Flooding System Research Articles

INTERVARIETAL DIFFERENCES OF BIOMETRIC INDICATORS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA L.) DEPENDING ON DENSITY OF THE PLANT GROWTH IN HYDROPONIC SYSTEMS

The article discusses conditions for growing varieties of lettuce in closed photoculture using hydroponic method. The purpose of the study was an agrobiological assessment and development of individual elements of the technology for growing Dutch lettuce varieties Caipira, Crispinet, Almadraba, Azirka, Cristabel, Ezrilla and Ovired in a hydroponic flooded system. We studied two options for the density of plants on the pallets of a hydroponic unit, which provide different crop production efficiencies.

Comparative study on flash flood hazard assessment for Nam Ou River Basin, Lao PDR

Laos is a mountainous, rainy and less developed country in Southeast Asia. In Laos, floods represent a major constraint on social economic development, causing a large number of casualties and property losses each year, among which the impact from flash floods is also very prominent. Especially in recent decades, with the development of social economy and the intensification of hydropower development, the serious threat from flash floods is becoming more and more obvious. However, there is no fundamental defence system for flash floods been established yet in this country, and the basic knowledge on local flash flood development is also ignored. For filling this gap, taking the Nam Ou River Basin as an example, this paper tries to find out the most helpful hazard assessment method for current Laos based on comparative analysis from the flash flood potential index, the calculation of curve number–rainfall erosivity and the extrapolation method. The results show that the extrapolation method based on spatial lag model constructed by the data from Yunnan, China, presents the most reliable outcome compared with the other two methods, indicating the spatial autocorrelation model can also be useful for extrapolation, effectively. Besides, the scale effect of different potential impact elements on flash flood, i.e. the spatial correlation between each element and the distribution of flash flood events at different spatial statistic units, was also preliminary studied. It is found that the degree of correlation in spatial analysis depends on the short board effect, i.e. only the element that restricts the regional flash flood developmental system can be the key factor. The correlations of most watershed elements increase or decrease directly with the rise of watershed scale, and the values of coefficients tend to be stable at large watershed scales.

Capturing flood-risk dynamics with a coupled agent-based and hydraulic modelling framework

ABSTRACT Two-way interactions and feedback between hydrological and social processes in settled floodplains determine the complex human–flood system and change vulnerability over time. To focus on the dynamic role of individual and governmental decision making on flood-risk management, we developed and implemented a coupled agent-based and hydraulic modelling framework. Within this framework, household agents are located in a floodplain protected by a levee system. Individual behaviour is based on Protection Motivation Theory and includes the options to (1) not react to flood risk; (2) implement individual flood protection measures; or (3) file a complaint to the government. The government decides about reinforcing the levee system, compromising between a cost-benefit analysis and filed complaints from households. We found that individual decision making can significantly influence flood risk. In addition, the coupled agent-based and hydraulic modelling framework approach captures commonly observed socio-hydrological dynamics, namely levee and adaptation effects. It provides an explanatory tool for assessing spatial and temporal dynamics of flood risk in a socio-hydrological system.

Multi-scale robustness model for highway networks under flood events

Transportation system infrastructure often experiences severe flood-related disruptions such as overtopping, erosion, and scour. The ensuing damages can result in enormous direct and indirect economic losses to the traffic network and consequently the individuals through conditions like inaccessibility to commuters and reduction in traffic safety. Many studies have claimed that a robust transportation system could significantly prevent such consequences from natural hazards such as floods, highlighting the importance of robustness measures that could be used by decision-makers to properly manage flooded transportation system. Most available measures related to network robustness assessment are qualitative, and while some recent studies have focused on such evaluation using quantitative assessment approaches related to environmental or social-economic operations, they lack the holistic view towards robustness under flood events. This study develops a composite multi-scale transportation-system robustness model considering flood hazards by synthesizing geographical damage recognition, topological functionality analysis, network operation evaluation, and traffic-user loss estimation. This integrated model has been applied in a real-world highway network, mainly revealing that a given intensive flood occurrence at different locations may result in a variety of after-flood disruptions in the transportation network. To assist the asset owners with developing more reasonable prevention and recovery plans, the developed multi-scale robustness index presents both visible multi-denominational flood consequences and an overall post-event transportation-system robustness indicator.

