Flotation Method Research Articles

The Role of Surface Oxygen in Eliminating Fluorine Impurities and Relithiation Towards Direct Cathode Recycling

Recycling materials back to supply chain not only mitigates the shortage of critical materials such as the metals of Li, Ni, Co, etc, but also protects global environment. Direct recycling of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) mainly relies on a relithiation process based on purified spent NMC cathode materials. How to efficiently get rid of chemically bonded surface impurities on spent NMC and obtain a clean surface is critical for relithiation. One of the unavoidable impurities is fluorine, which exists in the form of either carbon fluoride (CFx) or metal fluoride (M-F) and can be eliminated by either thermal treatment or hydrothermal procedure under alkaline environments depending on the state of the F.1,2 Generally the hydrothermal method needs relative high temperature (> 200 °C ) and long reaction time (> 16 hours) due to the slow kinetics. A redox mediator such as H2O2, ethanol or ethylene glycol has been reported to be effective to lower the temperature and pressure for relithiation of recycled NMC111 and NMC622, which was pretreated with N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent.3 However the mechanism is still not fully understood.This work combines material characterizations and electrochemistry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the role of surface oxygen in eliminating fluorine species on recycled NMC532 cathode material. The recycled NMC532 powders were separated from graphite by froth flotation method and there were significant amount of fluorine impurity species on the surface confirmed by XPS. Initial trial of the addition of small amount of H2O2 additive to LiOH aqueous solution during the hydrothermal process was able to decrease the reaction time significantly to fully eliminate both CFx and M-F species compared to the reaction without H2O2. Further calcination steps with the addition of 5% excessive lithium source using LiOH successfully recovered the recycled NMC532 and the half coin cell using the rejuvenated cathode materials shows a discharge capacity of 154 mAh/g at 0.2 C within 2.7 to 4.2 V voltage range. DFT calculations was conducted on a NMC (012) surface and both lithium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide were selected to understand the role of OH- group and surface oxygen species. The kinetics study was conducted with transition state theory4 and the activation energy barriers were calculated by climbing image nudged elastic band (cNEB) method.5,6 The removal of surface F- takes place with the displacement of F- with OH- (*-(M)F(s) +XOH(s) à XF(s) + *-(M)OH(s), X= Li, Na). F- displacement reactions require more than one basic molecule per F- removal with the formation of either LiF or NaF, which is soluble in water and can be removed by a filtration process. Depending on the surface ‘foreign’ oxygen species, the reaction can either go with a hydroxide pathway or a peroxide pathway, with the latter involving the formation of a peroxide intermediate with a ‘foreign’ oxygen atom leading to much smaller barrier energy compared to that in the hydroxide pathway. On a delithiated surface, the barrier energy for F- removal is predicted to be higher than pristine surfaces as the delithiated surface is less reactive to bind ‘foreign’ oxygen. This is consistent with the experimental results in which the additive of H2O2 can provide ‘foreign’ oxygen atoms and favors peroxide pathway leading to shorter time to remove surface fluorine. Additionally, the reaction with NaOH has a lower barrier than that with LiOH for the removal of fluoride species. Future work will investigate alternative additives as well as fluorine surface-bulk transfer which potentially happen if small amount of fluorine residues exist during calcination step.

Electroosmotic coupled with particle-assisted deep eutectic solvent flotation for the enrichment of eugenol from clove

Eugenol has many biological and pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anesthetic.In view of its wide range of beneficial activities, it is crucial to establish a method for the separation and purification of active components from clove. In this study, an electroosmotic coupled with particle-assisted deep eutectic solvent flotation method was established for the enrichment of eugenol from clove. Ten deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction systems based on menthol as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) were screened, and butanol was determined as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) to prepare the optimal DES as extractant for extracting eugenol. Under the optimum operating conditions including solid–liquid ratio of 1:30, flotation time of 50 min, nitrogen flow rate of 55 mL/min, salt content of 20 g, pH of the clove suspension of 5.2, applied voltage of 15 V, copper electrode at the bottom, the yield of eugenol was 45.89 ± 1.61 mg/g. Compared with other extraction methods, the extraction rate was greatly improved. The electroosmotic coupled with particle-assisted deep eutectic solvent flotation method provides a green and efficient enrichment strategy for natural product, which has broad application prospects.

