Flight Speed Research Articles

Evaluation of aerial spraying application of multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle for Areca catechu protection.

Multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is a new chemical application tool for tall stalk tropical crop Areca catechu, which could improve deposit performance, reduce operator healthy risk, and increase spraying efficiency. In this work, a spraying experiment was carried out in two A. catechu fields with two leaf area index (LAI) values, and different operational parameters were set. Spray deposit quality, spray drift, and ground loss were studied and evaluated. The results showed that the larger the LAI of A. catechu, the lesser the coverage of the chemical deposition. The maximum coverage could reach 4.28% and the minimum 0.33%. At a flight speed of 1.5m/s, sprayed droplets had the best penetration and worst ground loss. The overall deposition effect was poor when the flight altitudes were greater than 11.09m and the flight speed was over 2.5m/s. Comparing flight speed of 2.5 to 1.5m/s, the overall distance of 90% of the total drift increased to double under the same operating parameters. This study presents reference data for UAV chemical application in A. catechu protection.

Influence of Ablation Deformation on Aero-Optical Effects in Hypersonic Vehicles

High-speed turbulence is generated when hypersonic vehicles fly in the atmosphere, which can create aero-optical effects and interfere with optical navigation and guidance systems. At the same time, the front end and optical window of hypersonic vehicles are exposed to an aerodynamic heating environment, leading to the head ablation and thermal deformation of the optical window. This further aggravates the turbulent transition process and makes the error of the aero-optical effects more difficult to predict. In this paper, the aero-optical effects under the condition of high-temperature ablation were analyzed. Ablation deformation models of both the head and optical window were established. Then, a high-speed flow field was simulated under different flight conditions. The distortion characteristics of the aero-optical effects were obtained through the photon transmission theory. The simulation results show that the ablation deformation of hypersonic vehicles under an aerodynamic heating environment aggravates the disturbance error of the aero-optical effects. Moreover, with the increase in the flight speed and the decrease in the flight altitude, the ablation deformation of the hypersonic vehicles and the aero-optical effects distortion both gradually increase. The research in this paper provides a reference for the prediction of aero-optical distortion in an aerothermal environment.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengiriman Paket Penerobos Kemacetan Berbasis Teknologi Drone

Abstract
 
 Package delivery systems in Indonesia, especially in big cities, are currently less efficient in terms of delivery speed and are not environmentally friendly, besides that traffic congestion conditions are the most significant thing, therefore in this study a drone was made as a package delivery tool by air as breakthrough of traffic jam that can lift a package or document with a 1000 gram weight that will get to the destination faster than using package delivery using motorized vehicles by land. This research uses a developmental research method to design a drone that is in accordance with certain specifications, then the following stages are carried out: collecting data and information, determining frame design, determining hardware specifications, assembling all hardware, wiring electrical equipment, setting up mission planner software, flight tests without loads, flight tests with certain loads, collecting test data. As for the control communication system, it uses a telemetry that is connected in real time between the ground system equipment and the equipment in the air or air system. From the test results obtained drones that can work well. This is evidenced by looking at the experimental data for flight endurance testing, flight speed testing to flight testing with certain loads of flight testing data with a certain range,
 
 Keywords: Drone technology, Telemetry, traffic jam, Delevery system

An Unmanned Helicopter Energy Consumption Analysis

The number of operations incorporating E-VTOL aircrafts is increasing each year, and the optimization of the energy consumption of such vehicles is a major problem. In this paper, a small-scale ARCHER helicopter’s energy consumption is analyzed, wherein different flight conditions, main rotor revolutions, and flight control system settings are considered. The helicopter dynamic model was developed in the FLIGHTLAB environment and was then validated based on flight test data. The model used for the calculation of energy consumption was developed using the electric and dynamic characteristics of the main rotor, electric motor, and transmission system. The main part of this work concerns the analysis of electric energy consumption during the vehicle’s flight via the use of an automatic flight control system (AFCS) that ensures repeatable flight conditions. The AFCS was designed such that it includes both path and attitude control to provide hover and cruise control modes. The helicopter’s energy consumption was analyzed during different phases of flight, when executing maneuvers, and using different main rotor angular velocities to perform - a given task. The results show that the level of energy consumption significantly depends on the helicopter’s main rotor revolutions, flight speed, and the maneuvers performed. The proposed methodology can be used in prospective energy-efficient mission planning and UAV helicopter design.