Flood and Notification Monitoring System using Ultrasonic Sensor Integrated with IoT and Blynk Applications: Designed for Vehicle Parking

Terengganu received heavy rainfall during the Northeast monsoon which strikes between October and March thus can leads to severe floods almost every year all over the state. The floods around Dungun area of Terengganu state was due to the combination of physical factors such as elevation and its close proximity to the sea apart from heavy rainfall received during the monsoon period. A flood warning system is designed to warn and alert the owners of the vehicle about the flood immediately. The system will detect water level through an ultrasonic sensor and will automatically send a notification via IoT technology to the owner’s smartphone through the Blynk Application. A water level sensor will be set at two points which is at 0.05m and 0.09m from ground level. When the water reaches this point, it will light on LED and trigger buzzer that acts as an alarm to alert both owner and authorities. Alerting signs of water level are notified on the Blynk application that was connected through ESP8266 Wi-Fi module via IoT teechnology.

Micro-scale Flood Hazard Assessment Based on Catastrophe Theory and an Integrated 2-D Hydraulic Model: A Case Study of Gongshuangcha Detention Basin in Dongting Lake Area, China

Assessments of urban flood hazards are crucial for planning and early warning flood system design. Moreover, hazard risk assessment is useful for emergency planning and insurance. There are two common methods for conducting flood hazard risk assessments (FHRA): those based on physical models and those based on parameters. Although physical models are able to simulate flood propagation processes accurately, they also have obvious shortcomings. Parameter-based FHRAs are more comprehensive because they emphasize the analysis of hazard factors. However, this approach also has various flaws, including its qualitative, macro-scale and high subjective nature. In this study, the strengths of both methods were combined to develop a new micro-scale FHRA. Taking the FHRA of the flood storage and detention area of Dongting Lake as an example, this study used high-precision digital elevation model (DEM) data generated from an airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud to construct a two-dimensional (2-D) flood propagation model. Micro-scale FHRAs were then performed using eight selected FHR indicators based on catastrophe theory. By automatically calculating the FHR value of each assessment unit based on hierarchical recursion, the catastrophe theory and catastrophe progression method effectively avoided uncertainty in weight assignment, which is an issue commonly faced by parameter-based methods. The FHRA results obtained under 144 different sequences of assessment indicators also show that the proposed method has a low sensitivity to the ranking of FHR indicators, as well as a high fault tolerance for different assessment results arising from subjective rankings by humans.

Using radar-based quantitative precipitation data with coupled soil- and groundwater balance models for stream flow simulation in a karst area

A distributed soil water balance model, combined with a lumped karst groundwater model was developed, aiming to simulate stream discharge in karst catchments. Both modelling frameworks, which can be used separately, are presented. They were tested for the Lauchert catchment in the south-west of Germany, using radar based precipitation data, with the focus on simulating flood events. A soil water balance model with 100m grid resolution was combined with groundwater model compartments on a subcatchment base for the catchment covering 450km2. Results show good fits to observed runoff data and could be verified with soil-moisture and groundwater level observations. Specifically, spatially distributed precipitation data has proven to be very helpful for modelling local storm events, which are often not captured by station based weather data. The presented approach is a promising step towards an early warning system for floods in karst catchments.

Bottom-Up Assessment of Climate Risk and the Robustness of Proposed Flood Management Strategies in the American River, CA

The hydrologic nonstationarity and uncertainty associated with climate change requires new decision-making methods to incorporate climate change impacts into flood frequency and flood risk analyses. To aid decision-making under climate change, we developed a bottom-up approach for assessing the performance of flood management systems under climate uncertainty and nonstationarity. The developed bottom-up approach was applied to the American River, CA, USA flood management system by first identifying the sensitivity and vulnerability of the system to different climates. To do this, we developed a climate response surface by calculating and plotting Expected Annual Damages (EAD, $/year) under different flood regimes. Next, we determined a range of plausible future climate change and flood frequency scenarios by applying Bayesian statistical methods to projected future flows derived from a Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model forced with Global Circulation Model (GCM) output. We measured system robustness as the portion of plausible future scenarios under which the current flood system could meet its performance goal. Using this approach, we then evaluated the robustness of four proposed management strategies in the 2012 Central Valley Flood Protection Plan in terms of both flood risk and cost-effectiveness, to assess the performance of the strategies in the face of climate risks. Results indicated that the high sensitivity of the expected damages to changes in flood regimes makes the system extremely vulnerable to a large portion of the plausible range of future flood conditions. The management strategy that includes a combination of nature-based flood management actions along with engineered structures yields the greatest potential to increase system robustness in terms of maintaining EAD below an acceptable risk threshold. However, this strategy still leaves the system vulnerable to a wide range of plausible future conditions. As flood frequency regimes increase in intensity from the current conditions, the cost-effectiveness of the management strategies increases, to a point, before decreasing. This bottom up analysis demonstrated a viable decision-making approach for water managers in the face of uncertain and changing future conditions. Neglecting to use such an approach and omitting climate considerations from water resource planning could lead to strategies that do not perform as expected or which actually lead to mal-adaptations, increasing vulnerability to climate change.

