Flood Management Research Articles

IHST (Integrated, Holistic, Spatial, and Thematic) Flood Management Model: The Integration of Flood Model, Green Infrastructure and Non-Structural Mitigation in the Urban Area of Barabai City

Abstract The January 2021 Floods paralyzed the entire Hulu Sungai Tengah Region, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, submerging 20,553 houses, causing minor damage to 2,973 houses, severe damage to 268 houses, and resulting in losses exceeding 53 million dollars. The Barabai Urban Area was one of the locations severely affected by flood. The flood management was conducted in the Barabai urban area to predict and visualize water movement during flooding, aiding in understanding and mitigating flood risks, as well as developing effective flood management strategies. The flood management was carried out adopted the IHST Model, which is the abbreviation from Integrated, Holistic, Spatial, and Thematic. The activities involve HECRAS 6.2 application, utilizing Google Earth terrain data, river geometry data, and flood discharge analysis based on the Nakayasu method. The analysis results highlighted the need for both structural and non-structural flood interventions. Non-structural interventions aiming to reduce vulnerability and enhance community capacity in facing flood. Structural developments involved the construction of storm water retention ponds and river embankments at specific locations based on the flood modelling results. The concept of polder and river embankment development was approached through green infrastructure principles, as flood management solutions should not only facilitate rapid water drainage but also improve soil absorption to prevent prolonged inundation.

Flood Monitoring and Mapping in the Ghatal Region of West Bengal, India

Abstract The Ghatal block of Paschim Medinipur district in West Bengal, India experiences frequent flooding due to the overflow of the rivers Dwarakeswar, Rupnarayan, Shilabati, and their tributaries. Although the Ghatal master plan was prepared and the foundation stone was placed in 1982 to reduce the flood vulnerability in this region, the plan is still not being implemented. To determine the flood vulnerability in the Ghatal block, very few research investigations have been carried out. The previous studies just applied a successful scientific methodology to evaluate flood risk; they did not engage in participatory research with local community perception. Hence, a thorough investigation is needed to manage floods in a way that increases community resilience. Using a comparative review and the geographic information system (GIS), the study seeks to identify the flood-prone locations in the Ghatal block, which is essential for flood management in any region. The article uses a multi-criteria analysis to pinpoint probable flood hazard regions. Seven parameters are used in the study to carry out the multi-criteria analytical hierarchy procedure. Based on their relative importance for the event, the criteria’s weights are determined using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method, and a Suitability Index is prepared. The index indicates that the severe problem of river flooding in the Ghatal block of Paschim Medinipur needs to be looked after on an urgent basis and with path-breaking solutions, especially for the Ghatal municipality and the various gram panchayats such as Irpala, Mansuka-I, Monoharpur-I, Ajobnagar-I, Mohonpur, Dewanchak-I and the North-Eastern part of Sultanpur and the Southern part of Dewanchak-II.

Community perception towards sustainable urban stormwater management practices: a case study in Thu Duc City, Vietnam

Abstract Sustainable urban Stormwater Management (SSM) is currently widely implemented globally to support urban flood management efforts. It is commonly known by terms such as Green Infrastructure (GI), Best Management Practice (BMP), Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) or Low Impact Development (LID). However, in Vietnam, these approaches are still relatively new and have not been widely adopted due to various barriers, including community perception. Therefore, this study conducted a preliminary social survey in the Thu Duc City area to gain a deeper understanding of perspectives, knowledge, and support for SSM practices. The results showed that among the surveyed residents, 78% favored a centralized stormwater management manner (e.g., retention/detention ponds,…), 51% preferred a decentralized manner (e.g., rain gardens, infiltration trenches,…) and 45% considered household-level practices (e.g., green roofs, rain barrels,…). Additionally, when asked about financial contributions towards implementing these practices, approximately 70% did not support the idea, and 50% believed it was the government’s responsibility. The research findings highlight the diversity in urban residents’ perceptions and opinions regarding stormwater management. This study provides essential foundational information for the development of policies and strategies to effectively promote SSM practices, aiming to mitigate urban flooding and contribute to environmental protection.