The Potential of Using Vortex Tube to Ameliorate Aircraft Environmental Control System

This paper proposes a new air cycle system by replacing the turbine assembly with vortex tubes and a parameter-matching method independent of the architecture of the air cycle system. Only, in terms of refrigerating and dehumidification, the performance of the newly proposed vortex system is worse than that of a conventional air cycle system under the same bleed air parameters. However, for aircraft practical applications, the overall performance of air cycle systems requires additional considerations such as the heating capacity, weight of the system, and extra aviation fuel used to transport that weight. Therefore, this paper conducts an integrated performance comparison between the new system and a conventional system based on the overall fuel mass penalty criterion. The results show that whether the new system has a smaller total takeoff mass depends on the bleed air parameters, flight duration, and flight speed. For specific bleed air parameters, there is a specific R=1 curve where the new system and the turbine system have the same total takeoff mass. The performance of the new system is better than that of the turbine system only when the values of flight Mach number and flight duration are at the lower left of the R=1 curve.

An Improved Method for Initial Sizing of Airbreathing Hypersonic Aircraft

One essential problem in aircraft conceptual design is initial sizing in which the aircraft primary parameters such as weight, size, and thrust are estimated for given design requirements. The airbreathing hypersonic aircraft is a type of novel aircraft and has significant differences from conventional aircraft in terms of its flight speed and propulsion system. Traditional initial sizing methods are not suitable for this type of novel aircraft. This paper presents an improved initial sizing method for the conceptual design of airbreathing hypersonic aircraft. An illustrative airbreathing hypersonic aircraft is used to describe the detailed procedure of the method. The weight and size of the aircraft are estimated through the simultaneous solution of the weight equation and the volume equation. Constraint analysis is applied to determine the solution space of the thrust-to-weight ratio and the wing loading. A thrust trade is conducted to find the minimum takeoff gross weight of the aircraft. The impacts of technology parameters on the weight, size, and thrust are investigated by sensitivity analyses. The presented method is based on rational derivation. It can be expected that the initial sizing results from the method are reasonable and satisfactory for conceptual design of the airbreathing hypersonic aircraft.

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Droplet Drift Motion under Different Wind Speed Environments of Single-Rotor Plant Protection UAVs

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used in plant protection, and the mechanism of droplet deposition drift while spraying with the 3WQF120-12 produced by Quanfeng Aviation, a representative model of single-rotor plant protection UAVs in China, still requires more research. This study used a combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel experiments to analyze the droplet deposition drift pattern of the 3WQF120-12 single-rotor plant protection UAV. The CFD modeling of the nozzle was confirmed to be feasible using wind tunnel experiments. Pearson correlation analysis was performed between experimental and simulated values, and multiple correlation coefficients reached above 0.89, which is a robust correlation. In this study, CFD simulations were performed to simulate the drift of UAV spray droplets under the rotor wind field and the combined effect of front and side winds. The deposition of droplets at different heights was simulated. The UAV’s spraying conditions at different flight speeds, side wind magnitudes, and spraying heights were evaluated. According to the CFD simulation results of the 3WQF120-12 plant protection UAV, the recommended flight height is 1–3 m, the recommended flight speed is below 3 m/s, and the recommended ambient wind speed is within 3 m/s. The simulation results were verified by the field test, and the trend of the field experimental data and CFD simulation results are qualitatively consistent to verify the reasonableness and feasibility of the simulation’s data. The simulated results were similar to the curves and spray area of the field test results at operating heights of 1.5 m and 3.5 m.

Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics.

Studies on functional performance are important to understand the processes responsible for the evolution of diversity. Morphological trait variation within species influences the energetic cost of locomotion and impacts life history traits, with ecological and evolutionary consequences. This study examined wing morphology correlates of flight performance measured by energetic expenditure in the Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata. In the flight experiments, nature caught bats (59 females, 57 males) were allowed to fly for 3 min in a room. After each flight, thermographic images were taken to measure body temperature, and biophysical models were used to calculate sensible heat loss as a measure of energetic expenditure. Wing morphological traits were measured for each individual and associated with heat loss and power required to fly on performance surfaces. Wing morphological traits explained 7-10% of flight energetic cost, and morphologies with the best performance would save the energy equivalent to 9-30% of total daily requirements. The optimal performance areas within the C. perspicillata morphospace were consistent with predicted selection trends from the literature. A trade-off between demands for flight speed and maneuverability was observed. Wing loading and camber presented sexual dimorphism. These morphological differences are likely associated with more economical but less maneuverable flight in females, leading them to fly more often in open areas along the forest edge. Our findings demonstrate how small scale changes in wing morphology can affect life history strategies and fitness.

