Flight Activity Research Articles

Analisis Kinerja Unit Lost and Found Dalam Penanganan Bagasi Penumpang Maskapai Lion Air di Bandar Udara Internasional Yogyakarta

Air transportation modes have increased after the Covid-19 pandemic, this was offset by an increase in the number of airplane passengers. With the recovery of flight activity, it must be balanced with adequate services, one of which is passenger baggage services. The lost and found unit is a unit that serves arrival passengers' baggage so it must have adequate performance. This study aims to analyze the performance of the lost and found unit of Lion Air at Yogyakarta International Airport.
 The research method uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data sources for this study were obtained from primary and secondary data. The technique of collecting data by data triangulation uses the method of observing, interviewing, and documenting. Data analysis applies three stages, namely data reduction, presenting, then conclusion.
 The results of this study are to indicate the performance and constraints of the lost and found units of Lion Air at Yogyakarta International Airport. lost and found unit officers have not carried out their duties properly based on standard operating procedures (SOP) such as inadequate baggage handling, lack of friendly attitude, not punctuality, and lack of ability or expertise of officers. and lost and found units have external and internal constraints such as lack of work equipment, tracking systems, human resources, work environment, and ability, and attitude of officers in handling passenger baggage. It is hoped that the lost and found unit can improve the quality of service for passenger baggage handling.

Effects of hive entrance orientation on honey bee colony activity

In an effort to determine the effects of the orientation of hive entrance on honey bee colony activity and temperature, hives were placed facing different cardinal directions (3–5 hives per direction). Hive weight was recorded every 5 minutes and temperature every 30 minutes from April 2019 to June 2020. Daily weight data were analyzed using piecewise regression. In southern Arizona from December to March, hives facing east started daily flight activity 50 minutes earlier than hives facing west and ended flight activity 57 minutes earlier than hives facing south. During that period east-facing hives had the lowest daily hive weight loss, 62 g per d compared to 100 g per d for north-facing hives. East-facing hives were also about 7 °C cooler on average than west-facing hives, suggesting that lower hive weight loss was due to lower food consumption which was directly related to lower colony cluster temperatures. From December to March hives facing east also had significantly lower morning weight loss due to departing foragers than hives facing north (indicating more foragers) but higher weight loss from April to June 2020. Most effects were observed from December to March, probably due to restricted daylight hours and lower ambient temperatures. No significant effects were observed with respect to visually-estimated adult bee numbers (frames of bees) or the surface areas of the sealed brood. We recommend hive orientation be taken into account in the design of field experiments that involve monitoring colony activity.

National Project Land Acquisition Controversy: New Yogyakarta International Airport (NYIA)

Controversy over the construction of the New Yogyakarta International Airport (NYIA) has occurred since the airport development plan was declared. Because of the overcapacity of passenger and cargo flight activities at Yogyakarta's Adi Sucipto Airport, the government thinks it necessary to build an international standard airport. However, the community and Wahana Tri-Tunggal rejects it because of the NYIA development project, which was projected to take up 637 hectares of land and was feared, would "evict" around 11,000 people. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the land acquisition controversy in the NYIA development plan. The results show that, firstly, there is no consistency with the Regional Regulation of Kulon Progo Regency Number 1 of 2012 relating to Regional Spatial Plans with the NYIA Policy, where Temon District according to Article 7 paragraph 2 is an urban system service center that mainly focuses on agriculture, plantations, and agropolitan and Temon urban area. Tsunami Evacuation which means a protected land area was built by NIYA. Second, the inconsistency of the Minister of Environment Number 5 of 2012 with the NYIA Policy where the development EIA was made after the issuance of the Permit, but land acquisition had occurred before. Third, the deviation from the land productivity-based slogan "Bela Beli Kulon Progo" causes freedom for modern shops to compete with traditional markets. The conclusion is the government, which originally showed its alignment with the agricultural sector through several policies, actually violated existing policies through the NYIA development project and it caused controversy.