Natural Flood Management Through Peatland Restoration: Catchment‐Scale Modeling of Past and Future Scenarios in Glossop, UK

AbstractField‐scale experiments have shown the Natural Flood Management (NFM) potential of peatland restoration. The likelihoods of effectiveness are yet unknown at scales and storms large enough to impact human lives. Using GMD‐TOPMODEL, we upscale a rare Before‐After‐Control‐Intervention empirical data set to a 25 km2 catchment with >600 properties at flood‐risk, and test storms of up to a 1,000‐year return period (RP). Under these scales/storms, we find that it is not necessary (nor feasible) to delay the outlet flow‐peak to meaningfully attenuate it. Enhancing catchment “kinematic” storage, for example, through restoration, can be sufficient to reduce flow magnitudes without detectable changes to peak‐flow timing. NFM benefit increases exponentially with restoration area size under smaller storms, but linearly under larger storms. At RP ≤ 100 years, longer‐lasting frontal‐type storms are more challenging to defend against via NFM, but at RP > 100 years shorter‐duration convectional‐type events become more challenging. In the order of 1,000–10 years storms: (a) revegetating the bare‐peat areas in 15% of the catchment is 31%–61% likely to reduce peak‐flows by >5%; (b) revegetating & damming the erosion gullies in ∼20% of the catchment is 42%–71% likely to reduce peak‐flows by >5%; (c) Growth of Sphagnum in the dammed gullies of ∼20% and ∼40% of the catchment increase the likelihoods of >5% peak reductions to 65%–86% and 90%–98%, respectively. The numerical evidence of significant NFM benefit due to Sphagnum re‐establishment is an important finding, because it shows that meaningful flood‐risk mitigation in headwater catchments under scales/storms relevant to communities at risk can be delivered alongside other ecosystem benefits of Sphagnum re‐establishment.

Unsteady flow in a compound channel during flooding: Insights from a combined two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulation

Natural channels often take the form of compound channels during flooding events. The unsteadiness of floods is crucial for flood management and river-floodplain ecosystems. However, the impact of unsteady flow on three-dimensional hydrodynamic processes within compound channels remains poorly understood. This study employed a validated two-dimensional/three-dimensional numerical model to examine how unsteady features influence key hydrodynamic indicators of compound channels, such as velocity distribution, turbulence characteristics, and discharge partitioning between the main channel and floodplain. A definitive positive correlation was found between water level fluctuation amplitudes and integrated discharge during unsteady events, as well as between mean water levels and mean discharges. The proportion of discharge conveyed by the main channel relative to the total was directly linked to the water depth ratio. The exchange at the main channel–floodplain interface exhibits a dual-layer flow pattern: surface waters spill into the floodplain, while deeper waters are siphoned into the main channel. Unsteady conditions principally modulate the intensity of these exchanges, altering hydraulic interactions and water transfer between areas. Pronounced wall shear stresses were detected at the main channel–floodplain interface due to swift channel flows and momentum exchange at the floodplain margin, with maxima adjacent to the floodplain edge correlating with peak flow velocities. Under deep conditions, cross-sectional flow across the compound channel's mixing layer was essentially two-dimensional. These findings elucidate the complex hydrodynamics inherent to unsteady overbank flows while holding implications for enhancing floodplain management and advancing the understanding of unsteady fluvial hydraulics.

Historic Flood Events and Current Flood Hazard in Ulaanbaatar City, Central Mongolia

Climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events, alter rainfall patterns, and exacerbate flood disasters in Ulaanbaatar City. Here we combine aerial and satellite imagery with cadastral data, to scrutinize the historical trajectory of rainfall patterns and flood disasters in Ulaanbaatar over the past six decades. The study focusses on the causative factors behind historical floods, current flood conditions, the geographical distribution of floods, land ownership in floodprone areas, and the spatial allocation of fences and buildings based on social conditions. Over the last 60 years, Ulaanbaatar received a total of 16,780 mm of precipitation, with a staggering 80.5% of this total occurring during the summer season. Over this period, the city has endured about ten significant flood disasters. The most severe and destructive events occurred in 1966, 1982, 1994, 2003, 2009, and 2023 as river basins and mountain flash floods. These flood events claimed at least 220 lives, affected around 46,000 households, and caused economic losses of ca. 3.3 million U.S. dollars. Our study identifies several flood hazard areas along the Tolgoit, Selbe, Uliastai, and Tuul River valleys, which define a flood buffer zone extending 200 m from their banks, encompassing 59 khoroos of 7 districts in Ulaanbaatar. There are 27,970 fences and 12,887 buildings in the 200 m buffer zone, which is 66.5% of all fence unit area, and 46.3% of the total building, situated within the identified flood risk areas. In response to these findings, we emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive long-term strategy for sustainable flood management based on disaster resilence.

