Flexirubin-type Pigments Research Articles

Chryseobacterium glaciei sp. nov., isolated from the surface of a glacier in the Indian trans-Himalayas.

A novel bacterial strain, IHBB 10212T, of the genus Chryseobacterium was isolated from a glacier near the Kunzum Pass located in the Lahaul-Spiti in the North-Western Himalayas of India. The cells were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-sporulating, single rods, lacked flagella, and formed yellow to orange pigmented colonies. The strain utilized maltose, trehalose, sucrose, gentibiose, glucose, mannose, fructose, mannitol, arabitol and salicin for growth. Flexirubin-type pigments were produced by strain IHBB 10212T. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed relatedness of strain IHBB 10212T to Chryseobacterium polytrichastri DSM 26899T (97.43 %), Chryseobacterium greenlandense CIP 110007T (97.29 %) and Chryseobacterium aquaticum KCTC 12483T (96.80 %). Iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c) constituted the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipids present were six unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified lipids. MK-6 was identified as the major quinone. The DNA G+C content was 34.08 mol%. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization of strain IHBB 10212T with C. polytrichastri, C. greenlandense and C. aquaticum showed values far below the prescribed thresholds of 95 % for average nucleotide identity and 70 % for the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator for species delineation. Based on its differences from validly published Chryseobacterium species, strain IHBB 10212T is identified as a new species, for which the proposed name is Chryseobacterium glaciei sp. nov., with IHBB 10212T as the type strain (=MTCC 12457T=JCM 31156T=KACC 19170T).

Chitinophaga caseinilytica sp. nov., a casein hydrolysing bacterium isolated from forest soil.

A novel casein hydrolysing bacterium designated strain S-52T was isolated from Kyonggi University forest soil. Cells were strictly aerobic, Gram stain-negative, oxidase- and catalase- positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and golden-yellow-pigmented. Strain S-52T hydrolysed casein. It was able to grow at 20-37°C (optimum 25-32°C), pH 6.5-11.0 (optimum 7-9.5), and at 3% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Strain exhibits flexirubin-type pigments. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain S-52T formed a lineage within the genus Chitinophaga that was distinct from other species of the genus. Closest member was Chitinophaga barathri YLT18T (97.16% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, C16:1ω5c, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16: 1ω6c). MK-7 was sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G + C content of strain S-52T was 48.8mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness of strain S-52T with Chitinophaga barathri was 42.5%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic characterization, S-52T represents a novel species in the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga caseinilytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-52T (= KEMB 9005-540T = KACC 19118T = NBRC 112679T).

Flavobacterium ovatum sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from an Antarctic intertidal sandy beach.

A rod-shaped, Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile bacterium with no flexirubin-type pigment, designated as W201ET, was isolated from an intertidal sandy beach in Antarctica. The organism formed faintly yellow, round colonies on marine agar 2216E. The strain required sea salts for growth and grew optimally in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl at pH 7.0, 20 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain W201ET belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and showed the highest sequence similarity to Flavobacterium algicola NBRC 102673T (96.5 %). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6, and the predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (which comprises C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids of strain W201ET comprised one phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain W201ET was 34.1 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic analyses, this isolate was considered to represent a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium ovatum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W201ET (=KCTC 52693T=MCCC 1K03251T=CGMCC 1.16053T).

Flavobacterium foetidum sp. nov., isolated from ginseng soil.

A Gram-staining-negative bacterial strain, designated CJ42T, was isolated from ginseng soil in Anseong, Republic of Korea. Cells were rod-shaped, yellow-pigmented, aerobic and devoid of flagella but showed gliding motility. Strain CJ42T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0 in the absence of NaCl on tryptic soy agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain CJ42T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium within the family Flavobacteriaceae and was most closely related to Flavobacterium tistrianum KCTC 42679T (97.3 % similarity). Flexirubin-type pigments were produced. The only respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminolipid and two unknown lipids. The major fatty acids of strain CJ42T were iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 30.7 mol%. Based on the polyphasic analyses, strain CJ42T represents a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacteriumfoetidum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CJ42T (=KACC 19302=JCM 32085).

Chryseobacterium chungangensis sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from soil of sweet gourd garden.