Formation mechanism and distribution characteristics of micro residual oil in ultra-high water cut reservoirs a case study of yangsanmu oilfield

The formation mechanism and distribution characteristics of microscopic remaining oil are the basis for efficient development and enhanced oil recovery of heavy oil reservoirs in ultra-high water cut stage. This paper takes Yangsanmu heavy oil reservoir in Huanghua depression as an example, micro-displacement simulation experiment based on microscopic pore structure analysis. Through parallel experiments, the remaining oil displacement effects of water flooding combined with polymer flooding, water flooding and surfactant polymer system combination, water flooding and poly-alkaline ternary composite flooding were compared. The formation mechanism and distribution pattern of remaining oil under different displacement medium conditions were studied to find a reasonable displacement medium system. The experimental results show that the formation of microscopic remaining oil in the study area is related to the stripping effect, the flow around, the pinch action occurs, the run through effect and the adherent flow. The distribution types of remaining oil are mainly angular type, pore wall oil film type, throat retention type, dispersed oil drop type and porphyritic remaining oil in macropores. The analysis of residual oil saturation under different displacement media shows that the combined flooding effect of water flooding and poly-alkaline ternary composite flooding are the best, followed by water flooding and surfactant polymer system combination flooding. This study provides guidance for the remaining oil exploration plan of the ultra-high water cut stage heavy oil reservoir in this area.

Community and Impact Based Early Warning System for Flood Risk Preparedness: The Experience of the Sirba River in Niger

Floods have recently become a major hazard in West Africa (WA) in terms of both their magnitude and frequency. They affect livelihoods, infrastructure and production systems, hence impacting on Sustainable Development (SD). Early Warning Systems (EWS) for floods that properly address all four EWS components, while also being community and impact-based, do not yet exist in WA. Existing systems address only the main rivers, are conceived in a top-down manner and are hazard-centered. This study on the Sirba river in Niger aims to demonstrate that an operational community and impact-based EWS for floods can be set up by leveraging the existing tools, local stakeholders and knowledge. The main finding of the study is that bridging the gap between top-down and bottom-up approaches is possible by directly connecting the available technical capabilities with the local level through a participatory approach. This allows the beneficiaries to define the rules that will develop the whole system, strengthening their ability to understand the information and take action. Moreover, the integration of hydrological forecasts and observations with the community monitoring and preparedness system provides a lead time suitable for operational decision-making at national and local levels. The study points out the need for the commitment of governments to the transboundary sharing of flood information for EWS and SD.

Implementation of IOT & LabVIEW for Restrained Flooding system

Objective of this proposed system is to provide IoT based involuntary flooding system with soil nutrient measurement. It uses an MSP 432 controller which is programmed to regulate the entire system. Soil moisture sensor used for measure the moisture level of the soil if the moisture level is below the predefined level then the motor is automatically on then it reaches the desired level then the motor is automatically off. Then the soil nutrient like potassium, phosphorous and nitrate are measured by using TCS230 color sensor. This will help to reduce water wastage, reduce human effort, and increase plant life time. Outputs are simulated using Energia for MSP432 & simple layout design using Labview

Study on synergistic enhancement of oil recovery by halloysite nanotubes and glucose-based surfactants

Halloysite nanofluids (HNTs) were modified with glucose-based cationic nonionic surfactant (GDBB), which was used to enhance oil recovery. The potential EOR mechanisms were studied by changing wettability, reducing interfacial tension. Besides, the emulsion properties of GDBB/HNTs nanoparticles were also investigated. Simultaneously, micromodel experiments were carried out to explore the oil displacement effect and the mechanism of nanofluids. Consequently, the results of the core flooding system showed that a stable Pickering emulsion with GDBB/HNTs (H-GDBB) stability could significantly improve the oil recovery, and 12.5 mM H-GDBB nanofluid flooding system could significantly improve oil recovery by 25.2%, showing a quite good oil displacement effect.