The Importance of Law Enforcement and Spatial Planning Regulations Regarding Flood Management

Spatial planning in Indonesia, both national and regional spatial planning, has become a crucial problem that has developed dynamically in recent years. The urgency of spatial management in human life encourages the existence of statutory regulations to address spatial planning. Spatial planning is an important component in determining the success of a region's development, especially in the context of sustainable development. Rapid regional growth, both in urban and rural areas, has had a positive economic impact, but has also given rise to environmental problems, manifested in increasingly critical environmental conditions and the increasing intensity of natural disasters, partly caused by spatial planning violations. One of the significant impacts of spatial planning violations is flooding in Indonesia, which is often caused by land misuse. Therefore, enforcement of spatial planning laws and regulations closely related to flood management is critical. This study uses a qualitative research approach focusing on literature analysis, government policies, and empirical data related to flood management in Indonesia. Empirical data was obtained through interviews with legal experts, spatial planning experts, and related stakeholders. Deductive methods are used in data analysis to identify patterns and relationships between law enforcement, spatial planning regulations, and flood management. The results of this study show that strict law enforcement, clear spatial regulations, and increasing institutional capacity are the keys to reducing flood risk. With synergy between law enforcement and capacity building, potential flood risks can be minimized while building better community involvement and awareness.

Role of Kader Siaga Bencana in the flood management of selected Kampung Siaga Bencana.

The research assessed the initial readiness of health cadres and community leaders to become disaster preparedness cadres in flood management. It is necessary to provide training to develop their expertise as KSB.

Public policies on sustainable flood risk management: Study cases of the Netherlands and Malawi

Background: This study compares flood management strategies in Malawi and the Netherlands, emphasizing their respective advantages and disadvantages. The Netherlands is renowned globally for its flood defense, prioritizing prevention, stakeholder involvement, and nature-based solutions through sophisticated infrastructure and proactive approaches. However, future challenges may arise from economic expansion and climate change pressures. In contrast, Malawi, despite having fewer resources, is making strides with its National Resilience Strategy, focusing on risk mitigation, sustainable agriculture, and early warning systems to combat flooding and hunger vulnerabilities. Yet, it faces significant issues with financing, management, and the long-term sustainability of community-based projects. Methods: This study utilized bibliometric analysis and a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), employing a comparative approach to evaluate Malawian and Dutch public policies on flooding disasters. The aim was to identify similarities and differences in their approaches to flood risk management. Findings: The Netherlands’ proactive flood management strategy, characterized by advanced infrastructure and integrated policy frameworks, is a model for high-capacity settings. Its emphasis on nature-based solutions and stakeholder engagement further strengthens its resilience. Malawi's approach, while resource-constrained, shows promise through its National Resilience Strategy, which targets risk reduction, sustainable agricultural practices, and robust early warning systems. Nevertheless, Malawi continues to grapple with financing, effective management, and the sustainability of its flood risk mitigation initiatives. Conclusion: The experiences of the Netherlands and Malawi illustrate the need for continuous policy adaptation and the challenges of managing flood risks in diverse socioeconomic contexts. This research clarifies the relative benefits of different flood control strategies and emphasizes the importance of tailored approaches to address the complexities of flood dangers. Both countries demonstrate the ongoing need for regulatory reform to enhance flood risk mitigation efforts. Novelty/Originality of this Study: This study uniquely compares the flood risk management policies of Malawi and the Netherlands, highlighting the differences between a developing nation's reactive, community-focused approach and a developed country's proactive, infrastructure-intensive strategy. By analyzing their respective strengths and weaknesses, it identifies potential improvements and opportunities for both nations to enhance their flood management and resilience.