Bioatividade de óleo essencial de Piper aduncum L. para insetos-praga de produtos armazenados

ABSTRACT Determining the bioactivity of essential oils extracted from plants is crucial for the development of alternatives for controlling insect pests in stored grains. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity of Piper aduncum L. essential oil for the control of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Bioassays were conducted to determine the oil toxicity, sublethal effects, attractiveness and flight initiation behavior. Toxicity tests were carried out to determine the lethal concentrations for 50 and 95 % of the insects (LC50 and LC95). Tests were also performed with sublethal exposures to C. ferrurineus, S. oryzae and S. zeamais, using their respective LC5 values (0.0002, 0.097 and 0.11 µL cm-2), to investigate effects on the attraction or repellency activity, as well as flight tests. C. ferrugineus showed greater LC50 (0.0005 µL cm-2) and LC95 (0.0012 µL cm-2) susceptibility, in relation to S. oryzae LC50 (0.35 µL cm-2) and LC95 (1.26 µL cm-2), and S. zeamais LC50 (0.39 µL cm-2) and LC95 (1.40 µL cm-2). The exposure to the sublethal LC5 concentration influenced the behavioral responses of attractiveness/repellency and flight activity. The oil had a neutral effect on C. ferrugineus LC5 (0.0002 µL cm-2) and an attractive effect on S. oryzae and S. zeamais LC5 (0.097 and 0.11 µL cm-2), and can be considered a potential insecticide for controlling pest weevil species of stored grains.

Susceptibility of olive cultivars to olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) and parameters that play a role in olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) cultivar selection

Olive, which is an important product of the Mediterranean basin, is a source of healing and an economically strategic product. The sustainability and protection of this product is extremely important. There are many harmful species seen in olives. The main pest of the olive fly; B. olea. The olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) causes damage both directly and indirectly.The purpose of this review is to obtain more successful results in the control by determining the susceptibility of olive varieties to olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) and the parameters that play a role in the selection of olive fly (Bactrocera oleae). In this review, seasonal flight activity and population dynamics of olive fly (Bactrocera oleae), susceptibility of olive cultivars to olive fly (Bactrocera oleae), effects of pomological characteristics on olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) olive variety selection, olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) on the fruit and the physicochemical changes that occur as a result of the damage caused by the olive fly (Bactrocera oleae) on the fruit are mentioned.

The Effect of Global Warming on Migration of Butterflies

Certainly, global warming is one of the most important environmental problems of mankind today. Increased human activities, especially in the last few decades, like burning fossil fuels, increasing CO2 emissions, deforestation, and other practices have exacerbated the global warming phenomenon. The increase in greenhouse gases leads to an increase in temperatures above the normal rate and this causes fires, droughts, sandstorms, high soil salinity, and fluctuations in precipitation. These changes in the environment affect not only humans but also all living organisms, including insects. Insects are the largest group of living organisms on earth. Therefore, one of the creatures that will be most affected by these changes is insects. Increasing temperatures, rising CO2 levels, and changing rainfall patterns may affect the interaction between plants and insects. For example; the development of insects may accelerate, insect pests and insect-borne diseases, the number of generations in a year and winter survival may increase, the geographical distribution may expand, biological control of the pests may decrease, and as a result of all these, economic losses in crops may increase. Global warming may also affect the migration of insects, in particular, butterflies of which about 600 species have migratory behavior. This may be due to several factors, including the loss of the habitats on which the larvae feed, the nectar resources and the deterioration of their winter habitats, the adaptability and productivity problems in their new habitats, the attack of natural enemies, the disruption of migration signals and the change in wind patterns. In addition, the migration of butterflies may increase with the effect of global warming. Moreover, an increase in temperatures can also cause changes in butterfly morphology, e.g., a reduction in wing size that reduced their flight activity. In this review, we discussed the impact of global warming on butterfly migration.

