Flooding Problems Research Articles

Data-Driven Flood Alert System (FAS) Using Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) to Forecast Flood Stages

Heavy rainfall leads to severe flooding problems with catastrophic socio-economic impacts worldwide. Hydrologic forecasting models have been applied to provide alerts of extreme flood events and reduce damage, yet they are still subject to many uncertainties due to the complexity of hydrologic processes and errors in forecasted timing and intensity of the floods. This study demonstrates the efficacy of using eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) as a state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) model to forecast gauge stage levels at a 5-min interval with various look-out time windows. A flood alert system (FAS) built upon the XGBoost models is evaluated by two historical flooding events for a flood-prone watershed in Houston, Texas. The predicted stage values from the FAS are compared with observed values with demonstrating good performance by statistical metrics (RMSE and KGE). This study further compares the performance from two scenarios with different input data settings of the FAS: (1) using the data from the gauges within the study area only and (2) including the data from additional gauges outside of the study area. The results suggest that models that use the gauge information within the study area only (Scenario 1) are sufficient and advantageous in terms of their accuracy in predicting the arrival times of the floods. One of the benefits of the FAS outlined in this study is that the XGBoost-based FAS can run in a continuous mode to automatically detect floods without requiring an external starting trigger to switch on as usually required by the conventional event-based FAS systems. This paper illustrates a data-driven FAS framework as a prototype that stakeholders can utilize solely based on their gauging information for local flood warning and mitigation practices.

Legal Review In Structuring And Normalization Of Rivers As An Effort To Mitigate Flooding In The City Of Banjarmasin

The rivers and canals in Banjarmasin need to be reorganized to restore the rivers and canals to be able to function. Various legal policies have been taken by Banjarmasin Government, from issuing regulations on rivers to making policies to establish a River Normalization Task Force. This research is aimed to analyze the Banjarmasin government's regional regulations that regulate the rivers and rivers layout, as well as the effectiveness of the legal policy taken by the government as mitigation of the flood problems Banjarmasin faces.This study uses an interdisciplinary legal research method (socio-legal methodology); where the law (in this case the statutory text) is not only interpreted as an object of value-free study but the law is interpreted as an object that is rich in values (including non-legal values).Based on the geographical condition ofBanjarmasin, rivers and canals should be very important for Banjarmasin as a way to avoid flooding. Therefore, it is necessary to arrange rivers and canals in Banjarmasin comprehensively and this arrangement cannot be done only partially. The river arrangement includes regulatory, institutional, and community development aspects in the vicinity. The development of the city of Banjarmasin from the point of view of city development must start from the rivers.

On the effects of flood reduction for green and grey sponge city measures and their synergistic relationship—Case study in Jinan sponge city pilot area

Flooding is a globally common natural hazard that poses increasingly adverse effects to humankinds and society with the increased impact of climate change and rapid urbanization during the past decades, especially those in developing countries. New concepts for stormwater management, such as LID (low impact developments) and BMPs (best management practices), and the SCP (Sponge City Program) of China become important means to reduce flooding disasters. Specifically, the SCP has gained much attention from scholars and engineers worldwide, and has come into practice across China. How the SCP measures work is a realistic issue, and the relationship between green and grey SCP measures remains to be understood. Therefore, in this study, simulations of the flood response under different sponge measure combinations and rainfall scenarios were carried out, and the synergistic effect of different sponge city measures was determined. The results show that the current LID measures in the study area can effectively control light and high-frequency rainfall but show limited effects with respect to extreme and low-frequency rainfall. The combination of LID measures and drainage system upgrading has a better control effect and should be properly employed to avoid harming the downstream area. Both measures fail when confronting extreme rainfall events, and emergency measures are indispensable. The two measures cooperate better to address rainfall with long recurrence intervals and great peak ratios, and show different effects on the alleviation of different flood indicators, which indicates SCP planning according to local conditions. A global angle should be adopted, and localized SCP measures are preferred. This pattern is advisable for cities facing flood problems.