Gambaran Pengetahuan dan Sikap Warga Tentang Manajemen Pra Bencana Banjir di Kelurahan Bugel Kecamatan Polokarto

Bugel Village is one of the villages in Polokarto Sub-district that is often affected by natural disasters in the form of floods because of its location in the lowlands close to the Bengawan Solo River tributaries, namely the Langsur and Samin River. When there is high rainfall, the Bengawan Solo River experiences an increase in water discharge so that water from tributaries cannot enter the Bengawan Solo River and damage the embankment and river siltation caused by garbage. to determine the description of residents' knowledge and attitudes about pre-disaster flood management in Bugel Village, Polokarto Subdistrict. This type of research uses descriptive methods with a quantitative approach, with a population of 477 people sampling 83 respondents. The research instrument used a questionnaire with data analysis using univariate analysis. The results of the majority of knowledge research in the good category as many as 79 (95.2%) respondents and 4 (4.8%) respondents in the sufficient category. Then the results of attitude research in the moderate category were 46 (55,4%) respondents and 37 (44,6%) in the good category. The knowledge of residents in RW 6 Bugel Village, Polokarto Subdistrict is in the good category, while the attitudes of residents are in the moderate category.

Analysis of the effect of Boezem development as flood control in Dukuh Kupang Surabaya

Background: Flooding is a frequent problem in Dukuh Kupang, Surabaya, causing material losses and disrupting daily activities. The construction of boezems, which are retention ponds to temporarily store rainwater, is considered a potential solution to control flooding in this area. This study aims to analyze the effect of boezem construction on flood control in Dukuh Kupang with the hope of providing new insights into the effectiveness of boezem as flood control infrastructure and providing recommendations for improved flood management strategies in the future. Methods: This study used a descriptive method. Data were collected through questionnaires and scored using a Likert scale. Finding: The results revealed that the feasibility score of boezem construction was 60.2%, indicating that boezem construction is considered quite feasible as a flood control solution, but there is still room for improvement. Conclusion: Respondents in this study recognized the benefits of boezem construction, but also expressed concerns or factors that are not yet fully supportive. There is a negative stigma among the community regarding the construction of boezems, which is largely due to the lack of socialization and community participation in the development process. Novelty/Originality of this study: A study on the effectiveness of booze in Surabaya evaluates technical aspects and considers community perceptions, providing a holistic approach to assessing flood control infrastructure.

Sustainable flood control strategies under extreme rainfall: Allocation of flood drainage rights in the middle and lower reaches of the yellow river based on a new decision-making framework

Climate change has exacerbated the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall, which has led to the perpetuation of flooding as a hazard to humans and society. China has begun to consider introducing Flood drainage rights (FDR), a sustainable flood control measure, into non-engineering measures as a complement to engineering measures for flood control. FDR represent the right of regions to discharge regional floodwaters caused by extreme rainfall into the river, and are the primary means of controlling the amount of floodwaters from regions when regional flood capacity is exceeded. However, existing studies on quantitative FDR allocation still have limitations, and some previous methods have resulted in allocation schemes that are not entirely reasonable and fair because they do not comprehensively consider the influencing factors of FDR or the allocation method is unreasonable. This paper explores the impact of flooding on rural and agricultural areas. We incorporate the factors of agricultural economy and security and construct a system of the allocation indicators of FDR composed of five principles: Natural Environmental Endowment, General Economic and Social Development, Agricultural Economy and Security, Macro policy regulation, and Respect for Historical Background. Second, considering the influence of expert judgment and data of different time nodes on the allocation of FDR, we introduce the concepts of expert weight and time weight into the allocation model of FDR, and construct a new set of framework for the allocation of FDR, i.e., "[(expert weight + subjective weight)+(time weight + objective weight)]+decision making model ". To reduce the loss of information during the transformation of subjective judgments, we also introduced triangular fuzzy numbers for the transformation between expert judgments and numbers. Finally, we take the five provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as an example. Using the data from 2010 to 2021, we obtain the final allocation scheme (proportion) of FDR as Henan (33.26%) > Shaanxi (23.08%) > Inner Mongolia (21.31%) > Shanxi (14.44%) > Shandong (7.91%). On this basis, this paper utilizes sensitivity analysis and comparative validation to demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of the method, and identifies several indicators that have a greater impact on the results of the allocation of FDR. FDR can form part of a set of integrated flood management system together with flood control projects, which greatly alleviates the drainage conflicts arising from flooding caused by extreme precipitation. Under extreme rainfall conditions, FDR improves drainage efficiency and minimizes the overall damage caused by flooding in the watershed. This study can contribute to the sustainable development of the watershed and provide a reference for the promotion and utilization of sustainable flood control measures.

