, namely: Collection of Questionnaires or Questionnaires, Literature Study and Interviews. The third uses the Testing method which is divided into several tests, namely: Application Testing, Testing Model Development, Methodology Flowchart, Framework of Mind.

A Study on the Topological Relationship of Floor Plan Structures in Korean and Chinese Children's Museums

A Study on the Topological Relationship of Floor Plan Structures in Korean and Chinese Children's Museums

FVCap: An Approach to Understand Scanned Floor Plan Images Using Deep Learning and its Applications

FVCap: An Approach to Understand Scanned Floor Plan Images Using Deep Learning and its Applications

Shadowing Stroke Patients to Explore the Rehabilitation Built Environment: Approach, Insights, and Lessons Learned.

Shadowing is a research method that combines observing events and short on-the-go interviews to investigate people's roles and behaviours in various settings. Even though it is not a widely used method in architectural research, it can be adapted to focus on the interaction of individuals with the built environment. This is especially important in healthcare environments, where people are vulnerable and more dependent on their surroundings. In this article, I reflect on the experience of adapting and using the shadowing method to explore stroke inpatients' interactions with the built environment during their recovery in rehabilitation centres. This research study was the first to employ shadowing in the stroke patient population on such a large scale. One day (12 consecutive hours) was spent with each of the 70 participating stroke inpatients, recording their interactions with the built environment in different forms - on the floor plans, as narrative descriptions, creating sketches of situations and noting down patients' remarks. This method was useful in capturing the built environment's role in patients' daily experiences in rehabilitation centres. Research in healthcare facilities includes various challenges, and close contact with the patient population of older adults with stroke introduces numerous unexpected events and ethical dilemmas in the field. At the same time, this method provides research insights that would otherwise be unobtainable. Researchers are given practical information and recommendations on how to prepare for using shadowing for architectural research and what to expect in the field.

Compact rover surveying and laser scanning for BIM development.

This paper presents a custom made small rover based surveying, mapping and building information modeling solution. Majority of the commercially available mobile surveying systems are larger in size which restricts their maneuverability in the targeted indoor vicinities. Furthermore their functional cost is unaffordable for low budget projects belonging to developing markets. Keeping in view these challenges, an economical indigenous rover based scanning and mapping system has developed using orthogonal integration of two low cost RPLidar A1 laser scanners. All the instrumentation of the rover has been interfaced with Robot Operating System (ROS) for online processing and recording of all sensorial data. The ROS based pose and map estimations of the rover have performed using Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technique. The perceived class 1 laser scans data belonging to distinct vicinities with variable reflective properties have been successfully tested and validated for required structural modeling. Systematically the recorded scans have been used in offline mode to generate the 3D point cloud map of the surveyed environment. Later the structural planes extraction from the point cloud data has been done using Random Sampling and Consensus (RANSAC) technique. Finally the 2D floor plan and 3D building model have been developed using point cloud processing in appropriate software. Multiple interiors of existing buildings and under construction indoor sites have been scanned, mapped and modelled as presented in this paper. In addition, the validation of the as-built models have been performed by comparing with the actual architecture design of the surveyed buildings. In comparison to available surveying solutions present in the local market, the developed system has been found faster, accurate and user friendly to produce more enhanced structural results with minute details.

From dense point clouds to semantic digital models: End-to-end AI-based automation procedure for Manhattan-world structures

The paper presents a novel method for automatically creating semantic digital models for buildings in Manhattan environments from dense point cloud data. Unlike previous approaches, which rely solely on data-driven methods, our method integrates artificial intelligence with domain engineering knowledge to overcome challenges in indoor point cloud processing and geometry representation in complex layouts. A feature-based Decision Tree classifier extracts main building elements, utilized in a knowledge-based algorithm for 3D space parsing. On this basis, an optimization process generates parameterized floor plans, used to finally create volumetric digital models. The method was validated on datasets from the Technical University of Munich and Stanford University, achieving a mean accuracy of approximately 0.08 m for model placement and 0.06 m for estimating element parameters, which highlights its effectiveness for generating a building's semantic digital model. This approach underscores the potential of AI integration in digital twinning workflows for more automated solutions.

Healing properties of residential balcony: Assessment of the characteristics of balcony space in Shanghai's collective housing

The balcony is open, connected with the outside, and close to nature, which can provide sunshine, air, vision, leisure, and social functions, bring a variety of health benefits, and gradually become a healing space in modern family life. However, current research lacks a systematic knowledge of the healing properties of balcony space features. The purpose of this paper is to determine the healing performance of balcony space characteristics of urban collective housing and its correlation with healing and to provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of residential balconies. Firstly, based on the literature review, the main spatial characteristics of a balcony and its healing index are determined. Then, based on the review results, a spatial assessment and analysis framework for a residential floor plan is developed. A combined qualitative and quantitative approach was used to assess the healing of balcony space characteristics of 1641 housing types in Shanghai. The results show that the healing of the balcony is at a low level, which has great potential for improvement. The spatial characteristics that affect the healing assessment mainly include structural type, connection mode, area, vision, and furniture. It was found that the spatial characteristics of balconies have interrelated and interacting role relationships that directly or indirectly affect the healing performance of balconies. This study provides a valuable reference for the renovation and design of residential balconies, helps to provide targeted design suggestions for real estate development departments and designers, and helps to improve the quality of living and the health and well-being of residents.

Fluid professional boundaries: ethnographic observations of co-located chiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists

BackgroundChiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists (COPs) can assess and manage musculoskeletal conditions with similar manual or physical therapy techniques. This overlap in scope of practice raises questions about the boundaries between the three professions. Clinical settings where they are co-located are one of several possible influences on professional boundaries and may provide insight into the nature of these boundaries and how they are managed by clinicians themselves.ObjectivesTo understand the nature of professional boundaries between COPs within a co-located clinical environment and describe the ways in which professional boundaries may be reinforced, weakened, or navigated in this environment.MethodsDrawing from an interpretivist paradigm, we used ethnographic observations to observe interactions between 15 COPs across two clinics. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis principles.ResultsWe identified various physical and non-physical ‘boundary objects’ that influenced the nature of the professional boundaries between the COPs that participated in the study. These boundary objects overall seemed to increase the fluidity of the professional boundaries, at times simultaneously reinforcing and weakening them. The boundary objects were categorised into three themes: physical, including the clinic’s floor plan, large and small objects; social, including identities and discourse; and organisational, including appointment durations and fees, remuneration policies and insurance benefits.ConclusionsPhysical, social, organisational related factors made the nature of professional boundaries between COPs in these settings fluid; meaning that they were largely not rigid or fixed but rather flexible, responsive and subject to change. These findings may challenge patients, clinicians and administrators to appreciate that traditional beliefs of distinct boundaries between COPs may not be so in co-located clinical environments. Both clinical practice and future research on professional boundaries between COPs may need to further consider some of these broader factors.

Residential floor plans: Multi-conditional automatic generation using diffusion models

Automatically generated residential floor plans using Artificial Intelligence that lower the skill barriers in and facilitate non-professional residential design, have become a significant topic. However, in previous studies, the limitations of RFP generative models have exhibited low controllability in outputs and limited flexibility in input conditions. In this study, a multi-conditional, two-stage generative model, FloorplanDiffusion, was developed to address these shortcomings. Based on Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models, a new model structure was established, allowing human designers to intervene for enhanced controllability. Furthermore, we implemented a multi-condition model input with structured information using images, thus significantly enhancing the model's input flexibility. Finally, through experiments we demonstrated that our model flexibly generates high-quality, diverse, and controllable results. A Turing test indicated that our model has the capacity of human experts.