Flooding System Research Articles

Experimental investigation on the effect of interfacial properties of chemical flooding for enhanced heavy oil recovery

Chemical compound flooding has demonstrated its efficacy in enhancing light oil recovery through ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT). However, the optimization of chemical systems properties for displacing heavy oil has not been clarified. This research aims to address this problem by designing common polymer and three surfactant-polymer (SP) systems with varying IFT and interfacial viscoelasticity behaviors, and comparing their ability to recover heavy oil. The findings of core flooding tests indicate that the system with low IFT and high interfacial viscoelasticity simultaneously has a better displacement efficiency for heavy oil than other flood systems, which could enhance heavy oil recovery by 21.94%. Micro-model tests reveal the underlying mechanisms driving the enhanced macro-scale oil recovery. The emulsion formation and interface expansion facilitated by low IFT, as well as increased emulsion stability and reduced snap-off of oil droplets due to the presence of an elastic oil-water interfacial film. These phenomena is more capable of driving microscopic heterogeneous remaining oil and film remaining oil than other solution. The comparative experiment analysis shows that the difference in chemical flooding between heavy oil and light oil is caused by the discrepant distributions of surfactants at the oil-water interface. The light oil interface is a monolayer surfactant molecular film, the heavy components and surfactant moleculars exhibit both competitive and cooperative adsorption phenomena at the oil-water interface. The occurrence of viscosity reduction and increased emulsion stability are more influential factors in the process of heavy oil displacement than those of conventional ultra-low IFT systems used for light oil recovery.

Understanding the complexity of secondary formation damage: Mechanism and detection strategies during filter cake removal process

Formation damage has a negative impact on the productivity of a well. Hence, its mechanism needs to be well understood to be able to mitigate it. Secondary damage is a form of formation damage that occurs during the removal process of barite filter cake layer but has received less attention. This study focuses on examining the secondary damage that occurs during the removal process of barite filter cake layer using chelating agents. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with a concentration of 20% was employed as an effective treatment solution for removing the barite filter cake. EDTA was prepared as a pure solution (referred to as EDTA-K) and saturated with barium (referred to as EDTA-Ba) to simulate the solution state after the completion of filter cake removal. Experiments were conducted using different rock samples, including a sandstone and a carbonate core, to investigate the interaction between the chelating agent and the formation through a core flooding system. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were applied to evaluate the alterations in the inner pore structure, and pore size distribution due to the EDTA reactivity. Furthermore, the changes in rock samples’ permeability were examined. Results showed that the reactivity of EDTA varies depending on the rock type and the presence of specific ions. EDTA exhibited limited reactivity with sandstone samples because of its weak ability to react with the silicate matrix and limited content of clay minerals containing Al3+ and Mg2+, highlighting a lower potential for secondary formation. In contrast, carbonate samples demonstrated higher reactivity with EDTA, leading to enhanced permeability. However, the precipitation of barium within the pores of carbonate rocks was observed, which can be considered as a significant level of secondary formation damage. Ab initio calculations supported the experimental findings by demonstrating the binding ability of EDTA with different ions.

Effects of Root Growth of Deep and Shallow Rooting Rice Cultivars in Compacted Paddy Soils on Subsequent Rice Growth

Rice is often grown as multiple seasons in one year, alternating between flooded and upland systems. A major constraint, introduced from the flooded system, is a plough pan that may decrease rooting depth and productivity of follow-on upland rice. Roots penetrating the plough pan under flooded rice system can leave a legacy of weaker root growth pathways. Deeper rooting rice cultivars could have a bigger impact, but no direct evidence is available. To explore whether a deep rather than a shallow rooting rice cultivar grown in a flooded cropping cycle benefited deeper root growth of follow-on rice in an upland, reduced tillage cropping cycle, a simulated flooded paddy in greenhouse was planted with deep (Black Gora) and shallow (IR64) rooting cultivars and a plant-free control. Artificial plough pans were made in between the topsoil and subsoil to form different treatments with no plough pan (0.35 MPa), soft plough pan (1.03 MPa) and hard plough pan (1.70 MPa). After harvest of this ‘first season’ rice, the soil was drained and undisturbed to simulate zero-tillage upland and planted rice cultivar BRRI Dhan 28. The overall root length density (RLD), root surface area, the numbers of root tips and branching of BRRI Dhan 28 did not vary between plough pan and no plough pan treatments. Compared with the shallow rooting rice genotype, the deep rooting rice genotype as ‘first season’ crop produced 19% greater RLD, 34% greater surface area and 29% more branching of BRRI Dhan 28 in the subsoil. In the topsoil, however, BRRI Dhan 28 had 28% greater RLD, 35% greater surface area and 43% more branching for the shallow rather than deep rooting genotype planted in the ‘first season’. The results suggested that rice cultivar selection for a paddy cycle affects root growth of a follow-on rice crop grown under no-till, with benefits to subsoil access from deep rooting cultivars and topsoil proliferation for shallow rooting cultivars.