Flood risk and flood management in Zarabad and Konarak Districts 2024 (Makoran), Balochestan, Iran

Flooding is the most devastating natural hazard in Iran and the recent flooding has demonstrated its severeness. Floods are common throughout the country. However, their characteristics differ from region to region. Flooding behavior of the major basins and flood management at the national level are investigated in this article. Monsoon rainfalls are the main source of floods in the River Rapch Zarabad Basin, while Mediterranean Waves and Cyclones, which are generated over the Arabian Sea, induce flooding in the Makoran Coastal Area Rapch and Kahir Basin. Fluvial floods in the Zarabad Basin have caused major economic losses. Iran government has spent vast resources on relief operations and flood works since the country came into existence. A number of provincial and federal acts, ordinances, accords, and treaties shape the national flood policy. Institutional setup for flood hazard and crisis management has evolved over the years. Nevertheless, data show no major reduction in the flood-to-damage ratio. The inter-linkage of structural and non-structural measures and their combined efficiency must be analyzed and optimized for more effective flood management. Risk management has been established as a well defined procedure for handling risks due to natural, environmental or man made hazards, of which floods are representative. Risk management has been discussed in many previous papers giving different meanings to the term—a result of the fact that risk management actually takes place on three different levels of actions: the operational level, which is associated with operating an existing system, a project planning level, which is used when a new, or a revision of an existing project is planned, and a project design level, which is embedded into the second level and describes the process of reaching an optimal solution for the project.

Impact of flexible vegetation on hydraulic characteristics in compound channels with converging floodplains

ABSTRACT Floodplains in natural rivers are curved and narrow, rather than following a straight path and the presence of vegetation and varying depth of flow affects the flow parameters of the channels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the convergence of the channel and relative depth of flow on the depth-averaged velocity (DAV) and boundary shear stress (BSS) of a converging compound channel. The effect of vegetation on DAV and BSS was also deliberated. To examine the effect of vegetation, synthetic grass 8 cm in height was used as a flexible vegetation to depict the natural conditions of the rivers. The DAV was calculated using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and the measurement of BSS was done using the Preston tube technique. After analysing the data, it was revealed that as the convergence of floodplains increases, maximum DAV increases. The presence of vegetation reduces the velocity specifically at lower flow depths. BSS increases with the convergence as well as vegetation. This research provides valuable data and results which will be helpful in better flood management, river restoration, and designing effective hydraulic structures.

A two-way coupled CHANS model for flood emergency management, with a focus on temporary flood defences

This study presents a novel Coupled Human And Natural Systems (CHANS) modelling framework that integrates a hydrodynamic model with an agent-based model at the memory level within a multi-GPU computing environment. This two-way coupled model captures real-time interactions between human activities and flood dynamics, with a focus on the deployment of temporary flood defences during the 2015 Desmond flood in Carlisle, UK. The findings reveal that temporary defences can significantly reduce flood inundation by 30% with early warnings and 15% through real-time decision-making, leading to financial savings of £30 million and £15 million, respectively. The study further explores the decision-making process for effective emergency flood management, emphasising the importance of early warnings and resources optimisation. The new CHANS model provides a valuable tool for testing and optimising emergency flood management strategies, highlighting the necessity of directly incorporating human activities into flood risk management.