Operation quality control of rapeseed strip aerial seeding system via under-constrained seeding technique

Due to the strong aerodynamic disturbance induced by high-speed rotating rotors and under-constrained seeding condition, it is difficult to control the width of landing seeds in target area during the aerial seeding process. In this study, based on the multi-rotor plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform, the strategy of under-constrained seeding at a low dropping height is employed to realize the strip aerial seeding of rapeseed. Firstly, the spatial-temporal characteristics of downwash flow field in forward flight state are verified via the high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics method. Afterwards, the migration mechanism of falling seeds and operation parameter optimization are investigated by employing the gas-solid coupling simulation technique. Finally, flight experiments are carried out based on multi-rotor UAV platform to verify the validity of simulation results, where the image processing technique is used to accurately obtain the coordinates and distribution characteristics of landing seeds. The result indicates that the strip effect could be further improved with a higher flight speed and lower dropping height, for instance, the strip width of 95 % landing seeds could be controlled within 81.1 mm when the flight speed and dropping height are 3.5 m/s and 0.5 m respectively. The research results can provide a suggestion for scientific setting of operation parameters of aerial seeding system.

Dairy Cows’ Temperament and Milking Performance during the Adaptation to an Automatic Milking System

Adaptative responses of cows to an automatic milking system (AMS) could depend on their temperament, i.e., cows with certain temperament profiles could be able to cope more successfully with the AMS. The relationships between dairy cows' temperament, behaviour, and productive parameters during the changeover from a conventional milking system (CMS) to an AMS were investigated. Thirty-three multiparous cows were classified as 'calm' or 'reactive' based on each of the temperament tests conducted: race time, flight speed (FS), and flight distance, at 5, 25, and 45 days in milk at CMS, then the cows were moved from the CMS to the AMS. During the first five milkings in AMS, the number of steps and kicks during each milking were recorded. The daily milk yield was automatically recorded. The number of steps did not vary by temperament classification, but the number of kicks per milking was greater for calm (0.45 ± 0.14) than for reactive cows (0.05 ± 0.03) when they were classified by FS (p < 0.01). During the first seven days in the AMS, reactive cows for the FS test produced more milk than calm cows (36.5 ± 1.8 vs. 33.2 ± 1.6 L/day; p = 0.05). In conclusion, behavioural and productive parameters were influenced by cows´ temperament during the milking system changeover since the calm cows kicked more and produced less than the reactive ones.

UAV-towed scalar magnetic gradiometry: A case study in relation to iron oxide copper-gold mineralization, Nautanen (Arctic Sweden)

Scalar magnetic surveying using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms is slowly gaining momentum within geophysical applications. So far, only a handful of studies have dealt with UAV-towed scalar field measurements, while even fewer have considered towed scalar difference measurements (or gradients). In this paper, we demonstrate the possibilities and benefits of deploying precisely positioned noise-minimized UAV-towed scalar transverse horizontal difference (THD) measurements for mineral exploration purposes. UAV-towed gradiometry bird data are presented from the Nautanen area in northern Sweden and compared with ground magnetic surveys. This area is known for its iron oxide copper-gold mineralizations. The UAV survey spans a total area of 2.5 km2. It was covered using an average line spacing of 30 m and a constant flight altitude above ground level of 30 m. High-quality scalar total-field and THD data were collected with a dynamic noise level of the raw scalar data of about ±0.05 nT. Comparison with the ground magnetic data shows a strong correlation between magnetic anomaly lows and highs across the survey areas. A map with new structural information is presented based on subtle magnetic structures identified in discrete derivatives of the total magnetic intensity anomaly and THD data. Such systems may replace high-quality heliborne systems and reduce costs of the geophysical exploration phase. However, mapping with UAV-towed systems is not straightforward. With typical UAV flight speeds of only 10–12 m/s, the wind often disturbs the 3D attitude of the bird during flights. Hence, advanced processing is required to obtain the intended gradients. Similar challenges are less important in surveying, where the survey speed often greatly exceeds the wind speed.