Influence of carboxymethyl chitosan on selective flotation separation of smithsonite from calcite with sodium oleate

Addressing the persistent challenge of separating smithsonite from calcite using flotation method, this study explores the impact of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) on selective separation using sodium oleate (NaOL) assisted flotation. Results indicated a substantial reduction in calcite recovery to 2.25 % with the addition of 40 mg/L CMCS at pH 9, while recovery of smithsonite remained essentially unchanged at 94.78 %. Moreover, we found that using CMCS as the depressant can effectively separate smithsonite from calcite, based on the flotation testing results with artificially mixed minerals. Contact angle tests results showed that CMCS can significantly lower the surface hydrophobicity of calcite without any negative effect on that of smithsonite when using NaOL as a collector. TOC, FTIR, AFM, and ToF-SIMS analyses demonstrated stronger adsorption of CMCS on the surface of calcite compared to smithsonite. XPS data, solution chemical analysis and DFT revealed interaction between –COO- in CMCS with Ca sites on the surface of calcite because of the electrostatic adsorption and chemical adsorption, forming −COOCa. It leaded to shielding effects on the NaOL adsorption stemming, which makes NaOL more adsorbed on smithsonite surface.

Identification of House Dust Mite and the Risk Factor of Cronic Itch in Elderly

Introduction: Senile pruritus etiology is uncertain. However, well as intrinsic factors, one of the extrinsic risk factors causing pruritus is house dust mites (HDM) as. Aim of this study was to analyze the association between house dust mite density and the pruritus level among elderly residents. Methods: This is an observational study with cross-sectional design. The 34 elderly who met the criteria were included in this study. The pruritus level was obtained using questionnaire as to duration, degree, direction, disability, distribution (5D) itch scale based on NRS (numerical rating scale) categories divided into 4 categories (no, low, moderate, and severe itch). House dust mite density was checked using flotation method and the results categorized into low, moderate, and high density. The dust sample was checked for the species by microscope. The preventive activity to prevent the pruritus were also analyzed. The relationship between itch scale, preventive activity with HDM density was analyzed using STATA 17. Results and Discussion: A total of 34 elderly was included. Elderly were dominated with women (67.6%), moderate itch scale (38.2%) and moderate HDM density (58.8%). Most of the correlation between itch scale based NRS and preventive activity with HDM density p-value was not significant. But the elderly’s’ habit to clean the mattress was significantly correlated with HDM density (p=0.00). The Dermatophagoides sp were the dominant mites found in elderly’s’ room. Conclusion: Itch scale in elderly were not related with HDM density, but correlated with the habit to clean the mattress.

Anthropozoonotic parasitoses of dogs and cats in the urban ecosystem of Vladivostok, Russia

To investigate the role of domestic dogs and cats in the spread of parasitoses in the Vladivostok urban ecosystem. Biological materials from 782 dogs and 189 cats were used in the research, which were examined by methods of complete parasitological autopsy, microscopy and flotation of faecal samples using saturated solutions of zinc sulfate and sodium nitrate.Fourteen parasite taxa have been identified: nematodes (Nematoda) Ancylostoma caninum, Dirofilaria immitis, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara canis, T. mystax, Uncinaria stenocephala, Taenia sp., T. hydatigena; tapeworms (Cestoda) Diphyllobothrium latum, Dipylidium caninum, Hydatigera taeniaeformis; flukes (Trematoda) Metagonimus sp.; and parasitic alveolates (Conoidasida) Cystoisospora sp., C. felis. The paper presents the values of the prevalence of infection and statistical reliability of their differences for different groups of animals, depending on gender and age. Nematodes were the core taxa of the parasitofauna identified. Explanations for the results obtained are offered and possible sources of human infection are described. Despite the fact that parasitic‐faunal complexes in the ecosystem of a modern city are much less branched and represented by fewer species than in the wild, there remains a high risk of human infection with zoonotic parasites in urban biocenoses due to the high level of intensive population interactions. Therefore, there is a requirement of high alertness of supervisory authorities in relation to anthropozoonotic parasitoses in an urban environment.