Urban planning approaches to support community-based flood adaptation in North Jakarta Kampungs

PurposeThe ineffectiveness of flood control in climate-impacted majority-world cities like Jakarta highlights the need for policies that integrate local knowledge and embrace water harmony rather than resistance. This study explores flood adaptation in North Jakarta's kampungs (urban informal settlements), aiming to enhance the efficacy of current flood disaster management. The outcomes of the participatory planning mechanism simulation that we propose are expected to provide valuable insights for the urban planning approach in that city.Design/methodology/approachWe employed focus groups and design charrettes with a bottom-up approach to explore how local knowledge can enhance spatial flood management and urban planning policies. In total, 17 diverse participants, covering various ages and professions, engaged in these activities. Our methods aimed to be culturally sensitive and inclusive, embracing indigenous values like musyawarah and gotong royong. The research methodically examined flood implications and adaptations in informal settlements, progressing through preliminary understanding, data triangulation, and a reflective synthesis of the findings.FindingsAmid worsening global changes like sea level rise, community-focussed, collaborative planning can help create tailored flood-resilience solutions. The research reveals that partnerships between communities and organisations promote city-wide, flood-adapted environments, aligning policy with the needs and goals of those most affected by flooding. This collaboration enhances flood disaster management and planning policies.Research limitations/implicationsThis research focusses on Jakarta's flood adaptation and urban planning, reflecting on historical situations relevant to urbanising majority-world countries. Whilst specific to Jakarta, it offers perspectives on managing global environmental challenges such as sea level rise. Subsequent research should prudently consider each locale's distinct geographic and social milieu and the trust in planning systems in applying these findings, methodologies and approaches.Originality/valueThis study clarifies the relationship between disaster management, policy and flood adaptation, focussing on local knowledge in North Jakarta, pertinent to urbanising majority-world nations. Jakarta's historical and modern dynamics, including globalisation, reveal specific prospects and obstacles to applying vernacular knowledge to planning and disaster response. It highlights crucial points for policymakers in the majority of the world to address growing flood risks and create strategies that integrate local and traditional wisdom.

Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Menanggulangi Bencana Banjir di Perumahan Bukit Sawangan Indah Kelurahan Duren Mekar Kecamatan Bojong Sari Kota Depok

The flood management program at the Bukit Sawangan Indah Housing Complex is an effort and method to overcome flood disasters when water overflows and the inability of the embankments and the Angke river sheet pile to accommodate water deliveries from Bogor, West Java. The flow of the Kali Angke River which is right at the Bukit Sawangan Indah Housing Complex is the flow and end point of the Kali Angke Channel. So all the problems with the flow of the Kali Angke river are centered on the Bukit Sawangan Indah housing complex because the position of the housing complex is an estuary. The aim of this research is to determine the level of community participation in overcoming flood disasters in the Bukit Sawangan Indah Housing Complex, Duren Mekar Village, Bojong Sari District, Depok City, from all sides and how to deal with it. The steps in efforts to overcome flood disasters are starting to seek aspirations and attracting community sympathy in protecting and preserving the surrounding environment, increasing community awareness, then instilling the values of deliberation and consensus, fostering the values of mutual cooperation and cooperation, mingling and helping fellow local residents to maintain one condition and another. In realizing community participation in overcoming the threat of flooding in the Bukit Sawangan Indah Housing Complex, Duren Mekar District, Depok City, the author used descriptive qualitative research. Even though this research has obstacles in its efforts to overcome, efforts are being made immediately to preserve the environment in the future. With awareness of the challenges and commitment to continuous improvement, the collaboration of all parties, namely the Bukit Sawangan Indah housing community itself, RT/RW management, youth organization management, firefighters and the Tagana team has the potential to create a more efficient and responsive environment in the improvement process for dealing with flood disasters.