A novel bacterial strain, named MAH-7T, was isolated from a soil sample of a Korean sweet gourd garden and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-staining negative, orange colored, non-motile and rod shaped. The strain was aerobic and catalase, oxidase positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30°C and 7.0, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-7T belongs to the genus Chryseobacterium and is most closely related to Chryseobacterium formosense CC-H3-2T (97.96%) and Chryseobacterium zeae JM-1085T (97.19%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-7T and its closest phylogenetic neighbors were below 45.0%. The DNA G+C content was 37.6mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). Flexirubin-type pigments were found to be present. The major cellular fatty acids were C15:0 iso, C17:0 iso 3OH, C17:1 isoω9c and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). The DNA-DNA hybridization results and results of the genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain MAH-7T represented a novel species within the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium chungangensis is proposed. The type strain is MAH-7T (= KACC 19293T = CGMCC 1.16232T). The NCBI GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MAH-7T is KY964274.

Flavobacterium phocarum sp. nov., isolated from soils of a seal habitat in Antarctica.

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-flagellated, gliding, rod-shaped, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive bacterium, designated SE14T, was isolated from soil on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Strain SE14T grew at 4-25 °C (optimum, 20 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5) and with 0-3.0 % NaCl (optimum, 1.0-1.5 %), and could not produce flexirubin-type pigments. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the the isolate belonged to the genus Flavobacterium. Strain SE14T had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flavobacterium antarcticum, F. tegetincola and F. degerlachei with 95.8, 95.5 and 95.2 %, respectively. The strain SE14T consisted of a clade with Flavobacteriumnoncentrifugens (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 94.9 %) and F. qiangtangense (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 94.2 %) and simultaneously formed a distinct phyletic lineage in the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree. Polar lipids of the strain included phosphatidylethanolamine and four unidentified aminolipids. Strain SE14T contained anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and a mixture of iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c as the main fatty acids, and the only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.3 mol%. The polyphasic taxonomic study revealed that strain SE14T belongs to a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium , and the name Flavobacterium phocarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SE14T (=CCTCC AB 2017225T=KCTC 52612T).

Caenispirillum humi sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the soil of Korean pine garden.

A novel bacterial strain MAH-8T was isolated from a soil sample of a Korean pine garden and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-staining negative, pinkish yellow colored, motile and vibrio-shaped. The strain was aerobic and catalase, oxidase positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 28-30°C and 7.0, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain MAH-8T belongs to the genus Caenispirillum and is most closely related to Caenispirillum bisanense KCTC 12839T (98.14%), Caenispirillum deserti KCTC 42064T (96.35%), and Caenispirillum salinarum JCM 17360T (95.76%). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness between strain MAH-8T and its closest phylogenetic neighbor was below 45.0%. The DNA G + C content was 70.5mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. Flexirubin-type pigments were present and the major cellular fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c, C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c and C16:0. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization and genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that strain MAH-8T represented a novel species within the genus Caenispirillum, for which the name Caenispirillum humi, is proposed. The type strain is MAH-8T (= KACC 19294T = CGMCC 1.16224T). The NCBI GenBank Accession Number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MAH-8T is KY964275.

Nemorella caseinilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from forest soil.

Two novel strains, J116-2T and J116-1, were isolated from forest soil and were taxonomically characterized by a polyphasic approach. Both strains were yellow-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacteria. The strains were non-sporulating, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Strains J116-2T and J116-1 were able to grow at 20-32 °C, pH 6.0-8.5, and 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, strains J116-2T and J116-1 formed a distinct lineage within the family Chitinophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes and were closely related to genera Taibaiella (89.86-89.30 % sequence similarity), Falvihumibacter (89.20-89.06 %), Filimonas (89.06 %) and Chitinophaga(89.01-88.77 %). The pairwise sequence similarity between strains J116-2T and J116-1 was found to be 99.86 %. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent in both strains. The only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7); the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine; the predominant polyamine was homospermidine; and the major fatty acids were C15 : 0iso, C15 : 1iso G and C17 : 0iso 3-OH. The genomic DNA G+C content values of strains J116-2T and J116-1 were 51.1 and 50.9 mol%, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis, strain J116-2T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Nemorella caseinilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Nemorella caseinilytica is J116-2T (=KEMB 9005-550T=KACC 19168T=NBRC 112827T).

Rurimicrobium arvi gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from farmland soil.