Perhitungan Carbon Emissions Pesawat Berukuran Sedang Rute Bandara Internasional Surabaya ke Bandara Internasional Soekarno Hatta Jakarta

The high growth of aviation certainly has an impact on the environment, carbon emissions from aviation can affect health and climate change. This study aims to determine the amount of carbon emission produced in this study. This study aims to determine the amount of Carbon Emission CO2 produced in-flight activity from Juanda International Airport, Surabaya to Soekarno Hatta International Airport, Jakarta. The method used is qualitative with the ICAO Carbon Emissions Calculator Methodology tool. The results showed that the Carbon Emission CO2 generated from flight activities on the route was an average of 72,29 Kg per passenger, while the total amount of Carbon Emission CO2 generated from flight activities from March 2019 to March 2020 averaged 24.351 Tons CO2 per month

Volatiles as Attractants of Mahogany Shoot Borer, Hypsipyla grandella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla grandella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is one of the most economically important pests in all American tropical forests because it prevents the establishment of monoculture plantations of the family Meliaceae, such as Spanish cedar, Cedrela odorata L. Various studies have focussed on the bioecological aspects and the chemical and silvicultural control of this pest. However, relatively little is known about the biological interactions between this insect and its host plant. In this study, the shoot borer's behavior and attraction response to cedar host plants was evaluated in field cages. We also identified the volatiles emitted by healthy C. odorata plants that were attractive to H. grandella adults. The attraction to headspace volatiles from cedar plants and a synthetic blend were evaluated in a Y-glass tube olfactometer. We observed that virgin and mated females exhibited low activity at night, frequent movement of the antennae, sporadic flight activity, and short (< 10s) and long (> 30s) wing-fanning. Virgin females assumed a calling position, whereas mated females exhibited three periods of oviposition. The results showed that all evaluated categories - virgin females, virgin males, and mated females - were attracted to cedar plants. We identified the following volatile compounds: α-pinene, (E)-β-ocimene, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, limonene, nonanal, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, α-copaene, β-caryophyllene, and germacrene D. A synthetic blend significantly attracted virgin male and mated female shoot borers. Our results suggested that C. odorata volatiles compounds are responsible for the attraction of H. grandella.

Nectarivore butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from an Urban Forest Fragment in Manaus, Amazonas

Lepidoptera is a diverse and abundant group of insects, widely used in biodiversity and conservation studies, as it has great social appeal. From this perspective, this study was aimed to conduct a survey of flower – visiting butterfly species in Bosque da Ciência, at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), an urban forest fragment open to public visitation in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. Thus, attractive plants for nectarivorous butterflies were observed, and the best location and conditions for viewing such diversity, as well as a guide for their identification was proposed. Forty-three species of flower – visiting butterflies were identified, among which Anthoptus epictetus (Fabricius), Ascia monuste (Linnaeus), Anartia jatrophae (Linnaeus), Eurema albula (Cramer) were observed to be more frequent. According to the species accumulation curve, the species richness of butterflies would be higher if greater collection effort were employed. The period of greatest flight activity and flower - visitation occurred from 9 am to 11 am. Of the six attractive plants identified, Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) and Lantana camara L. were the most visited, so we consider that these species are important for butterfly attractiveness. The butterflies of Bosque da Ciência are a representation of the nectarivores guild of the city of Manaus, Amazonas, and the establishment of an attractive butterfly garden in this place can contribute to the promotion of environmental education by stimulating the knowledge and awareness for biodiversity preservation.

Annual flight activity of Dioryctria mendacella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in southern Portugal

Annual flight activity of Dioryctria mendacella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in southern Portugal

Flight activity and dispersal of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) across a mixed agricultural landscape in southern Australia

To better understand the field ecology of stored grain beetles in southern Australia we monitored the flight activity of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) over a 2 year period. We used target-specific pheromone lures and Lindgren funnel traps in open fields, at grain storages, and in remnant native vegetation. Over 35,000 R. dominica and 2,500 T. castaneum were caught. Significantly more R. dominica (46.4%) were caught in areas of remnant vegetation than at storage sites (29.2%) or in open fields (24.4%), suggesting this species may be utilising non-grain food sources in some areas. In contrast, the majority of T. castaneum (45.4%) were caught adjacent to storages. An intense summer heatwave (14 day mean maximum air temperature 41.9 °C) corresponded to captures of both species declining to near zero until the following spring. Sex ratios of both species varied significantly over time but were unaffected by habitat type. Two mark/release/recapture (MRR) trials using laboratory-reared R. dominica were conducted using a 1 km trap array and pheromone lures. The recovery rate for marked beetles in the first trial was 1.41%, however a subsequent experiment comparing fresh and weathered lures showed that lure attractancy declines to 50% between 3 and 4 days after deployment during hot weather (mean daily maximum air temperature 29.4 °C). When the MRR trial was repeated with lures replaced at shorter (2 day) intervals, the recovery rate rose to 3.27% and the number of wild R. dominica captured increased proportionately. The short half-life of rubber septum-based R. dominica pheromone lures needs to be considered when designing surveillance programs, particularly if attempts are being made to correlate R. dominica dispersal patterns to short-term weather events.