Prototype of water level monitoring system using magnetic sensor and ultrasonic based on Arduino Mega 2560

Water level monitoring is an activity to observe the water level by identifying and anticipating flood problems that will arise for action to be taken as early as possible. This system is connected by water level measurement. This prototype uses two types of sensors to measure the water level, the UGN3503 magnetic sensor will detect the water level horizontally, and ultrasonic sensors will detect vertically. Arduino Mega 2560, as a control system, regulates the work of the integrated sensors. The experiment using one UGN3503 sensor is obtained the maximum deviation on the addition or reduction of water by 3 mm. The overall system experiment shows that the measurement results of the UGN3503 sensor are closer to the actual height than ultrasonic. The data region affected by the water overflow is processed in ArcGIS software to predict that area. The relationship between height alterations to the overflow area is described in a linear equation.

Study on The Making Of a Breakwell For Water Standing Management in Sitinggil Residence Jember

Drainage is one of the facilities used to drain water so that it does not cause puddles that can disrupt people's activities and the economy. In the de sitinggil residential area, Patrang District, Jember Regency, there are flood problems caused by high rainfall and significant land use changes. Changes in land use from rice fields or empty land to settlements. The change in land use results in a larger runoff. Besides that, there is sediment deposition which reduces the wet cross-sectional area, as a result the dimensions of the existing drainage channels cannot accommodate the maximum flood discharge. To anticipate the problems that occur because, it is necessary to plan an absorption well. So based on the existing process, several conclusions can be drawn, namely the runoff discharge at the 10 year return period in the housing of 0.445 m3 / s by making 20 communal infiltration wells which will be able to reduce flooding that enters the river.

Global climate-driven trade-offs between the water retention and cooling benefits of urban greening

Urban greening can potentially help mitigate heat-related mortality and flooding facing the >4 billion urban population worldwide. However, the geographical variation of the relative combined hydrological and thermal performance benefits of such interventions are unknown. Here we quantify globally, using a hydrological model, how climate-driven trade-offs exist between hydrological retention and cooling potential of urban greening such as green roofs and parks. Using a Budyko framework, we show that water retention generally increases with aridity in water-limited environments, while cooling potential favors energy-limited climates. Our models suggest that common urban greening strategies cannot yield high performance simultaneously for addressing both urban heat-island and urban flooding problems in most cities globally. Irrigation, if sustainable, may enhance cooling while maintaining retention performance in more arid locations. Increased precipitation variability with climate change may reduce performance of thinner green-infrastructure more quickly compared to greened areas with thicker soils and root systems. Our results provide a conceptual framework and first-order quantitative guide for urban development, renewal and policymaking.

FLOOD CONTROL THROUGH STRUCTURAL AND NON-STRUCTURAL AMPLIFICATION APPROACHES

Changes in land use along with the increase in population both in urban and rural areas, of course, are followed by problems and environmental damage, for example; flooding, garbage, and damage to drainage construction. Preventing flood disasters, it is necessary to develop strategies and control techniques for flood-affected areas (including watersheds) through structural and non-structural amplification strategies in their control. The method of approach is qualitative description and descriptive comparative case which aims to look at the flood problems that occurred in several locations from a technical and social point of view as well as strategies for handling them. In addition, a spatial analysis of the watershed area was carried out on field observation data on objects affected by flooding to determine the physical and social conditions related to flood control efforts. The government has taken various steps to overcome flooding, but it is recognized that it is still not optimal due to land suitability factors. Through structural and non-structural amplification approaches, watershed conditions can be evaluated and optimized over time according to conditions. Structural and non-structural amplification approaches are predicted to help the process of flood prevention and control more optimally. The concept of evaluating land suitability for residential areas and watershed areas, as well as the social conditions of local communities.