Synergistic effects of surfactant and polymer on the viscosity and oil displacement efficiency

For chemical flooding, choosing suitable surfactant and polymer mixture to optimize the viscosity and interfacial tension is an important procedure for preparing the combination flooding system. In this work, a systematic study was conducted on the properties of the surfactant/polymer mixed solution, involving viscoelasticity, oil/water interfacial tension and oil displacement efficiency. Zwitterionic-anionic surfactant mixture (HDPS-SDS) was chosen to show the effect of concentration and micelles type. Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and hydrophobically associating polymer (HPOC) were selected to show the effect of polymer concentration and type. It has been found that for polymer solutions, adding HDPS-SDS reduces the oil/water interfacial tensions to the magnitude of 10−2 mN·m−1, but negative synergistic effect for spherical micelles and positive synergistic effect for wormlike micelles on viscosity are observed. For wormlike micelles solutions, adding HPAM or HPOC increases the viscosity. Moreover, the positive synergistic effect on viscosity by HPOC is far stronger than that of HPAM, and the viscosity of wormlike micelle solution can be reinforced by adding a small amount of HPOC. The synergistic effect on viscosity will also affect the oil displacement efficiency of the surfactant/polymer mixed system. For example, the enhanced oil displacement efficiency E of surfactant/polymer flooding unexpectedly reduces with adding spherical micelles formed by low concentration HDPS-SDS to 1500 mg L−1 HPOC solutions. Whereas the enhanced oil displacement efficiency E of wormlike micelles/polymer flooding reaches 28.8% with adding 800 mg L−1 HPOC to 5500 mg L−1 HDPS-SDS wormlike micelles solutions.

RANCANG BANGUN PROTOTYPE SISTEM INFORMASI PERINGATAN DINI DAN PENCEGAHAN BANJIR LUAPAN AIR SUNGAI BENDUNGAN PAMARAYAN BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS

This research will raise a system of how to plan an early warning system for floods in areas around rivers, or what is commonly called an Early Warning System (EWS) to prevent flooding around rivers. This early warning system is built with hardware that uses the ESP 32 microcontroller to control the level of water release from the dam and select the floodgates to be opened automatically. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect water levels, IOT modules are used to provide quick information to officers. The object of this research was carried out at the Gerak Pamarayan Dam, a dam that controls the two largest rivers in Banten, namely Ciujung and Ciberang. Two rivers flow in two districts in the Banten area. The method used in this study is the Prototype method. And the expected result of this research is to create an early warning system for overflowing river water that measures the water level of the river automatically and automatically reports the water level that is at the threshold to the officers and what is equally important is that this system can also prevent flooding due to overflow by how to open the floodgates automatically when the river water level is beyond the normal height threshold.

Map API-Based Evacuation Route Guidance System for Floods

Recently, human casualties and property damage caused by natural disasters have increased worldwide. Among these natural disasters, flood damage is affected by season. Depending on the concentration of precipitation in the summer, heavy rainfall can occur, thus resulting in typhoons, floods, and increased damage. To prevent such damages, the appropriate measures and research are being conducted in response to disasters. When a flash flood occurs, safe evacuation can be realized after detecting the situation and using announcements or laser indicators. However, these route guidance systems are typically used in fire or indoor environments, thus rendering them difficult to access outdoors. Therefore, we herein propose an evacuation route guidance system based on a map API that recognizes flood occurrences in forest areas, recreational forests, and parks. It calculates the route based on the map API and delivers the evacuation route to the nearest shelter to the user; and if there is a second problem on the moving evacuation route and it is difficult to proceed, the user’s current location is identified and the route to the next nearest shelter is provided. This will help you to evacuate safely.