Comparing 5D BIM costs: stilt housing against conventional housing for flood management

Purpose Sustainable and resilient infrastructure projects aim to reduce flooding impacts and improve community adaptability. For instance, flood-resistant stilts elevate structures, mitigating flood damage. Comprehensive consideration is crucial when adding elements to housing projects, incurring costs for all involved parties. This study aims to assess the viability of concrete stilts for cost-effective flood mitigation in Malaysian terrace housing. Design/methodology/approach The study evaluates cost implications through a comparative 5D building information modeling (BIM) cost analysis of stilted and conventional (standard) housing models. This assesses the percentage increase in total cost. Furthermore, a survey of construction professionals was undertaken. The study used online convenience and stratified sampling techniques. Out of the 222 emails that were sent, 27 construction professionals located in Johor, Sabah and Selangor within Malaysia participated in the research survey. Their perspectives on stilt housing prospects and factors for costing such structures were analyzed through a descriptive analysis using SPSS. Findings The case study models revealed that the incorporation of stilts could lead to a 21.64% increase in the overall cost per unit. This cost increase was primarily attributed to the additional reinforcement required. However, the survey findings highlighted that a majority of construction professionals perceived the cost increment to fall within the range of 10%–20%. Consequently, it becomes imperative to meticulously consider cost factors such as foundational requirements, staircases, and the extended construction duration to effectively curtail expenditures. The prospect of heightened costs potentially posing a threat to profit margins and discouraging developers necessitates careful financial management. Notwithstanding these challenges, the survey's insights underscored that professionals in the construction industry indeed recognize the potential of stilt technology in the realm of flood mitigation and management, particularly within housing projects. Practical implications This research has significant practical implications. It provides a precise financial contrast between housing categories using 5D BIM and incorporates construction experts’ viewpoints on raised housing. Enhanced design considerations for raised housing can make it economically viable, offering a cost-effective, nature-based approach to flood mitigation. This approach can bring substantial benefits to residents by reducing flood-related damages and enhancing community resilience. Originality/value One of the notable aspects of this research is its originality. It uses a dual quantitative methodology involving modeling and survey techniques to address its objectives effectively. This approach contributes significantly to the relatively limited body of research focused on stilt housing and the application of 5D BIM. By combining these methodologies, the study explores a relatively uncharted area, making a valuable contribution to the field.

A Bayesian deep learning approach for video-based estimation and uncertainty quantification of urban rainfall intensity

Accurate, high-resolution spatiotemporal estimates of rainfall intensity (RI) are essential for effective prevention and control of urban flooding. Traditional methods are often costly and provide inadequate coverage. Meanwhile, the associated uncertainty of RI estimates is often overlooked, potentially leading to poor decisions in management of urban floods. Here we examine the potential of video imagery recorded by surveillance cameras in urban areas, for providing real-time estimates of RI. Specifically, we propose the use of Bayesian deep learning (DL) to estimate RI and its related uncertainty in a real-time manner. Our DL approach combines the strengths of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) to construct a suitable model for this task, and uses variational inference to quantify the uncertainty of the CNN-LSTM model. The proposed approach is tested using video imagery captured under various light-intensity conditions, including daytime, nighttime, early morning, and early evening, and evaluated via experiments using both random samples and independent rainfall events. Further, we show that the temporal processing provided by the LSTM network is important to achieve good performance of RI estimation. The results indicate the strong potential for leveraging urban camera networks to obtain high-precision spatiotemporal RI estimates at low cost, which can be extremely valuable for implementing effective flood control measures and planning emergency responses in the urban areas.

Global experiences in flood management – perspectives through ICFM Webinar Series

Abstract. It is a major issue of concern for international organizations and governmental departments in supporting global climate governance. As floods account for 44 % of all natural disasters in recent 20 years, it is of great significance to propose countermeasures by reviewing global extreme flood events in recent years. The International Conferences on Flood Management (ICFM) and Flash Flood Program (FFP), have hosted a series of international academic webinars since 2020. Drawing upon the outcomes of the webinars and reviewing the latest flood mitigation strategies of major countries advanced in water management, this paper focuses on the global experience in response to watershed flood, flash flood, urban flood, extreme flood under climate change, and comprehensive mitigation measures. It can be learned that flood control strategies need combine both structural and non-structural measures, and draw upon nature-based solutions that integrate green, blue and gray spaces within basins or cities through multi-purpose and targeted programs, with a view to achieving flood management goals and promoting social, economic and environmental sustainability in a holistic way.