Stable foam systems for improving oil recovery under high-temperature and high-salt reservoir conditions

Foams have high apparent viscosity when flowing in porous media, therefore foam flooding could significantly improve unfavorable mobility ratios, increase sweep efficiency, and enhance oil recovery. However, the applications of foam flooding in high-temperature and high-salt reservoirs are seriously restricted as foam systems often have inferior foamability and stability in these reservoirs. In this study, to improve foam flooding effectiveness in high-temperature and high-salt reservoirs, novel foam systems with excellent stability and plugging capacity are developed by combining surfactants, additives, and polymers. The performance of bulk foam, physical properties of the solutions, and properties of foam systems in core-flow experiments are investigated to determine the synergistic effects among the components of the foam systems and their foamability and plugging effect in cores. In foam systems with sodium alcohol ether sulfate (AES) and dodecylhydroxypropyl sulfobetaine (DHSB) as surfactants, and dodecanol as additive, the combination of the components makes surface tension decreased and surface dilatational modulus increased, therefore the foamability and stability of the systems are improved. The results of core-flow experiments under high-temperature and high-salt conditions show that these combined systems require low injection rate for foam generation in reservoirs, which is beneficial for foam regeneration in reservoirs. Moreover, to further improve the foam performance, a hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer (HAWP) is employed. The interactions between HAWP and the surfactants reduce the critical association concentration of HAWP, and result in the increase of solution apparent viscosity and foam stability. The results of core-flow experiments under high-temperature and high-salt conditions show that polymer-enhanced foam systems could significantly increase the sealing pressure, widen the sealing permeability range, and deal with the gas-channeling problem of foam flooding. These foam systems could provide a potential technical pathway for improving the effectiveness of foam flooding in high-temperature and high-salt reservoirs.

Floods and their problems: Land uses and soil types perspectives

The phenomenon of flooding that occurs in almost all regions of the earth causes loss of property and damage to public facilities and causes the loss of many human lives. There are many reports related to the causes of flooding with various solutions offered to overcome the flood problem. However, it seems that these efforts have not been able to eliminate the flood problem. Hydrologists have widely reported various factors that are the cause of flooding with an extensive scope. Therefore, this paper is limited to discussing flooding and its problems, specifically the river flood, from the perspective of land use and soil types. Changes in land use in a watershed can cause an increase in the runoff coefficient. Likewise, different types of soil have different abilities in passing water into the ground. Open land (without land cover) tends to be prone to erosion, reducing the soil’s infiltration capacity and increased surface runoff. Increasing the runoff coefficient will increase the peak discharge in a watershed. The decrease in the river capacity due to sediment can cause a river flood. To support this argument, a rainfall-runoff model, particularly the tank model, is also discussed, taking into account the various uses and types of soil in a watershed. Efforts to anticipate the river flood are also considered for formulating flood disaster control policies in a watershed.

Temporal and spatial variation of rainfall characteristics under high urbanization in the Lake Taihu Plain