Analisis Pengendalian Banjir pada DAS Sungai Kabur-Kabur di Wilayah Kota Bula dengan Pemodelan HEC-RAS dan EPA SWMM

The Bula Flood events began in 2016 and continue until the present. Every year, the city of Bula experiences frequent floods, with the peak occurrence usually happening between February and July. Since 2016, the local government has undertaken several structural interventions to address the issue, but the problem of flooding in Bula remains unresolved. The flooding in the Bula area is primarily caused by the overflow of the Kabur-Kabur River. An existing analysis using a 25-year return period discharge (Q25) with HEC-RAS and EPA SWMM models reveals that the flooding primarily occurs along certain sections of the Kabur-Kabur River. The flood management strategies implemented in Bula include the construction of retention ponds, river normalization, and the implementation of an early warning system for floods. The validation analysis of flood control measures using the HEC-RAS and EPA SWMM programs indicates that the flood management strategies implemented for the Kabur-Kabur River are effective in mitigating flood problems in the city of Bula. As a result, the flood control measures being applied can be considered successful and should be continued.

Effects of surfactant with different injection times on asphaltene adsorption behaviors on the kaolinite surfaces: A molecular simulation study

The adsorption behavior of asphaltenes on the mineral surfaces seriously reduces oil recovery, which is dependent on the molecular structure, surface properties of the inorganic minerals, and the injection time of chemicals. In the present study, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is performed to construct the asphaltene-kaolinite adsorption systems and the 3-(N,N-Dimethyloctadecylammonio) propane sulfonate (DOPS) surfactant flooding systems to explore the effect of DOPS injection times on the detachment of asphaltene aggregates with discrepant adsorption characteristics. The number density distribution and the interaction analysis between asphaltene and kaolinite are employed to evaluate the adsorption behaviors of asphaltene on the kaolinite-liquid interfaces. The radial distribution function (RDF) describes the relative positions of the surfactants and asphaltene aggregates. The effective free energy and the independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition (IGMH) method further illustrate the microscopic mechanism of asphaltene detaching by the surfactant. The simulation results indicate that intensely polar carboxylate groups and polyaromatic rings with π-conjugated structures dominate the adsorption behavior of asphaltenes. The DOPS surfactants injected after the water flooding are difficult to produce effective ways of detaching asphaltenes, while the introduced DOPS surfactants during water flooding can generate DOPS-ASPn combinations to detach asphaltene from the kaolinite surfaces. This work first investigates the effects of surfactants with different injection times on the oil detachment efficiency at a molecular scale, further deepening the understanding of oil detachment process via surfactant flooding.

A New Index to Evaluate the Seepage Capacity of Water-Wet Sandstone Reservoirs

The water-wet sandstone reservoirs in the Liushagang Formation of the Beibuwan Basin has tremendous exploration potential for oil reserves in the South China Sea. However, owing to the weak correlations between petrophysical parameters and oil productivity, the production performance and seepage capacity showed significant differences in various reservoirs. The production performance of the field was evaluated by characterizing the mobility of two-phase flow through the concept of classical global mobility. However, global mobility still does not consider differential displacement pressure (DDP) and movable oil saturation (MOS). Therefore, a new index based on the Li–Horne model was established to simultaneously evaluate the seepage capacity of water-wet sandstone reservoirs, accounting for DDP and MOS. The detailed work stemming from the model included selecting water-wet sandstones with different lithologies and comparing the displacement effects of different flooding systems, oil viscosities, injection water salinities, pressure conditions, and MOS in multiple sets of parallel core samples. Finally, the new index was validated. A strong correlation was found between the new index and oil productivity per-unit differential pressure through displacement analysis of rock/oil/water, rock/oil/gas, and rock/oil/polymer systems on several core samples. The developed index for evaluating seepage capacity is suitable for different sandstones, flooding systems, oil viscosities, injection water salinities, pressure conditions, and productivity test data, thus providing insight into the production performance and seepage capacity parameters of water-wet sandstone reservoirs.

Reducing flood risk and improving system resiliency in Sacramento, California: overcoming obstacles and emerging solutions