Two strains of bacteria, designated J107-1T and J107-2, were isolated from farmland soil. Cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccoid rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Both strains hydrolysed casein and tyrosine. Strains could grow at pH 9.0 and at 42 °C. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strains J107-1T and J107-2 formed a lineage within the phylum Bacteroidetes that was distinct from various members of the family Chitinophagaceae, including Ferruginibacter paludis HME8881T (89.71 % sequence similarity), Ferruginibacter yonginensis HME8442T, Niastella yeongjuensis GR20-13T (89.70 %), Chitinophaga niabensis DSM 24787T (89.57 %), Lacibacter cauensis CGMCC 1.7271T (89.56 %) and Taibaiella koreensis THG-DT86T (89.52 %). The 16S rRNA gene similarities of other members of the family Chitinophagaceae are less than 89.51 %. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified polar lipid. Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0. The DNA G+C content of strains ranged from 47.8 to 48.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, strains J107-1T and J107-2 represent a novel genus in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Rurimicrobium arvi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Rurimicrobium arvi is J107-1T (=KEMB 9005-549T=KACC 19167T=JCM 31921T).

Edaphobaculum flavum gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of family Chitinophagaceae, isolated from grassland soil.

A yellow-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated 1-116T, was isolated from Erdos grassland soil of Inner Mongolia, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA genes showed that strain 1-116T was a member of family Chitinophagaceae and exhibited the highest similarities to Taibaiella koreensis THG-DT86T (90.1 %) and Flavihumibacter solisivae 3-3T (90.0 %), while the similarities to the other Chitinophagaceae type strains were lower than 90.0 %. Strain 1-116T grew at 16-33 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum 7.0-8.0) and 0-0.5 % NaCl (w/v; optimum without NaCl). A flexirubin-type pigment was present. The DNA G+C content was 43.2 mol% and the only quinone present was menaquinone-7. The only polyamine detected was sym-homospermidine [30.7 µmol (g dry weight)-1] and the predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (20.8 %), iso-C15 : 1 G (25.1 %), summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17 : 1 B and/or iso-C17 : 1 I; 13.8 %) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (13.2 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. On the basis of the polyphasic analyses, strain 1-116T represents a novel genus and species in the family Chitinophagaceae, for which the name Edaphobaculum flavum gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of Edaphobaculum flavum is 1-116T (=CCTCC AB 2017054=KCTC 52843).

Gelidibacter flavus sp. nov., Isolated from Activated Sludge of Seawater Treatment System.

A Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain designated Con4T was isolated from activated sludge in a seawater treatment system. The strain was rod-shaped, motile, aerobic, and formed yellow-colored colonies on agar medium. Cells contained carotenoid pigments, but flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was assigned to the genus Gelidibacter. Optimum growth occurred at 20°C, pH 7.0, and 1-2% (w/v) NaCl. Prominent fatty acid types were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, and iso-C16:0 3OH. Diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were present as the major polar lipids. MK-6 was present as major menaquinone. Strain Con4T showed the highest sequence similarity with Gelidibacter mesophilus KCTC 12106T (96.5%), Gelidibacter gilvus IC158T (96.4%), and Gelidibacter algens ACAM 536T (95.8%). The G+C mol% contents of the strain Con4T were 37.7%. Distinct morphological, physiological, and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain Con4T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Gelidibacter, for which the name Gelidibacter flavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Con4T (=KEMB 41-198T=JCM 31135T).

Flavobacterium ardleyense sp. nov., isolated from Antarctic soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, non-flagellated, non-gliding, rod-like, oxidase- and catalase-positive bacterium, designated A2-1T, was isolated from soil on Ardley Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Strain A2-1T grew at 4-22 °C (optimum, 10 °C), at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.5) and with 0-1.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0.5 %), but could not produce flexirubin-type pigments. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolates belonged to the genus Flavobacterium. Strain A2-1T had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flavobacterium cucumis, F. ahnfeltiae and F. cheniae with 95.7, 95.6 and 95.4 %, respectively. The strain A2-1T consisted of a clade with F. cucumis and F. cheniae and simultaneously formed a distinct phyletic lineage in the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree. Polar lipids of the strain included phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), four unidentified aminolipids and one unidentified lipid. The strain A2-1T contained anteiso-C15 : 0 (20.2 %), iso-C15 : 0 (16.2 %) and C15 : 1 G (11.0 %) as the main fatty acids and the only respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-6. The genomic DNA G+C content was 34.0 mol%. The polyphasic taxonomic study revealed that the strain A2-1T belongs to a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium and the name Flavobacterium ardleyense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A2-1T (=CCTCC AB 2017157T=KCTC 52644T).