Numerical Simulation of Icing Characteristics on the Surface of an Aero-engine Guide Blade

This paper takes the guiding blade of a type of aero-engine needle as the research object for the icing problem of the guiding blade and uses the numerical simulation method to simulate the airflow field, supercooled water droplet impact and icing situation on the surface of the guiding blade under different flight conditions, to analyze the influence of flight speed on the icing situation of the guiding blade. It is found that the incoming flow velocity has a significant effect on the icing of the guide vanes, with the flight velocity increasing from 34m/s to 102m/s, the icing of the leading edge of the vanes increases by 98.1%; meanwhile, the icing range of the guide vanes is significantly related to the incoming flow velocity, with the flight velocity increasing, the icing range expands significantly; in addition, the icing range gradually expands from the root to the outermost end of the vanes, with the flow velocity The maximum icing range at 102m/s was extended from 17% to 20% of the chord length.

Airflow characteristics of rotorcraft plant protection UAV operating in rice fields

Rotorcraft unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) cause movement of the rice crop which is an important indicator of the effectiveness of spray applications. A method of acquiring images of the effects of airflow on the spray target by video aerial photography and computer vision to process the images was examined to obtain the characteristic information in rice fields; the dimensions of the disturbed area of crop, the so-called “rice vortex”. Orthogonal experiments were designed to investigate the three factors of take-off mass, flying height and flight speed of the plant protection to assess the four indices of trailing distance, trailing stability, area and shape of the rice vortex. The results show that the influence of the three factors on the vortex trailing distance and its stability was in the order of flight speed, flight altitude and take-off mass. The effects on the vortex area and vortex shape were speed > mass > height. Analysis and discussion of the characteristics and morphological features of the airflow targets revealed that the greater the distance and longer the duration of the trailing vortex, the more easily the rice vortex was disturbed and dissipated, and the lower its stability. Changes in the shape of the rice vortex mainly occur in its length, and changes in width are smaller. The results provide a data collection method and basis for further development of flight parameter-airflow target-application effect models. The four parameters of the trailing distance, stability, vortex area, and vortex shape constitute technical parameters suitable for assessing the effects of rotorcraft plant protection UAVs operating in rice fields.

Pedestrian walking speed monitoring at street scale by an in-flight drone.

The walking speed of pedestrians is not only a reflection of one's physiological condition and health status but also a key parameter in the evaluation of the service level of urban facilities and traffic engineering applications, which is important for urban design and planning. Currently, the three main ways to obtain walking speed are based on trails, wearable devices, and images. The first two cannot be popularized in larger open areas, while the image-based approach requires multiple cameras to cooperate in order to extract the walking speed of an entire street, which is costly. In this study, a method for extracting the pedestrian walking speed at a street scale from in-flight drone video is proposed. Pedestrians are detected and tracked by You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) and Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metric (DeepSORT) algorithms in the video taken from a flying unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The distance that pedestrians traveled related to the ground per fixed time interval is calculated using a combined algorithm of Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and random sample consensus (RANSAC) followed by a geometric correction algorithm. Compared to ground truth values, it shows that 90.5% of the corrected walking speed predictions have an absolute error of less than 0.1 m/s. Overall, the method we have proposed is accurate and feasible. A particular advantage of this method is the ability to accurately predict the walking speed of pedestrians without keeping the flight speed of the UAV constant, facilitating accurate measurements by non-specialist technicians. In addition, because of the unrestricted flight range of the UAV, the method can be applied to the entire scale of the street, which assists in a better understanding of how the settings and layouts of urban affect people's behavior.