Sacramento, the capital of California, has a population of over 2 million and is one of the most flood prone regions in the nation. Its problems exemplify those of many urban communities built near riverine and deltaic systems, that are subject to climate change. The city and its surrounding communities are protected by an elaborate system of levees and flood bypasses; but aging infrastructure, expected increases in extreme wet weather, and projected sea level rise are increasing the risk of levee failures. We explore how flood management approaches including social/institutional (non-structural), traditional structural, and ecological based approaches are being implemented in the Lower Sacramento/North Delta Region amid significant obstacles, to build resilient flood management systems. We review four case studies, one structural levee project and three multi-benefit projects that are only recently being implemented. We also examine the barriers, constraints, and challenges for implementing flood protection projects, and how project proponents are collectively working through these obstacles. We conclude that significant progress has been made in building flood resiliency since the 2008 Central Valley Flood Protection Act and the release of the 2012 Central Valley Flood Protection Plan. Informational tools and policies are being developed to educate the public and prepare for floods. Structural levee investments are substantial and are being implemented through partnerships. Statewide policies and investments are increasingly supporting multi-benefit projects that incorporate ecological restoration/enhancement while expanding flood volume capacity. Progress on implementing multi-benefit projects has been slow, due to land acquisition, easements, funding, regulatory and construction challenges; however, solutions to these impediments are emerging to facilitate more rapid progress. It is essential to continue and intensify the progress made in the last two decades, by learning from past projects, and improving on existing pathways to implement sustainable projects at a faster rate.

Quantitative comparison of the performance of vapor compression cycles with compressor vapor or liquid injection

Increasing the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of vapor compression cycles has been a major focus for decades. Significant improvements can be brought by modifying multistage compressor to flooded single-stage compressor to approach isothermal compression. This work presents the comparative analysis of the cycle performance of a flash tank economized system (FTES), multiple refrigerant injection system (MRIS) and an oil flooded system (OFS). Thermodynamic models of each of these systems using ideal mixing models of refrigerants with the flooding agents are presented. Additionally, mixing effectiveness is introduced as a metric to evaluate the non-ideal mixing of the OFS. Results show that in MRIS, an increase in the number of injection ports significantly increases the COP of the cycle between 18% and 51% for air conditioning and refrigeration applications. The OFS shows that increasing the oil mass flow rate increases the COP significantly above the baseline cycle, benefiting higher temperature lift applications. At evaporating temperature of -40 ℃, relative COP for MRIS with 2 injection points is 7.5% higher than FTES and 5.0% higher than OFS. Further, quantification of the influence of the non-ideal mixing model for OFS showed that a mixing effectiveness of 80% results in 21% degradation of system COP suggesting the ideal mixing assumption has significant influence on the potential for an OFS.

Optimized hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles stabilized pickering emulsion for enhanced oil recovery in complex porous media of reservoir

With an extensive application of flooding technologies in oil recovery, traditional emulsion flooding has seen many limits due to its poor stability and easy demulsification. Pursuing a new robust emulsion plays a fundamental role in developing highly effective emulsion flooding technology. In this work, a novel Pickering emulsion with special magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@PDA@Si was designed and prepared. To disclose the flooding mechanism from magnetic nanoparticles, the physico-chemical characterization of Fe3O4@PDA@Si was systematically examined. Meanwhile, the flooding property of the constructed Pickering emulsion was evaluated on the basis of certain downhole conditions. The results showed that the synthesis of Fe3O4@PDA@Si nanoparticles was found to have a hydrophobic core-shell structure with a diameter of 30 nm. Pickering emulsions based on Fe3O4@PDA@Si nanoparticles at an oil-to-water ratio of 5:5, 50°C, the water separation rate was only 6% and the droplet diameter of the emulsion was approximately 15 μm in the ultra-depth-of-field microscope image. This demonstrates the excellent stability of Pickering emulsions and improves the problem of easy demulsification. We further discussed the oil displacement mechanism and enhanced oil recovery effect of this type of emulsion. The microscopic flooding experiment demonstrated that profile control of the Pickering emulsion played a more important role in enhanced recovery than emulsification denudation, with the emulsion system increasing oil recovery by 10.18% in the micro model. Core flooding experiments have established that the incremental oil recovery of the Pickering emulsion increases with decreasing core permeability, from 12.36% to 17.39% as permeability drops from 834.86 to 219.34 × 10−3 μm2. This new Pickering emulsion flooding system stabilized by Fe3O4@PDA@Si nanoparticles offers an option for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).