Parasites with zoonotic potential in dog feces and sand collected in public squares of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil

The presence of parasitized animals in streets, squares, parks, and other public places contributes to environmental contamination by infective forms of zoonotic parasites. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the frequency of eggs, cysts, oocysts and/or larvae of parasites in samples of sand and feces present in nine public squares in the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil, through the four seasons of the year. Samples were collected between March 2021 and April 2022, totaling 223 dog feces samples and 106 sand samples. The dog feces samples were analyzed by the Willis method and by the Faust method, and the sand samples were analyzed by the Hoffman method and by the method of Flotation in Saturated Sodium Chloride Solution (NaCl). All analyzed squares had at least one positive sample. Of the 223 stool samples collected from March 2021 to April 2022, 31 (13.9%) were positive for at least one parasite. Of the registered positive samples, Ancylostoma spp. was the most frequent parasite, observed in 26 samples (57.8%); followed by Entamoeba sp., identified in 11 samples. As for the contamination of the sandboxes, of the 106 samples collected, 11 (10.37%) were positive for some parasite. These results highlight the importance of improving public spaces, and school educational campaigns highlighting the importance of hygiene and reducing contamination by infective parasites, thus contributing to improving public health in the city of Blumenau, SC. KEY WORDS: Zoonoses; sand contamination; hookworm; public spaces.

Review of the concentration procedures used to determine the parasitological water quality in Latin America (2000–2022)

ABSTRACT The aim was to review the methodologies used in the concentration of intestinal parasites in different water samples in Latin America. The period of the review was between September and November 2022. Of the total number of articles (N = 87), the search engine with the most articles matching the specified keywords was Google Scholar (56.3% = 49 articles), and Brazil was the country that published the most articles (28.7%). Most of the studies were conducted for surface waters (75.9%) and used methodologies with physical separation without subsequent parasitological concentration (76.9%). However, the ultrafiltration method (UFM) with subsequent parasitological concentration recovered a greater number and type of parasite species. The descriptive study of the review shows that the procedure of using UFM with a parasitological method of flotation and sedimentation would allow an efficient concentration of the parasite species present in the water sample.

In vivo anthelmintic effect of Artemisia annua L. on oxyurid nematodes of laboratory mice

Oxyurids are common intestinal parasites of mammals, and they are the cause of recurrent helminthic infections, especially in children Hence natural herbal compounds are necessary for a repeatable cure. This study aimed to investigate the antinematodal effect of Artemisia annua L. n-hexane extract on oxyurids in vivo. In this study, A. annua L. n-hexane extract was applied to mice naturally infected with Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera species orally at 300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg doses for seven days and the change occurring in the number of oxyurid eggs was investigated by the fecal flotation method. The nematodes in the necropsy were compared on the 8th day in all groups in terms of number, gender, and species. Albendazole (ABZ) was applied at a 5 mg/kg dose for three days as positive drug control, and corn oil was used as solvent control. The arithmetic mean of oxyurid eggs counted in fecal flotation 43.51% decrease in the drug control ABZ group and showed a 21.12% increase in the A. annua 1200 mg/kg group on the last day of application. When compared with the corn oil group, a 34.08%, 34.76% and 36.91% decrease in ABZ 5 mg/kg, A. annua 300 mg/kg and A. annua 1200 mg/kg group respectively were found in their necropsies in terms of nematode number. Non-polar compounds of A. annua L., very low concentration of ABZ and as a dilution solvent corn oil are probably responsible for this result.

Cocrystal of Lutein with Improved Stability and Bioavailability.

Lutein (LT) is a natural carotenoid and is widely used for its vision protection and antioxidant activity. However, the long-chain polyene structure makes lutein sensitive to light and oxygen and poses many difficulties in the production, processing, and storage. In addition, the special chemical structure of LT leads to low solubility and bioavailability. In this study, we propose an efficient solution to address these issues. A cocrystal of LT with adipic acid (LT-APC) was obtained for the first time. The cocrystals were fully characterized. After cocrystallization, the melting point of marketed LT was increased. The chemical stability of LT was significantly improved, and the influence of impurities on stability was limited. Dissolution experiments were performed in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and the cocrystal generated a much higher apparent solubility. To deepen insight into the mechanisms underlying the cocrystal's improved solubility, wettability tests were performed by contact angle determination and film flotation methods. The cocrystal presented better wettability than the marketed LT. Finally, pharmacokinetic studies of marketed LT and its cocrystal were conducted in rats. The results showed that the cocrystal exhibited 3.4 times higher C max and 2.2 times higher AUC at a single dose compared with marketed LT.