The use of protein and other biologically active substances in feeding honey bees

In the presented work, the issue of the use of protein feeds with biologically active additives to increase the nutritional value of artificial feeds is considered. This approach makes it possible to introduce various sources of protein, amino acids, vitamins into the bee feed, as well as enzymes to relieve the load on the bee's body for digesting substances, growth-stimulating drugs based on organic acids, etc. Experiments conducted in 2018 on feeding candi bees to the composition, which included isolated soy protein, apple cider vinegar, showed the following results. In the control group, bees actively ate top dressing, however, in some bee families, the presence of yellowish-brown liquid excrement was noted, which indicated the presence of nosematosis. Bees from the experimental groups also actively consumed candi, but with the addition of soy isolate and apple cider vinegar, while the frames were clean, there were no spots of diarrhea and podmore. The Federal Scientific Center of Beekeeping is conducting research on the development of various formulations of feedings for honey bees. For the approbation of carbohydrate feeds with the inclusion of enzyme compositions in them, appropriate studies were conducted. 3 experimental groups were formed on the principle of pairs of analogues. The control group received sugar syrup, the first – inverted syrup, and the second group - inverted syrup enriched with flower pollen fermentolysate. Feeding of the presented feedings had an impact on the flight activity of bee colonies. Thus, the control group had the lowest flight activity. In the experimental groups, the flight activity of bee colonies was higher. In addition to the flight activity of bee colonies, the average daily egg production of queens was studied. In the control group, the average daily egg production of the uterus was at the level of 550 eggs. In the first experimental group, the uterine egg production was 9.10% higher compared to the control, and in the second group by 20.0%.

The clock gene, period, influences migratory flight and reproduction of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata(Walker).

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, is a major long-distance migratory insect pest of grain crops in China and other Asian countries. Migratory flights and reproductive behavior usually occur at night, regulated by a circadian rhythm. However, knowledge about the linkages between adult flight, reproduction, and clock genes is still incomplete. To fill this important gap in our knowledge, a clock gene (designated Msper) was identified and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the encoded protein (MsPER) was highly similar to PER proteins from other insect species. Quantitative RT-PCR assays demonstrated that significantly different spatiotemporal and circadian rhythmic accumulations of mRNA encoding MsPER occurred during development under steady 14h:10h light:dark conditions. The highest mRNA accumulation occurred in adult antennae and the lowest in larvae. Msper was expressed rhythmically in adult antennae, relatively less in photophase and more entering scotophase. Injecting small interference RNA (siRNA) into adult heads effectively knocked down Msper mRNA levels within 72h. Most siRNA-injected adults reduced their evening flight activity significantly and did not exhibit a normal evening peak of flight activity. They also failed to mate and lay eggs within 72h. Adult mating behavior was restored to control levels by 72h post injection. We infer that Msper is a prominent clock gene that acts in regulating adult migratory flight and mating behaviors of M.separata. Because of its influence on migration and mating, Msper may be a valuable gene to target for effective management of this migratory insect.

Behavioral roles of biogenic amines in bumble bee males

To compare the behavioral roles of biogenic amines in the males of primitive and advanced eusocial bees, we determined the levels of dopamine- and octopamine-related substances in the brain, and the behavioral effects of these monoamines by drug injection in the primitive eusocial bumble bee, Bombus ignitus. The levels of dopamine and its precursors in the brain peaked at the late pupal stage, but the dopamine peak extended to adult emergence. The tyramine and octopamine levels increased from the mid-pupal to adult stages. The locomotor and flight activities, and light preference increased with age. Injection of octopamine and its receptor antagonist had significant effects on the locomotor and flight activities, whereas dopamine injection did not, indicating that these activities can be regulated by the octopaminergic system. We also determined the dynamics of dopamine-related substances in honey bee (Apis mellifera) drones. The changes in the dopamine level in the brains of honey bee drones exhibited two peaks from the pupal to adult stages, whereas the bumble bee males had only one peak. These are consistent with the behavioral functions of dopamine in honey bee drones and ineffectiveness of dopamine injection at the adult stage in bumble bee males.