Research on Development and Injection Technology of Self-Assembled Viscosity-Increasing Flooding System EHA

Research on Development and Injection Technology of Self-Assembled Viscosity-Increasing Flooding System EHA

Preparation and application of modified carbon black nanofluid as a novel flooding system in ultralow permeability reservoirs

Conventional flooding systems have very low recovery rates in ultralow permeability reservoirs in virtue of the characteristics of high injection pressure, low permeability and small pores in such reservoirs. In this study, a novel surface-modified carbon black (MCB) nanofluid was prepared as a flooding system to resolve this problem. The preparation process of MCB nanoparticles was divided into three stages: (1) oxidation of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles, (2) acyl chlorination of oxidized carbon black (OCB) nanoparticles and (3) grafting of active groups onto the surface of acyl chloride carbon black (ACB) nanoparticles, and the main synthesis conditions, such as modifier concentration and grafting temperature, were optimized. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the factional groups were successfully introduced onto the surface of CB nanoparticles, and the crystallinity of CB nanoparticles decreased gradually during the reaction process. Additionally, the dispersed stability, temperature resistance, salinity tolerance, wettability alteration and oil stripping ability were evaluated so as to obtain the performance of the MCB nanofluid. The results show that the average size of the MCB nanoparticles is approximately 72.3 nm, and the dispersed stability of the MCB nanofluid is much better than that of the CB nanofluid. Compared with the carbon black (CB) nanofluid, the MCB nanofluid shows stronger wettability alteration and oil stripping ability, and can also withstand the high temperature and high salt environment of oil reservoirs. 1 PV of MCB nanofluid can enhance oil recovery by 28.9%. Furthermore, the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms for the MCB nanofluid are revealed through analysis of low oil–water IFT (IFT), wettability alteration and Wasan’s theory of structural disjoining pressure. This new type of environment-friendly flooding system injects vitality into the development of ultralow permeability reservoirs.

Development of an in situ emulsifying/ultra-low-interfacial-tension cyclic flooding system for medium- and low-permeability reservoirs

Medium- and low-permeability reservoirs are important in oilfield development. However, due to their characteristics of poor pore permeability and high heterogeneity, the development of suitable technologies has been very difficult. In this study, an in situ emulsifying/ultra-low-interfacial-tension cyclic flooding system has been developed for low- and medium-permeability reservoirs. Based on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value method, an emulsifying surfactant ASD with Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate) as the main component has been identified as highly promising through screening. At mass fractions of surfactant ASD between 0.2% and 0.6%, the extent of water separation from the emulsion is greatly reduced, and the W/O emulsion can effectively improve the mobility ratio and increase the sweep volume. The surfactant SA synthesized in our laboratory reduces the interfacial tension of crude oil to 10−4 mN m−1. Laboratory core flooding experiments have shown that multiple rounds of alternating injection with aqueous solutions of surfactants ASD and SA can improve oil recovery by 22.25%. Upon injecting a low-viscosity aqueous solution of surfactant ASD, it emulsifies crude oil in situ under reservoir conditions, solving the problems of difficult polymer injection and insufficient spread. Our work provides useful insights for the development of low- and medium-permeability reservoirs.

Detections of Infrasound Waves From Water Discharges at a Hydroelectric Dam: Implementation of Timely Warnings for Unexpected Discharge Events

AbstractWater discharges at hydroelectric dams on the Imjin River, which flows through North and South Korea, generate abrupt water level increases downstream. We assessed infrasound signals from water discharges using an infrasound array located ∼32 km from the source and applied infrasound detection in a flash flood alert system. Using infrasound signals, there was a 79% detection rate for 48 water level increase events occurring in the river downstream during a 14‐year period (2008–2021). The detected signals had a low amplitude, long duration, and broad frequency range (0.5–15 Hz). The energy curves of the detected infrasound signals for selected events showed good correlations with the onset times and water level variations in water level records. These results demonstrate that infrasound monitoring can serve as a practical early warning system for impending flash floods resulting from unnoticed water discharges or sudden debris flows in mountainous regions.

Effects of fresh and field-aged holm-oak biochar on As, Cd and Pb bioaccumulation in different rice growing environments

Arsenic, Cd, and Pb environmental fate is influenced when the traditional permanent flooding rice production systems are replaced by water-saving and soil conservation practices, urging for additional strategies that avoid their bioaccumulation in rice grain. The aim of this two-years field study was to evaluate the effects of fresh and field-aged biochar on As, Cd, and Pb bioaccumulation, and on As speciation, in rice grain produced in different growing environments (flooding versus sprinkler and conventional tillage versus direct seeding). Biochar produced from holm-oak pruning residues (pyrolysis at 550 °C, 48 h), in a single application (28 Mg ha−1), reduced As bioaccumulation in rice grain in the permanent flooding system to non-quantifiable concentrations (e.g., from 0.178 mg kg−1 to <0.04 mg kg−1, for inorganic-As, respectively), an effect which remained under field-aging conditions, increasing rice commercial value. When adopting sprinkler irrigation, the undesirable increase in Cd bioaccumulation in rice, relatively to the anaerobic system, was counteracted by biochar application, reducing its bioaccumulation in kernels between 32 and 80 %, allowing a simultaneous control of metals and metalloids bioaccumulation in rice. The bioaccumulation of Pb was also prevented with biochar application, with a reduction in its concentration four- to 13-times, in all the management systems, relatively to the non-amended plots, under fresh biochar effects. However, Pb immobilization decreased with biochar field-aging, indicating that the biochar application may have to be repeated to maintain the same beneficial effect. Therefore, the present study shows that the implementation of sprinkler irrigation with holm-oak biochar could reduce the risk of heavy metals(loids) bioaccumulation in rice grains and, thereby, ensuring food safety aspects, particularly under fresh biochar effects.