High-Resolution Schemes for Stochastic Nonlinear Conservation Laws

In this paper, high-resolution methods for stochastic Buckley Leverett equation and stochastic polymer flooding system are used. The models are augmented with random initial conditions. The numerical solutions are obtained to assess the performance of the methods on the stochastic models of conservation laws for different flow situations. The mean and standard deviation of the stochastic solutions are evaluated. It is investigated that, to what extent recent, the randomness in initial data can affect and be useful in this framework. The consistency, stability and the local truncation error of the methods are proved. Numerical experiments with different scenarios simulate the saturation profile of the models and demonstrating the accuracy of the schemes.

Optimization for Starve Fed/Flood Fed Single Screw Extrusion of Polymeric Materials.

A novel computer optimization system for flood fed/starve fed single screw extrusion of polymeric materials has been developed. This coupled system allows us to optimize single screw extrusion both flood fed and starve fed. Optimization is based on process simulation which is performed using global extrusion model GSEM (Global Screw Extrusion Model). The process is optimized with the use of GASEO (Genetic Algorithms Screw Extrusion Optimization) procedures which were developed using Genetic Algorithms. An example of optimization of extrusion process parameters has been presented to maximize extrusion output and minimize specific energy consumption. Optimization has been performed in a unique and original way in a coupled manner when both modes of feeding were allowed. The studies have shown that the optimal process is extrusion with starving. In this case, the global objective function reached the highest value, and extrusion throughput was relatively high and specific energy consumption was minimal.

The research of relative permeability curve for microbial flooding in Baolige oilfield

To adequately simulate environment of Baolige oilfield reservoir, research the seepage variation of microbial in the reservoir, we selected the current microbial flooding system, nature core, dehydration crude oil and injection water of Baolige oilfield. And the evaluation experiments of microbial flooding system and the relative permeability experiments of water flooding and microbial flooding were carried out. Results showed that the flooding system had obvious effect to reduce the emulsification, viscosity and IFT. Comparing to the water flooding, the two-phase seepage area expanded, oil phase permeability endpoint shifted to the right, and residual oil saturation decreased when using microbial flooding. The water phase permeability decreased and the oil phase permeability increased. The relative permeability in the isotonic point changed little, but shifted to the right. Microbial flooding anhydrous recovery period was longer, and the anhydrous recovery rate was higher. In the condition of the same injection, microbial flooding had higher degree of reserve recovery and the displacement pressure was lower. The experiment results fully reflected the two-phase flow in the microbial flooding process, and provided important parameters and basic basis for the prediction and effect evaluation of microbial flooding.

Feasibility Study on Chemical Flooding in Super High Porosity and Permeability Heavy Oil Reservoir

In this paper, the feasibility study of chemical flooding is carried out for ultra-high porosity and high permeability heavy oil field with permeability higher than 10 μm2 and porosity greater than 35%. The viscosity-concentration relationship of four kinds of oil flooding systems such as hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, structural polymer A, structural polymer B and gel was studied. The results showed that the viscosity of ordinary polymer and structural polymer B was lower compared with other two types of oil displacement agents, and the viscosity of structural polymer A was higher. The higher the concentration, the higher the viscosity retention rate. The gel system has the highest viscosity and best anti-shear ability. The resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient of structural polymer A and gel system were further studied. The results show that permeability, velocity and polymer concentration all affect the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient. From the point of view of resistance establishment ability, it is considered that structural polymer A is not suitable for permeability formation above 10 μm2. Gel system has stronger ability to establish resistance coefficient than structural polymer A flooding system, and it is more feasible for formation system with permeability above 10 μm2.