Preservation of the honeybee population as a pollinator of entomophilous plants under climatic and anthropogenic impacts

The anthropogenic impact on the flight activity of bees in the conditions of the Lipetsk region was studied. The effect of pesticides on bee colonies was assessed. The characteristics of the effect of pesticides of different hazard classes on the viability and productivity of bee colonies are given. An analysis of the impact of beekeepers on bees is made. Recommendations for improving the condition of the apiary through the influence of beekeepers are outlined. The best methods of treatment and feeding of bees for better development and strength building are summarized. A comparison was made of queens of natural and artificial mating. The difference between queens of artificial insemination and queens of natural mating in their behavior, egg production, honey productivity, survival rate and malice was assessed. The necessity of using the method of instrumental insemination of queen bees in the apiary to preserve the breed and improve the economic and useful characteristics of bees is substantiated. Conclusions are drawn based on the results obtained.

Physiological and Environmental Influences on Wingbeat Frequency of Oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker, 1865) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a serious global migratory insect pest of grain crops. Although its migratory biology has been studied for a long history, the factors affecting wingbeat frequency (WBF), which is closely related to the flight activity of the insect, remain unclear. In this study, the WBFs of both cultured and migrating moths were tested under different conditions in the laboratory using a stroboscope. The results indicated that age and mating status significantly influenced WBF. One day old adults had the lowest WBF, and unmated females had a significantly higher WBF than that of mated females. In general, the WBF of males was significantly higher than that of female individuals. The WBF decreased gradually with increasing environmental humidity, and WBF had a significant negative binomial regression relationship with temperature change. The WBF of moths that fed on hydromel was much higher than those of the controls that fed on water or without diet. However, wind speed and air pressure had no significant effects on the moth WBF in the test environments. These findings provide a deeper understanding of factors that affect flight ability in M. separata, which will be helpful for developing a regional migratory monitoring and warning system of the pest, such as identifying target insect species based on the WBF from radar observation.

Musculoskeletal structure of the shoulder and arm in large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus)

Abstract. Cahyadi DD, Nurhidayat, Nisa’ C, Supratikno, Novelina S, Setijanto H, Agungpriyono S. 2022. Musculoskeletal structure of the shoulder and arm in large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus). Biodiversitas 23: 5902-5913. The flight activity of bats is the most energy-consuming activity compared to other locomotion activities. The anatomical characteristic of its musculoskeletal system is believed to play important role in their flight ability. The present study aimed to describe the musculoskeletal morphology of the shoulder, arms, and wing of the large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus). In this study, the parameters used are observing the specific body parts of the shoulder and arm skeletons and muscles, comparing skeletons and muscles of the other species of bats and related literature. The arm and wing skeleton of the large flying fox were relatively simple, lengthened, and flexible at the distal end of the distal most phalanx, demonstrating the flexibility of a flying fox’s arm and wing during flight. The muscles involved in flying movement that moved the wings, either in adduction or in abduction. The muscles that play a role in the wing adduction phase of the large flying fox are musculi (mm.) pectorales, musculus (m.) serratus ventralis thoracis, m. clavodeltoideus, and m. biceps brachii caput coracoideus. Conversely, the wing abduction phase is played by several main muscles, such as m. clavotrapezius, m. acromiotrapezius, m. latissimus dorsi, m. teres major, m. acromiodeltoideus, m. spinodeltoideus, m. triceps brachii caput laterale, and m. triceps brachii caput longum. Briefly, the musculoskeletal characteristics of the shoulder and arms of the large flying fox are suggested as morphological adaptation to allow free shoulder area movement, reduce the body mass, and resist the large torsional stress in the wing.