An Effective Precision Afforestation System for UAV

Much agricultural and forestry land in the world cannot be accessed by ground planting equipment because of traffic, terrain, and other factors. This not only causes low efficiency and waste of resources, but also has a negative impact on the sustainable development of forestry. Therefore, it is significant to develop an accurate, efficient, and energy-saving aerial precision seeding system using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology to meet the actual needs of forestry planting. In this study, a UAV precision afforestation system with a GUI, afforestation UAV, positioning system, and information interaction system were developed using related approaches such as electronic information technology. The UAV airborne seeding device added a control circuit and electronic chip to control the launching speed of the cylinder and seed loading speed, while the UAV flight speed is jointly controlled to accurately control the UAV seeding depth and seed spacing. The experimental results showed that the maximum seeding depth of the afforestation equipment was 6.7 cm. At the same seed launching speed, the smaller the content of sand and gravel in the soil, the higher the sowing qualification index, and the greater the sowing depth. The average absolute error of dynamic route RTK-automatic control seeding position accuracy was 7.6 cm, and the average error of static position hovering seeding was 7.7 cm. Resulting from the separate sown experiments of three crops, the sowing pitch angle of 75° gave the highest germination rate. The UAV seeding device has a low missing seed index and a qualified seeding index of more than 95% at 120 r/min seeding speed. The seeding device studied in this paper has a good seeding effect, can meet the requirements of afforestation, and provides a new technical means for managing forest and plant resources.

Methodology for thermal calculation of the heat exchanger for cooling the air at the intake of the aerospace plane engine compressor

The tasks performed by modern military aircraft are currently expanding, as they are solved both in the air and in the aerospace, at high altitudes and at high flight speeds. However, in this case, the use of turbojet engines operation on aviation kerosene is not possible because of the high temperatures of aircraft structural elements due to aerodynamic heating that leads to the destruction of kerosene and the impossibility of using it as fuel. It is necessary to search for alternative fuel options, one of which is cryogenic fuel. This article substantiates the possibility of using cryogenic fuel, in particular hydrogen, for aerospace plane engines. Hydrogen has higher energetic qualities compared to aviation kerosene. The necessity of cooling the air before it enters the engine at high flight speeds of the aircraft has been proved. A design of the heat exchanger for cooling the air entering the compressor is proposed, and a method for its thermal calculation is developed, which is necessary when designing the structural layout of aerospace plane propulsion system.

Effect of Operational Parameters of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) on Droplet Deposition in Trellised Pear Orchard

Background: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly being used commercially for crop protection in East Asia as a new type of equipment for pesticide applications, which is receiving more and more attention worldwide. A new model of pear cultivation called the ‘Double Primary Branches Along the Row Flat Type’ standard trellised pear orchards (FT orchard) is widely used in China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian countries because it saves manpower and is suitable for mechanization compared to traditional spindle and open-center cultivation. The disease and pest efficacy of the flat-type trellised canopy structure of this cultivation is a great challenge. Therefore, a UAV spraying trial was conducted in an FT orchard, and a four-factor (SV: Spray application volume rate, FS: Flight speed, FH: Flight height, FD: Flight direction) and 3-level orthogonal test were designed. Results: These data were used to analyze the effect, including spray coverage, deposit density, coefficient of variation, and penetration coefficient on the canopy, to determine the optimal operating parameters of the UAV for pest efficacy in FT orchards. The analysis of extremes of variance showed that factor FD had a significant effect on both spray coverage and deposition density. Followed by factor FS, which had a greater effect on spray coverage (p &lt; 0.05), and factor SV, FH, which had a greater effect on deposition density (p &lt; 0.05). The effects of different factors on spray coverage and deposit density were FD &gt; FS &gt; FH &gt; SV, FD &gt; FH &gt; SV &gt; FS, in that order. The SV3-FS1-FH1-FD3, which flight along the row with an application rate of 90 L/ha, a flight speed of 1.5 m/s, and a flight height of 4.5 m, was the optimal combination, which produced the highest deposit density and spray coverage. It was determined through univariate analysis of all experimental groups, using droplet density of 25/cm2 and spray coverage of 1%, and uniformity of 40% as the measurement index, that T4 and T8 performed the best and could meet the control requirements in different horizontal and vertical directions of the pear canopy. The parameters were as follows: flight along the tree rows, application rate not less than 75 L/ha, flight speed no more than 2 m/s, and flight height not higher than 5 m. Conclusion: This article provides ample data to promote innovation in the use of UAVs for crop protection programs in pergola/vertical trellis system orchards such as FT orchards. At the same time, this project provided a comprehensive analysis of canopy deposition methods and associated recommendations for UAV development and applications.