随着人类活动和气候变化影响的加剧，降雨特征变化引发的洪水问题日益突出，探讨其时空演变特征对保障高度城镇化地区洪涝安全有较大理论和实际意义.本研究以高度城镇化的太湖平原地区为例，选取降雨强度、降雨历时、降雨集中程度和降雨峰值程度为降雨类型特征指标，以高分辨率短历时加权集合降水资料MSWEP （multi-source weighted-ensemble precipitation）为基础探讨了快速城市化发展下（1979—2016年）不同降雨历时-强度-类型的时空演变规律及其演变机制.研究结果表明：①研究区的降雨频次呈现出强度小、历时短、雨量集中于中期和高峰型降雨发生的频次高的特征；同时历时较短、集中于前期和后期的降雨频次趋于增加，而历时较长、集中于中期且中峰型降雨的频次趋于减少.②城镇化对降雨雨型的影响分析发现，高城镇化水平地区较低城镇化水平地区的降雨量更大，其中降雨强度大于25 mm/d的大雨和暴雨事件更易发生；并且更倾向于发生前期型和高峰型的极端分布降雨.随着城镇化发展研究区更易于遭受因降雨量过于集中而导致的雨涝灾害.;Under the intensification of human activities and the impact of climate change, the flood problem caused by the change of rainfall characteristics is becoming increasingly prominent. This article takes the highly urbanized regions of the Lake Taihu Basin as an example. According to multi-source weighted-ensemble precipitation (MSWEP) precipitation data, the rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, rainfall concentration degree and rainfall peak degree are selected. The rainfall data from 1979 to 2016 are divided into events to analyze the evolution characteristics of different rainfall duration-intensity-type and its mechanism in the research area. The results are as follows:① The rainfall frequency in the core regions of Lake Taihu under elevated urbanization shows that rain with low rainfall intensity, short rainfall duration, concentrated in mid-term and with higher peaks occurs more commonly. The number of short duration rainfalls, early- and late-term rainfalls show an upward trend, and the number of long and extra-long duration rainfalls, medium-term rainfalls, and moderate peak rainfalls show a downward trend. ② Based on the analysis of the impact of urbanization on rainfall patterns, the rainfall in areas with high urbanization levels is larger than that in the areas with low urbanization levels. It is more likely to occur heavy rainfall events with rainfall intensity greater than 25 mm/d in high urbanization level areas. Compared with the low urbanization level area rainfall, the high urbanization level area rainfall is more inclined to occur the extreme distribution rainfall such as early and high peak rainfall. Suffering a flood event caused by excessive concentration of rainfall is more possible with the development of urbanization in the study area.

Wpływ zmian litologii i morfologii dna doliny Mrożycy w Brzezinach na rozwój zabudowy miasta od średniowiecza do współczesności

Wpływ zmian litologii i morfologii dna doliny Mrożycy w Brzezinach na rozwój zabudowy miasta od średniowiecza do współczesności

An Integrated Decision-Making Framework Based on Many-Objective Brain Storming Optimization for Urban Drainage System Design

Many cities around the world face the flooding management problems as extreme rainfall events have become more frequent. It’s of great practical significance to design an effective urban drainage system (UDS) to improve the stormwater runoff quality. An integrated decision-making analysis framework based on many-objective brain storm optimization is proposed to make the optimal design of UDS. Firstly, a generic mathematical model is presented considering five objectives simultaneously. Secondly, an effective many-objective brain storm optimization based on local region dominance (DRP) is designed as the solver of the model and a set of Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained. Thirdly, two kinds of multi-attribute decision analysis methods are introduced to rank the Pareto-optimal solutions. Fourthly, the comparison experiments of a case study with three multi-objective evolutionary algorithms show the promising performance of the integrated decision-making framework and the corresponding optimization algorithm.

Spatial and temporal distribution of estimated surface runoff caused by land use/land cover changes in the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia

In Indonesia, flooding is one of the natural hazards that often occurs during the rainy season. Surface runoff coefficient values are an essential indicator of the supply of regional water resources. The smaller the surface runoff value, the greater the water storage in the ground, and the smaller surface was running water. This study analyses the spatial and temporal distribution of the estimated surface runoff caused by land use/land cover changes in the upstream Citarum watershed. The study area is located in the upstream Citarum watershed, West Java, Indonesia. The site has a long history of flooding and various complex environmental problems. The geographic Information System method was used as a tool in analyzing the spatially and temporally. The research result shows that there has been a change in land cover in several periods of the year in the Citarum upstream watershed. The occurrence of the LULC phenomenon positively affects the surface runoff coefficient. The increasing area of Built land and plantation in the Citarum upstream watershed will further increase the surface runoff coefficient and, in the end, will potentially increase the surface runoff and contribute to flooding in the Bandung basin. This study results can be used to provide input in determining the direction and policies for watershed management, taking into account the varying characteristics of each subwatershed.