Synthesis and Enhanced Oil Recovery Potential of the Bio-Nano-Oil Displacement System.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted great attention in the tertiary oil recovery process due to their unique properties. As an economical and efficient green synthesis method, biosynthesized nanoparticles have the advantages of low toxicity, fast preparation, and high yield. In this study, with the theme of biotechnology, for the first time, the bio-nanoparticles reduced by iron-reducing bacteria were compounded with the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus to form a stable bio-nano flooding system, revealing the oil flooding mechanism and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) potential of the bio-nano flooding system. The interfacial properties of the bio-nano-oil displacement system were studied by interfacial tension and wettability change experiments. The enhanced oil recovery potential of the bio-nano-oil displacement agent was measured by microscopic oil displacement experiments and core flooding experiments. The bio-nano-oil displacement system with different nanoparticle concentrations can form a stable dispersion system. The oil-water interfacial tension and contact angle decreased with the increase in concentration of the bio-nano flooding system, which also has a high salt tolerance. Microscopic oil displacement experiments proved the efficient oil displacement of the bio-nano-oil displacement system and revealed its main oil displacement mechanism. The effects of concentration and temperature on the recovery of the nano-biological flooding system were investigated by core displacement experiments. The results showed that the recovery rate increased from 4.53 to 15.26% with the increase of the concentration of the system. The optimum experimental temperature was 60 °C, and the maximum recovery rate was 15.63%.

Analysis and Implementation Monitoring Flood System Based on IoT Using Sugeno Fuzzy Logic

Flood disasters can have a detrimental impact such as damage to infrastructure, materials, and loss of life. One of the efforts that can be made to carry out early detection of flood disasters is to use a flood prediction system, where this system can monitor water levels, water flow rates, and predict real-time water increases. Information is sent to every citizen using the telegram chatbot. This system is built using several sensors and integrated with Telegram. The sensors used are ultrasonic and water flow sensors. The ultrasonic sensor is used to read the water level in the range of 0-50 cm and the water flow sensor is used to calculate the flow of water entering the test container with an interval of 0-10 liters / minute. Data is sent to telegram in realtime using the firebase database through NodeMCU ESP8266 and the WiFi module. The results of reading water level and water discharge data are processed using Sugeno fuzzy logic. The results obtained in this study indicate that the average error reading from the ultrasonic sensor is 2.43% or 97.58%. The water flow sensor shows an average error of 0.206 liters/minute or the percentage of tool accuracy is 87.06 %.

A Concept Study on Design Alternatives for Minimizing Accident Consequences in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships

Autonomous ships, also known as maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS), are vessels that use artificial intelligence and robotics technologies to navigate independently. Due to their advanced technological capabilities, MASS is expected to play a significant role in the future of the shipping industry. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is currently developing international standards for MASS classification, including accident avoidance technologies. However, the issue of how to mitigate the consequences of accidents involving autonomous ships has not been sufficiently addressed. Therefore, this study focuses on alternative design solutions and emergency response systems for MASS to properly control emergency situations and minimize the impact of accidents, such as flooding and fire on board. The goal is to efficiently address such accidents, especially in situations where the number of people on board is significantly reduced or the ship is being operated automatically or remotely, and to promptly detect and respond to such situations from a remote location. This paper investigates the possibility of modifying the design of the air conditioning system to delay flooding by considering a reduction in the number of crew members in order to prevent flooding. To prevent the spread of fire, the study examines early blockage measures for areas where air can enter. Flood and fire response systems were configured to be executed manually or automatically based on the results of presimulated scenarios defined in thousands of accident scenarios. Each accident propagation and response situation proposes an alternative using a coded shortcut key utilizing graphic symbols of international standard ISO 23120.