Research on the progress of particle-bubble transport

Abstract Due to the pressing need for efficient and environmentally friendly utilization of low-quality mineral resources in the field of mineral processing, there has been a growing focus on investigating the flotation method. Foam flotation is widely employed as a means to separate different valuable minerals. The underlying mechanism involves numerous buoyant bubbles within the fluid that come into contact with and transport target mineral particles towards the upper apex of the fluid, resulting in the formation of a foam layer. This foam layer serves as a collection point for valuable target minerals, thereby facilitating their separation and recovery. This paper reviews the research progress of flotation to the present, and the source, purpose, and significance of flotation research are discussed first. Secondly, the great changes brought by the simulation method to the optimization of flotation performance are demonstrated. Finally, the sub-process mechanism of flotation is discussed. Through the above investigation on the progress of particle-bubble transport, the importance of bubbles and particles to the improvement or reduction of flotation performance is clarified, and the follow-up research and engineering practice are guided.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of cattle in Kugiya Market, Bukuru, Jos South LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria

Gastrointestinal helminth infection in cattle caused by trematodes (flukes), cestodes (tapeworms), and nematodes (roundworms) causes significant diseases which may result to growth retardation and significant economic damage. An investigation of gastrointestinal parasites of cattle sold at Kugiya market Bukuru, Jos South LGA was carried out between January and April 2016. Faecal samples of 232 cattle were examined using floatation method (Saturated Salt Solution). All the samples had gastrointestinal parasites. Nineteen 19(100%) species of gastrointestinal parasites were encountered, 2(3.88%) of which are protozoans, while the remaining 17(96.12%) were helminths as follows: 5(17.67%) trematodes (including 1 amphistome), 1(12.07%) cestode and 11(17.67%) nematodes species. The most frequently encountered were nematodes with a prevalence of 66.38% (in 154 samples), followed by the trematodes in 41 samples with a prevalence of 17.67%, cestodes in 28(12.07%) and the least protozoa in 9(3.88%). The parasites encountered are Dicrocoelium dendrititcum 8(3.45%), Taenia saginata 28(12.07%), Ostertagia ostertagi 16(6.89%), Trichuris trichuiria 13(5.60%), Oesophagustomum radiatum 16(6.89%), Bunostomum phlebotomum 22(9.84%), Amphiostomes species 15(6.47%), Haemonchus contortus 16(6.89%), Cooperia pectinata 19(8.19%), Trichostrongylus axei 11(4.74%), Dicrocoelium hospes 5(2.16%), Strongyloides papillosus 11(4.74%), Fasciola hepatica 7(3.02%), Fasciola gigantica 6(2.59%), Oesophagustomum species 12 (5.17%), Dictyocaulus viviparous 7 (3.02%), Ascaris vitulorum 11(4.74%), Eimeria bovis 3(1.29%) and Eimeria zuernii 6 (2.59%). The cestode, T. saginata had the highest prevalence of 12.07% while the protozoa, E. bovis had the lowest 1.29%. Sex and age-related infection were not significantly different at P > 0.05. Likewise, the source, breed and stool consistency related infection were not significantly different.

<b> </b>SEASONAL<b> </b>VARIATION AND PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN CAPTIVE MAMMALS AT LAHORE ZOO

This study was conducted at Lahore Zoo, Punjab, Pakistan from January to December 2023 to assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in 10 different captive wild mammalian species. The mammals including girrafe (Giraffa), vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), zebra (Equus quagga), lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), Rhinoceros (Rhinocerotidae), wild boar (Sus scrofa), Chinkara deer (Gazella bennettii), urial (Ovis vignei) and nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) were selected. A total of 100 fresh fecal samples were collected from the animal enclosures in polythene bags (6×4 inches) 2 times during study period. Coprological examination was done using qualitative analysis such as direct smear method, sedimentation method and flotation methods. The parasitic prevalence was as follows zebra 44.5%, followed by giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild boars at 27.8%, nilgai, urial, lion and vervet monkey at 22.3%, chinkara 16.7% and leopard 11.2%. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was as Eimeria spp. (3.9%), Strongyloides spp. (3.4%), Trichuris spp. (2.8%), Giardia spp., Ascaris spp., and Strongyle spp. (2.3%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.12%), Trematode eggs (1.12%), Nematodirus (1.12%), Balantidium coli (0.6%), Haemonchus contortus (0.6%), Paramphistomum cervi (0.6%), Parascaris equorum (1.12%) and Cryptosporidium (1.12%). The overall parasitic prevalence was 23.9%, with a noticeable seasonal variation, being higher in summer (31.2%) compared to winter (17.79%). These findings highlight the significant parasitic burden in captive wild mammals. It can be concluded that regular de-worming sessions, cleaning, disinfection of enclosures and proper disposal of fecal matter should be done to reduce the overall parasitic burden.

Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) extraction from maize roots: a comparison of three methods

This study examines differences in extraction efficiency of three methods for extracting root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) from maize roots. The Baermann funnel, Whitehead & Hemming tray, and centrifugal-sugar flotation methods were evaluated for efficiency and clarity using microscopic observation. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among the methods. The centrifugal-sugar flotation method yielded the highest nematode count (1874±76 per 5 g of roots) but the clarity of the observation field under the microscope was lower due to root residues compared to the other two tested methods. The Baermann funnel method yielded 35.9% extraction efficiency (672±46 per 5 g of roots) compared to the centrifugal-sugar flotation method with higher clarity of the observation field than other tested methods. The Whitehead & Hemming tray presented a moderate level of observation field clarity compared to other tested methods with a nematode extraction efficiency of 60.8% (1140±53 per 5 g of roots) compared to the centrifugal-sugar flotation method. The results suggest that the Whitehead & Hemming tray could be a viable choice for nematode extraction, especially when both nematode numbers and microscopic clarity are important considerations. Understanding the restrictions of each methodology enhances the accuracy of nematode quantification leading to improved and updated data for maize producers in New Zealand.

SOSIALISASI PENINGKATAN DETEKSI SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTH (STH) MELALUI MODIFIKASI PADA LARUTAN ZnS (SULFIDA SENG) DAN NaCl (NATRIUM KLORIDA) 0,9%

Public health is a crucial aspect of disease prevention efforts. One significant health issue in many countries, including Indonesia, is Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infection, often caused by poor sanitation and lack of environmental cleanliness awareness. STH, typically caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm, can have severe health impacts, particularly on children. Fecal examination methods, especially flotation techniques using ZnS (zinc sulfide) and 0.9% NaCl (sodium chloride) solutions, are commonly employed for STH detection. However, optimizing flotation methods in the field is essential to enhance STH detection sensitivity. This study focuses on the modification of ZnS and 0.9% NaCl solutions to improve the effectiveness of detecting STH eggs. By disseminating information on these modifications to public health practitioners, this socialization aims to enhance detection and prevention efforts for STH infections. The evaluation results show significant improvements in participants' knowledge, skills, attitudes, understanding, method application, and satisfaction, indicating the effectiveness of this socialization in promoting better STH control and prevention programs.

Molecular Detection of Eimeria bovis in Indonesian Beef Cattle Using Nested PCR Technique

Eimeria bovis is a pathogenic protozoan that causes cattle digestive tract infections, which can cause economic losses to farmers. It is necessary to develop specific and accurate detection methods to conserve livestock and prevent coccidiosis in Indonesia. This study aims to detect E. bovis by nested PCR and determine the relationship with reference sequences. A total of 167 samples of beef cattle feces were taken randomly from community farms spread across 18 provinces in Indonesia. The feces were examined natively, and then the oocysts were purified by the sugar flotation method, extracted by KIT extraction, and amplified by the nPCR technique. Positive samples were followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 11 software. This study used two pairs of primers (outer and inner) taken from ITS-1 molecular markers. As many as 96 out of 167 samples (57.5%) were positive for Eimeria spp., and 48 of the 96 samples were positive for Eimeria spp. (50%) were detected to be positive for E. bovis based on the presence of a 238 bp DNA fragment. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the study sample formed a separate cluster from the E. bovis cluster from abroad. In conclusion, E. bovis was detected in 16 out of 18 provinces in this study, and the nPCR technique proved to have better sensitivity and specificity.

Co-modification of chrysocolla with ammonia and 1,2-diaminopropane and its response to flotation

Chrysocolla is a typical copper oxide with unique structural characteristics and a variable chemical composition, which make its recovery by flotation considerably challenging. A novel ammonia-1,2-diaminopropane-xantahte (NH3·H2O-1,2-DAP-xanthate) flotation method was proposed in this study for its effective recovery. Compared with the 1,2-DAP-xanthate system, the recovery of chrysocolla was substantially increased from 73.43 % to 95.26 % using the NH3·H2O-1,2-DAP-xanthate system. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, xanthate adsorption capacity, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses showed that the increase in the chrysocolla flotation recovery was attributed to an increased in the effective xanthate adsorption on the chrysocolla surface. The additional adsorption of xanthate could be attributed to the alteration of the surface properties of the chrysocolla by NH3·H2O, which exposed more copper sites and reduced the hydrophilic component of the surface. This promoted the effective adsorption of more 1,2-DAP on the mineral surface. Thus, more chelated copper formed, which improved the mineral surface activity and increased the number of active sites interacting with the xanthate.