Investigation of the hydrodynamics of man-made water by remote methods (on the example of southern Kryvbas)

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree and nature of man-made changes in the condition of the hydrogeological structure of the upper part of the earth's crust in the south of the Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin (Kryvbas). Another goal was the search and localization of sources of highly mineralized waters of the studied territory. To understand the nature of the watering (dewatering) of the section, the results of mapping the deformation of the terrain on the Sentinel-1 IW SLC space radar images were used. The resulting changes in the relief of the area were compared with the results of repeated geoelectrical observations, which showed zones of the day surface to the south of the "Livoberezhny" dumps, which are subject to subsidence and have areas of local flooding and waterlogging. They are mainly associated to the complex structure of zones of tectonic disturbances, zones of intersection of Precambrian faults of sub-meridional extension and west-northwest, which affect the distribution and localization of mineralized waters. Analysis of the data of hydrogeological, hydrological, engineering-geological and geophysical studies of the territory at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries showed the degree of change in the hydrogeological environment over several decades. A comprehensive interpretation of space radar and geophysical survey data made it possible to assess the physical processes that take place from the surface to depths of tens of meters below it. The carried out geoelectrical research made it possible to establish the width of the rock water table in the upper part of the section, which ranges from 50 to 150 m, and the presence of a local depression on the roof of the foundation, under pond "Lebiazhyi". The latter is due to the specificity of the connection (knot) of differently oriented faults, where highly mineralized waters preserved in the Kryvyi Rih fault system are still stored and accumulated in the form of lenses. The conclusion is the integration of remote methods that study various properties of the geological environment increase the possibility of operational and scientifically based identification of problems of flooding of the territory and allow to control safe activities in the zone of influence of man-made objects.

Preliminary investigation on historical flood events using the HEC-HMS hydrological modelling for Kelantan River catchment

Investigation on historical flood events in river catchment requires a proper estimation of discharge, that can achieve by developing hydrological modelling of the catchment. However, understanding the complex relationships between rainfall and runoff process is a complex task, and hydrologic models should be well-calibrated to make the application of the model effective. In this study, Hydrologic Engineering Center-hydrologic modelling system (HEC-HMS) has been developed for several sub-catchments in Kelantan River, Malaysia, for prediction of its hydrologic response and flood events for several return periods. The results are indicating the good performance of the HEC-HMS model for discharge simulation, in which the correlation coefficient (r) has been found to range from 0.64-0.98 and 0.75-0.95 during the calibration and validation periods, respectively. The study also shows that the major floods in the Kelantan River catchment have been in line with the 50-year ARI design flood that been simulated by the model. The proposed HEC-HMS model could be beneficial to the studied catchment in terms of preparing a comprehensive guideline of a risk for the existing and future flood problems.

Community Participation in Reducing the Risk of Flood Disaster in Tuminting District Manado City

Floods have undesirable impacts including physical, social, economic, and environmental impacts, such as (1) Physical impacts are damage to public facilities, such as offices caused by flooding, and (2) Social impacts include death, health risks, mental trauma, disruption of educational activities, and other basic needs, (3) Economic impacts include material loss, disruption of economic activities such as people unable to go to work and others and (4) Environmental impacts include water pollution such as pollutants brought by the flood. Based on the results of the research and discussion above related to community participation in flood control in Tuminting sub-district, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Community participation in Tuminting sub-district in the implementation of development is good in providing ideas/ideas, providing material and financial assistance and participation in contributing energy is quite good. Although there are still some residents who have not been actively involved. The enthusiasm of the community in the Tuminting Sub-district to attend meetings in development planning is quite good, and working together in handling the flood problem is quite good, (2) The efforts of the Tuminting subdistrict government and the Tuminting, Sumampo, and Mahawu sub-districts in disaster mitigation activities and inviting the community to participate in flood disaster management is very good.

Urban floods management using AHP and FMEA methods-case study of Bejaia, Algeria

This study aims to help the management of the Stormwater Drainage System (SDS) of Bejaia City to manage urban flood problems, i.e., to provide them with tools for a better organization of information on SDS combined with a better optimization of its interventions on the network. Our study is based on a multicriteria analysis of the ?SDS-inundation-Impact? system. We used a multicriteria approach and classified the overflow points called Black Points (BPs) using two methods: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Failure Mode, Effect and criticality Analysis (FMEA). The criteria and the evaluation scale were defined on the basis of past observations, expert opinions, and feedback experience. The map of the past flooded areas was made and used to calibrate the two models. We mapped the BPs according to intervention priorities (one to four). The outcomes from both models are greatly comparable to the results of the impact assessment of past floods. The proposed approach can also reduce flood risks by integrating some of influencing factors (causing floodings) and the application can be adapted and implemented in other cities too. Both methods are reliable, particularly the AHP for the most overflowing BPs. They could be advantageously combined to improve decision-making.