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Agricultural systems in Bangladesh: the first archaeobotanical results from Early Historic Wari-Bateshwar and Early Medieval Vikrampura

The present paper reports the first systematic archaeobotanical evidence from Bangladesh together with direct AMS radiocarbon dates on crop remains. Macro-botanical remains were collected by flotation from two sites, Wari-Bateshwar (WB), an Early Historic archaeological site, dating mainly between 400 and 100 BC, with a later seventh century AD temple complex, and Raghurampura Vikrampura (RV), a Buddhist Monastery (vihara) located within the Vikrampura city site complex and dating to the eleventh and sixteenth centuries AD. Despite being a tropical country, with high rainfall and intensive soil processes, our work demonstrates that conventional archaeobotany, the collection of macro-remains through flotation, has much potential towards putting together a history of crops and agricultural systems in Bangladesh. The archaeobotanical assemblage collected from both sites indicates the predominance of rice agriculture, which would have been practiced in summer. Spikelet bases are of domesticated type rice, while grain metrics suggest the majority of rice was probably subspecies japonica. The presence of some wetland weeds suggests at least some of the rice was grown in wet (flooded) systems, but much of it may have been rainfed as inferred from the Southeast Asian weed Acmella paniculata. Other crops include winter cereals, barley and possible oat, and small numbers of summer millets (Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, Setaria italica), a wide diversity of summer and winter pulses (14 spp.), cotton, sesame and mustard seed. Pulse crops included many known from India. Thus, while most crops indicate diffusion of crops from India eastwards, the absence of indica rice could also indicate some diffusion from Southeast Asia. The later site RV also produced evidence of the rice bean (Vigna umbellata), a domesticate of mainland Southeast Asia. These data provide the first empirical evidence for reconstructing past agriculture in Bangladesh and for the role of connections to both India and mainland Southeast Asia in the development of crop diversity in the Ganges delta region.

Irrigation and tillage effects on soil nitrous oxide emissions in maize monoculture

AbstractIrrigation and soil management can impact soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Flood and sprinkler irrigation systems together with conventional tillage are the main practices used in the high yielding maize systems in Mediterranean Spain. The objective of this field work was to quantify the effect of the irrigation system (i.e., flood, F; and sprinkler, S) and the soil tillage system (i.e., conventional tillage, CT; no‐tillage maintaining the maize stover, NTr; and no‐tillage removing the maize stover, NT) on the N2O emissions from the soil during 3 yr (2015, 2016, and 2017). S irrigation, with mean values of 1.35 kg N2O‐N ha−1 yr−1 throughout the 3 yr, obtained 42% lower N2O emissions than F irrigation. On average of the three growing seasons, yield‐scaled N2O emissions by grain yield and by grain N uptake in F irrigation were two‐fold higher than in S irrigation. Moreover, in one out of three growing seasons (2017), no‐tillage systems (i.e., NTr and NT) showed greater yield‐scaled N2O emissions compared with CT. The higher maize grain yield with the S irrigation compared to F irrigation, as well as the lower N2O emissions reported under S irrigation resulted in the reduction of the yield‐scaled N2O emissions. Our findings highlight the role of sprinkler irrigation decreasing N2O emissions in comparison to flood irrigation in Mediterranean agroecosystems.

Metallic Oxides Nanoparticles: The New Frontier in EOR

With the rate at which most fields are becoming marginal and money is sunk to effectively recover more oil, there still lie factors that hinder oil recovery. Some of these factors are cost of recovery material, shear resistance of materials, stability of recovery materials in subsurface conditions, environmental friendliness of recovery material, ease of handling material etc. Nanoparticle EOR is a relatively new EOR technique with little or no application in the oil and gas industry. Though it is mostly still under experimentation in various labs across the world. It has proved beyond any reasonable doubt to fulfill the above stated loopholes in EOR. It also reduces interfacial tension, capillary pressure, wettability of oil, etc. with high displacement efficiency at low cost. This journal work is based on the recovery efficiency of three metallic oxides nanoparticles and their different characteristics which are very important to oil recovery. From the experimental work, it was found that aluminum oxide nanoparticles reduced interfacial tension and viscosity with a very high recovery factor, silicon oxide nanoparticles rapidly reduced wettability with a high recovery as well as magnesium oxide nanoparticle with the least. However, each of the metallic oxide particle experimented and analyzed in a core flooding system have their very peculiar property uniquely suitable for EOR at low cost and high recovery. However, the concentration of nanoparticle plays a key role in its recovery ability. The higher the concentration, the more tendencies to agglomerate and hinder permeability, the lesser the concentration, the less effective it can be. In my research, different concentrations were considered to determine the optimum concentration of metallic oxide nanoparticles with little or no adverse effect to the formation rock and fluid properties with optimum recovery.