Endoparasites of Wild Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) At Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia

Infections of endoparasites in primates in natural habitats are highly prevalent and can cause disease, reduce health quality, and disrupt their life. This study investigated endoparasites prevalence value in the endangered Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in Citalahab Forest, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia, from June to August 2022 by collected fecal samples (N = 10) and analyzed it using floatation methods. As a result, we found five genera of nematodes Trichuris trichiura (10% egg worm prevalence, Oesophagostomum spp. (50%), Trichostrongylus spp. (60%), Ancylostoma spp. (80%), and Strongyloides spp. (100%). The prevalence value of the worms in the larvae stage of Trichostrongylus spp. 20% and Strongyloides spp. 70%. Nematode infection status successively is Strongyloides spp., which is, frequently; Trichostrongylus spp. and Ancylostoma spp., which is, often; Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichuris trichiura which is, occasionally. Four species of nematode were found in both ages, and only Trichuris trichiura was found in one adolescent individual. The threat posed by this parasite deserves attention; further research is needed to fill the gap in our knowledge of their pathogenicity and transmission in Javan gibbon.

Prevalensi nematoda gastrointestinal pada sapi di Pasar Ternak Payakumbuh

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Nematoda infection in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle at Payakumbuh Cattle Market. The research was conducted in August 2020. The method used was a survey using purposive sampling. One hundred fifty-five cow dung samples were collected from the Payakumbuh Cattle Market. The fecal examination was performed using the flotation method and sedimentation method. The gastrointestinal nematode was Strongyloides sp, Ostertagia sp., and Trichuris sp. Infection with one roundworm species in 18.46% of cows and 24% of bulls. Infection with two roundworm species in 10% of cows and 20% bulls. Infection with three roundworm species in 2.3% in cows and 4% in bulls. The prevalence of three roundworm species was 0.77% in cows and not found in bulls. The rate of nematode infection in the 0-2-year-old group was 29.16%, and the > two-year-old group was 33.73%. It can be concluded that the average cattle in the Payakumbuh Cattle Market are infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, and severe treatment is needed either by farmers or by involvement from the local government.

Worm infections of the digestive tract in Serama chickens which are kept in closed cages at Ricky's farm Cimanggu

Serama chickens are ornamental chickens often susceptible to gastrointestinal worm infections. This study aimed to identify the digestive tract worms infecting Serama chickens kept in closed cages. Five fecal samples from Serama chickens at Rifky's Farm in Cimanggu were used for the research. Stool examinations were conducted qualitatively using native and flotation methods and quantitatively with the McMaster method. The examination results revealed the presence of trichurid eggs, with a 60% infection rate and a light to heavy infection, indicated by an eggs per gram value of 133-1,800. The identified worm species was Capillaria sp., likely due to the closed and humid conditions of the cages, which favor the development of infective eggs and facilitate direct infection.

Characterization and Beneficiation of Fanibi Laterite for Nickel Metal Recovery Using Froth Flotation Method

This study investigates the characterization of Fanibi Laterite and the efficiency of froth flotation to beneficiate nickel from its host rock sourced in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. A sample of the laterite was obtained and characterized by the use of an X-ray fluorescence Spectrometer (XRFS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Scanning electron microscope with Energy dispersive spectroscope (SEM/EDS). The ore was comminuted to its liberation size of -125 + 90 µm. The froth flotation process was done using Sodium hydroxide and Hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid as hydrogen potential (pH) modifier within the range of 4,5,7,9 and 10. However, other reagents are sodium oleate as the collector, potassium dichromate as the depressant, and oleic acid as the frother. The froth and depressed obtained were dewatered and characterized using XRFS. The result revealed that the ore contained 35.65% Si, 8.24% Al, 10.87% Fe, and 0.07% Nickel. It also included some other associated minerals such as Zn, Mg, Ti, Co, and Mo in trace form of less than 1 %. XRD analysis reveals nickel as nickel iodate. The result reveals nickel assays of 0.14, 0.20, 0.15, 0.25, and 0.12%, while their recoveries are 70.82, 67.80, 86.70, 98.04, and 86.98%, respectively. The optimum nickel recovery of 98.04% was attained at a pH of nine (9). It was concluded that froth flotation could successfully beneficiate Fanibi laterite ore for nickel. At the same time, other minerals such as Titanium, Molybdenum, Tin, and Tungsten were present to be extracted for Metallurgical applications.