Focus Group Discussion Masalah Pertanian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Penanaman Pohon Bambu di Salingka Kampus Universitas Andalas

Land conditions in Sungkai, Padang City, have slopes and high rainfall. The causes low water absorption capacity. For this reason, it is necessary to plant plants that can help increase water absorption, one of which is bamboo plants. This activity was carried out on November 6, 2021, to empower the community of farmer groups in the Andalas University campus with a focus group discussion on agricultural issues and planting bamboo trees. The activity consists of four stages: preparation, counselling/socialization, focus group discussion, and field practice. There are five main problems to solve. The issues found are 1) how to handle flooding in the river; 2) how to control plant-disturbing organisms without using chemicals; 3) new land clearing methods so as not to damage the environment; 4) how to obtain and treat good seeds and seedlings before planting, and 5) farmer group dynamics and their resolution. Planting bamboo is one of the steps to deal with the problem of flooding. Bamboo has a very tight, broad, and strong root system to strengthen the soil structure and withstand water runoff. Bamboo plants can also become new hosts of pests that damage cultivated plants. The service team synergizes with extension workers to understand bamboo, which can be an alternative in sustainably conserving soil and water.

Policy Framework for Myanmar Rice Production and In-Depth Study on Greenhouse Gas Emissions

This study assesses the interactive nature of rice and climate change in the context of Myanmar, one of the largest rice-producing countries. In the first section, special emphasis is given to the current situation of Myanmar’s rice production as affected by climate change alongside with possible adaptation strategies. Since only a small share (23.6 %) of the rice area is irrigated, low precipitation climate extremes directly translate into either drought problems due to limited access of water in case of drought or flood problems due to limited drainage. Moreover, more than half of the national rice production derives from the Ayaryewady delta, so that Myanmar’s food security is very susceptible to impacts triggered tropical cyclones such as “Nargis” in 2008. The scope of adaptation to climate change is elaborated at different levels ranging technical options for increasing resilience of the rice crop to policies that alleviate risks for farmers.

Efective drainage of rainwater from roads by rain garden-strips in the concept of the city-sponge

Today there is a problem of flooding of urban areas with rainwater and their slow drainage to rainwater sewage and further to the distribution collectors. There are several ways to ensure the resilience of urban areas to heavy rains and downpours. One of the current methods is "green" roofs (horizontal or sloping) ith green plantings, which is capable to absorb water. A certain amount of water is absorbed by the plants, its certain amount remains in the substratum, and the rest is filtered by several layers of the structure under the plants, which throttles the movement of it to the storm-water sewage. The second method is to collect rainwater in special storage tanks, which are located on the roof or near to the building or in the soil structure in the yard. The accumulated water is used for household needs: watering lawns, washing, flushing toilets, washing floors, cleaning pavements, etc. The third method is to absorb water and drain it by natural biological terrestrial sponge facilities: permeable surfaces, sloping terrain, natural vegetation, green structures, rain gardens, etc. These correspond to the modern concept of "sponge city". The authors propose a method of rapid drainage of rainwater using special "green structures" – rain-garden bands along the roadways. The ability to capture water by rain-garden bands has been confirmed on the example of most of the regional centres of Ukraine in case of the strongest observed precipitation. Such rapid drainage becomes especially important in the transition from cities for cars to cities for bicycles. This increases the requirements to avoid slippery roads for increasing the stability of these vehicles. In addition, the proposed rain gardens with shrubs can perform safe protective functions by extinguishing the kinetic energy of bouncing cars during a road accident.