Larkinella ripae sp. nov., isolated from seashore soil.

Strain 15J11-11T was isolated from soil collected at the seashore and was Gram-staining-negative, short-rod-shaped, gliding and pale-pink pigmented. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. The isolate grew at a temperature range of 15 to 30 °C and a pH range of 7 to 8. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed that strain 15J11-11T belonged to the genus Larkinella within the phylum Bacteroidetes and was most closely related to Larkinella arboricola Z0532T (95.6 %), Larkinella bovis M2TB15T (95.4 %), and Larkinella insperata LMG 22510T (95.2 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 15J11-11T was 53.2 mol%. The strain contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, an unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified polar lipids as the major polar lipids; menaquinone-7 as the predominant quinone and C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids which supported the affiliation of strain 15J11-11T to the genus Larkinella. Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J11-11T represents a novel species of the genus Larkinella, for which the name Larkinella ripae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J11-11T (=KCTC 42996T=JCM 31657T).

Flavobacterium flaviflagrans sp. nov., a bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from forest soil.

Two strains of bacteria designated CB-3T and CB-31 were isolated from Kyonggi University forest soil. Cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented. They were able to grow at 15-42 °C, pH 5.5-9.5 and with 0-1.5 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains CB-3T and CB-31 formed a lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes that was distinct from various species of the genus Flavobacterium, including Flavobacterium humicola UCM-46T (99.58 % sequence similarity), Flavobacterium suncheonense GH29-5T (98.12 %), Flavobacterium pedocola UCM-R36T (97.57 %), Flavobacterium fulvum UCM-R15T (96.8 %) and Flavobacterium cauense R2A-7T (96.31 %). Both strains contained MK-6 as the sole quinone. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl) and iso-C15 : 1 G. The DNA G+C content of the strains was 35.8-36.7 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CB-3T and the most closely related members of the genus Flavobacterium ranged from 32 % to 59 %. The morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished strains CB-3T and CB-31 from their closest phylogenetic neighbours. Thus, strains CB-3T and CB-31 represent a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium flaviflagrans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CB-3T (=KEMB 9005-535T=KACC 19112T=NBRC 112704T).

Uliginosibacterium flavum sp. nov. isolated from an artificial lake.

A Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, motile by means of a polar flagellum, greenish-yellow-pigmented bacterial strain (designated strain JJ3220T) was isolated from an artificial lake in South Korea and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain JJ3220T indicated that the isolate belongs to the family Rhodocyclaceae, and that it exhibits 96.4% similarity to Uliginosibacterium paludis KBP-13T. The major cellular fatty acids of the novel strain were C14:0, C16:0, and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c). Strain JJ3220T had flexirubin-type pigments. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 62.8%. The major respiratory quinone and major polar lipid of strain JJ3220T were ubiquinone-8 and phosphatidylethanolamine, respectively. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and biochemical evidence presented, it can be concluded that strain JJ3220T represents a novel species of the genus Uliginosibacterium. The type strain Uliginosibacterium flavum is JJ3220T (=KACC 17644T =JCM 19465T).

Parafilimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

A bacterial strain, designated T16E-198T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plant collected from a farm on Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea. The strain was aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-flagellated and yellow-pigmented. Strain T16E-198T was mesophilic, catalase- and oxidase-positive and with flexirubin-type pigments. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain T16E-198T formed a lineage with Parafilimonas terrae 5GHs7-2T, sharing highest sequence similarity of 98.4 % with it and less than 93 % with all the other validly published species. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 1 G. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown aminophospholipid, five unknown aminolipids and five unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content was 41.2 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data presented, strain T16E-198T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Parafilimonas, for which the name Parafilimonas rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is T16E-198T (=KACC 18786T=JCM 31601T).

Flaviaesturariibacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from an agricultural floodplain soil, and emended description of the genus Flaviaesturariibacter.