Large-scale study investigating the effects of a tank mixture containing thiacloprid-prochloraz on honey bees (Apis mellifera)

Risk assessment of plant protection products (PPPs) will be conducted before authorization for their possible effects on non-target organisms, including honey bees. Tank mixtures are often common practice by farmers, and mostly their effects on honey bees are not routinely assessed. To enable a realistic assessment of laboratory-reported effects of a combination of the insecticide thiacloprid and fungicide prochloraz on honey bees, a large-scale field study with spray application in winter oilseed rape was conducted in four regions in Germany. Several parameters were investigated, including mortality, flight activity, and colony development. Residue analysis of various materials (e.g., dead bees, nectar, and pollen) was conducted to assess exposure level. We observed several intoxication symptoms 2 h after application, including a high number of moribund bees and dead bees on the first day after application (DAA +1) compared to the control. Adverse effects were observed on the number of open brood cells, with a significant reduction of approximately 22% compared to control over the experimental period. High residue concentrations were detected on flowers and dead bees on the day of application, which decreased rapidly within six days. The residue concentrations detected were higher in bee-collected materials than in materials stored in the hive. In conclusion, exposure to a combination containing thiacloprid-prochloraz poses a high risk to honey bees. Thus, the application of such a mixture on flowering crops is restricted in Germany.

Heart rate variability in student pilots during the flight training: a preliminary report

Heart rate (HR) indicates the number of beats per minute (bpm) of the heart, while heart rate variability (HRV) indicates the temporal fluctuation of the intervals between adjacent beats (NN). HRV expresses neuro-cardiac activity and is generated by heart-brain interactions and dynamics related to the function of the Autonomous Nervous System (ANS) and other components (body and ambient temperature, respiration, hormones, blood pressure). The flight activity, especially during training, provides for a prolonged state of alert of the student pilot, as well as careful management of the flight and simultaneous planning of the next steps, with attention to the unusual conditions and emergencies that may occur during all various stages. HRV can provide a good reference index for estimating the degree of evolution of the training process of student pilots and a valid tool for some indications of a physiological as well as clinical nature. To investigate this issue, we started a series of experiments, still ongoing, by coupling the flight task times of student pilots with changes in their HRV. Before each experimental session, the participating pilot student was equipped with five electrodes, three-channel Holter (ECG BIOMEDICAL, BI9100). For this purpose, we have defined three-time phases: ground flight operations (bfo), in-flight operations (dfo) and post-flight ground operations (afo). The HRV analysis was carried out using the time domain and frequency domain parameters. As regards the mean of the RR intervals in the dfo, an increase was observed in 29% of the sample, while a decrease was observed in the remaining 71%, compared to that in the bfo. The analysis of the data relating to very low frequencies (VLF), low frequencies (LF) and high frequencies (HF) in the sample highlighted the values indicated below. In dfo, an increase in VLF values in 18% of the sample and a decrease in 82% in the remaining 71% compared to what was observed in bfo. LF values in dfo increased in 29% of the sample and decreased in the remaining 71%, compared to bfo. Finally, the HF, in dfo increased in 29% and decreased in 71% of cases, compared to the values of the bfo. Additional significant differences were found between the cases in which the RR intervals decreased in the dfo compared to the bfo, and those in which the RR intervals increased in the dfo compared to the bfo. In conclusion, the observed data lead to reconsider some physiological correlates of the different components involved in the determinism of HRV of a subject who carries out intense psychophysical activity for a certain period. In fact, it is necessary to evaluate the role of the ANS, in its various divisions (parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric), as well as the activity of the baroreceptors, the respiratory cycle (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), the thermoregulatory and hormonal factors within the short and medium tasks term.

Flight activity of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi, 1790) (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting two Algerian olive varieties in north-west Algeria

Bactrocera oleae (Rossi, 1790) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most dangerous insect pest of the olive tree in the Mediterranean region. This study was conducted in the Mascara region (North-West Algeria) during 2019-2020 season, in order to monitoring the flight activity of B. oleae by using Mc Phail type traps and evaluating the infestation rate on two olive varieties (Sigoise and Chemlal) by fruits sampling. The data obtained indicated that the flight activity of B. oleae developed five peaks of the abundance. The General Linear Model (GLM) showed that infestation rate and fruit caliber varied considerably among varieties and across the sampling date, which gradually increased with time. ‘Sigoise’ having the highest caliber and was more infested than ‘Chemlal’. The northern cardinal orientation of the tree was the least attacked by this pest. The GLM function showed that there was relationship between the infestation rate and fruit size.