Effect of Coating Thickness on the Atomic Oxygen Resistance of Siloxane Coatings Synthesized by Plasma Polymerization Deposition Technique

Atomic oxygen in the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment is highly oxidizing. Due to the high flight speed of spacecraft, the relative kinetic energy of high-flux atomic oxygen bombarding the spacecraft surface can reach up to about 5 eV. Therefore, atomic oxygen is one of the most dangerous space environment factors in LEO, which seriously affects the safe operation and service life of spacecraft in orbit. In order to meet the requirements for the high reliability and long lifetime of spacecraft, effective protection measures must be taken on their sensitive surfaces. Siloxane is a coating with an organic–inorganic hybrid structure. Compared with SiO2 and other inorganic atomic oxygen protective coatings, it has better flexibility and is better at anti-atomic oxygen performance. In this paper, the plasma polymerization deposition technique was used to prepare large-area siloxane coatings on different substrates with different thicknesses for improving atomic oxygen resistance by optimizing the process parameters. The thickness of the coating was measured by different methods, and the results showed that the thickness distribution was consistent. By observing the surface morphology of the coating, it was uniform and compact without obvious defects, so the uniformity of large-area coating was also ideal. The adhesion and heat/humidity resistance of siloxane coatings were examined by pull-off testing and damp-heat testing, respectively. The results showed that the siloxane coatings with a thickness of about 400 nm exhibited better physical properties. At the same time, the ground simulation testing of atomic oxygen confirmed that siloxane coatings with a thickness of 418 nm presented the best performance of atomic oxygen resistance. The atomic oxygen erosion yield of siloxane coatings with a thickness of 418 nm was as low as 5.39 × 10−27 cm3/atoms, which was three orders of magnitude lower than that of the uncoated Kapton substrate and presented a good anti-atomic oxygen performance. Meanwhile, it has also successfully passed the damp-heat test. The coating thickness is only several hundred nanometers and does not increase the weight of the spacecraft, which makes it a relatively ideal LEO atomic oxygen protection material. Furthermore, a possible mechanism was proposed to explicate the physicochemical process of atomic oxygen attacking the coating materials.

Investigating the Quality of UAV-Based Images for the Thermographic Analysis of Buildings

Thermography for building audits is commonly carried out by means of terrestrial recording processes with static cameras. The implementation of drones to automatically acquire images from various perspectives can speed up and facilitate the procedure but requires higher recording distances, utilizes changing recording angles and has to contend with the effects of movement during image capture. This study investigates the influence of different drone settings on the quality of thermographic images for building audits in comparison to ground-based acquisition. To this end, several buildings are photographically captured via unmanned aerial vehicle and classical terrestrial means to generate a dataset of 968 images in total. These are analyzed and compared according to five quality criteria that are explicitly chosen for this study to establish best-practice rules for thermal image acquisition. We discover that flight speeds of up to 5 m/s have no visible effects on the image quality. The combination of smaller distances (22 m above a building) and a 45° camera angle are found to allow for both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of rooftops as well as a qualitative screening of building façades. Greater distances of 42 m between camera and building may expedite the acquisition procedure for larger-scaled district coverage but cannot be relied upon for thermal analyses beyond qualitative studies.

Influence of handling in corrals on the temperament of different breeds of beef cattle raised in Brazil.

The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of handling in corrals on the stress of beef cattle of Nelore, Caracu, and Guzerá breeds through the analysis of the relationship between behavioral traits, growth, and blood parameters. A total of 778 records of entry scores, chute scores, exit scores, flight speed, cortisol, glucose, lactate, live weight, and body condition scores were collected on steers and heifers of the three breeds, born between September and December. The animals came from the Advanced Beef Cattle Research Center of the Animal Science Institute. The variance analyses were performed using the GENMOD procedure. The PROC CORR estimated Spearman correlation coefficients for all traits studied, and the principal components analysis was performed according to the procedure PRINCOMP. Heifers had higher reactivity than steers, with higher behavioral scores and blood parameters. Overall, Caracu individuals demonstrated lower reactivity in comparison to Nelore and Guzerá. However, they presented high stress when they were restrained. The principal component analysis highlighted that behavioral traits and blood parameters were contrasted with growth traits; thus, this analysis can help selectors (livestock farmers) understand the importance of selecting less reactive animals and more easily choose the animals they want to select for breeding. Our results indicate that handling in corrals could be considered a stressful event for bovines. For this reason, measuring blood parameters and behavioral traits can compose necessary decision-making tools regarding changes and adequacies while handling events to reduce stress and consequently improve the herd's reactivity.