A novel slow-growing bacterial strain designated as AW305T was isolated from an agricultural floodplain soil located in Mashare, Kavango region, Namibia. Cells stained Gram-negative, were non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccoid to rod-shaped and did not form a capsule. Colonies were yellow-pigmented, but flexirubin-type pigments were not detected. AW305T had an aerobic chemo-organoheterotrophic metabolism, using a narrow spectrum of carbon sources for growth, with preference for complex protein substrates, organic acids and amino acids. AW305T was able to grow at 15-40 °C, pH 5.3-8.3 and in the presence of up to 0.25 % (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison showed that AW305T belonged to the genus Flaviaesturariibacter (family Chitinophagaceae). Its closest relatives were Flaviaesturariibacter amylovorans GCR0105T (97.0 %), Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae Gsoil 492T (93.6 %) and Flavisolibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 643T (93.2 %). DNA-DNA hybridization experiments corroborated that AW305T represents an independent genomospecies. The genomic DNA G+C content was 57.6 mol%. Major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7, albeit minor amounts of MK-6 were also detected. The polar lipids comprised major amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and minor amounts of two unidentified lipids, an unidentified phospholipid, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified aminoglycophospholipid. On the basis of the polyphasic characterization, strain AW305T represents a novel species of the genus Flaviaesturariibacter for which the name Flaviaesturariibacter luteus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain AW305T (=DSM 100282T=LMG 29416T).

Rhodanobacter humi sp. nov., an acid-tolerant and alkalitolerant gammaproteobacterium isolated from forest soil.

A novel acid-tolerant and alkalitolerant gammaproteobacterium designated strain RS22T was isolated from Kyonggi University forest soil. Cells were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Strain RS22T was able to assimilate lactic acid, l-proline and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid; it tolerated 4 % (w/v) NaCl, fermented glucose and was able to grow at pH 11.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain RS22T formed a lineage within the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria that was distinct from various species of the genus Rhodanobacter, including Rhodanobacter denitrificans 2APBS1T (97.7 % sequence similarity), Rhodanobacter thiooxydans LCS2T (97.5 %), Rhodanobacter terrae GP18-1T (97.5 %) and Rhodanobacter soli DCY45T (97.2 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids of strain RS22T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content of strain RS22T was 63.2 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization between strain RS22T and other closest members of the genus Rhodanobacterrevealed relatedness values from 28 to 51 %. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, strain RS22T represents a novel species of the genus Rhodanobacter, for which the name Rhodanobacter humi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RS22T (=KEMB 9005-480T=KACC 19048T=NBRC 112473T).

Flavobacterium crassostreae sp. nov., isolated from Pacific oyster.

A yellow, rod-shaped, Gram-reaction-negative bacterial strain, designated LPB0076T, was isolated from a Pacific oyster. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses indicated that the strain represented a member of the genus Flavobacterium. It had the highest sequence similarity to the type strains of Flavobacterium frigidarium (97.6 %) and Flavobacterium omnivorum (97.0 %), and its similarities with all other species of the genus Flavobacterium were below 97.0 %. Its genome size (3.02 Mb), DNA G+C content (36.0 mol%), predominant cellular fatty acids (anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c and/or C17 : 1ω6c), and major polar lipid (phosphatidylethanolamine) were similar to those described previously for members of the genus Flavobacterium. In contrast, a number of phenotypic characteristics, including the inability to grow microaerophilically, absence of flexirubin-type pigments and gliding motility and differences in enzymatic reactions, clearly distinguished LPB0076T from other species of the genus Flavobacterium. The polyphasic data presented in this study indicate that this isolate should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium. The name Flavobacterium crassostreae sp. nov. is therefore proposed for the isolate, with the type strain being LPB0076T (=KACC 18706T=JCM 31219T).

Euzebyella marina sp. nov., isolated from seawater.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, non-flagellated, non-gliding, oxidase- and catalase-positive bacterium, designated CY01T, was isolated from seawater of the Yellow Sea. CY01T grew at 15-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5-8 (optimum, 6.5-7.5) and with 0.5-12 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.5-3.5 %). It could not produce flexirubin-type pigment or reduce nitrate to nitrite. CY01T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strain of Euzebyella saccharophila (97.0 %) and clustered tightly with the species of the genus Euzebyella in the phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The major cellular fatty acids of CY01T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1G and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-6. Polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), four unidentified lipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.2 mol%. Based on the results of the polyphasic characterization of CY01T, it represents a novel species of the genus Euzebyella, for which the name Euzebyella marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CY01T (=CCTCC AB 2014348T=KCTC 42440T).