Flexible Users Research Articles

A data-driven distributionally robust chance constrained approach for optimal electricity-gas system operation

The extensive installation of gas-fired units and the substantial increase in natural gas consumption have strengthened the interdependence between power system and natural gas system. Therefore, the uncertainty of wind power brings new challenges to the safe and economic operation of the electricity–gas integrated energy system (IES). To optimize the operating costs of the energy supply side, an optimal electricity–gas energy flow (OEGEF) framework considering wind power uncertainty is established to maximize the social welfare (SW) of energy suppliers, energy storage suppliers and flexible users. Under this framework, based on the historical wind power data, a data-driven distributionally robust chance constrained (DRCC) model is proposed and the tractable reformulation form is given. In addition, a distributed manner via alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is adopted to solve the power system sub-problems and the natural gas system sub-problems for protecting privacy data. Compared with the deterministic model, the uncertain model of Gaussian distribution and symmetrical distribution, the proposed model has stronger robustness. The case studies are conducted by two IESs of different scales, the results of numerical examples show that the model is effective for the optimal coordination of uncertain IES.

Distributed low-carbon operational optimization model of an integrated energy system based on ladder carbon trading and integrated demand response

ABSTRACT Integrated energy system (IES) has become significant in the global energy revolution because of its unique advantage of promoting clean energy use and improving energy efficiency. However, its low-carbon operational optimization and capacity allocation challenges have sharply increased because, as its scale continuously grows, its inherent strongly coupled multi energy flow and high nonlinearity characteristics have become more prominent. This study proposes a distributed low-carbon operational optimization mechanism for an IES using integrated demand response (IDR) and ladder carbon trading (LCT). First, a low-carbon IES was modeled as a coupled model between energy operators (EO) that contain combined cooling, heating, and power systems (CCHP) and flexible users (FU) based on the Stackelberg game. Second, the operational optimization model was formulated as a source-load synergistic operation scheduling mechanism based on IDR and the LCT. Finally, the strategy of each stakeholder was obtained using a modified distributed algorithm of genetic algorithm nested quadratic programming (GA-QP). The effectiveness of the proposed model was verified through a case study. The economic benefits for each stakeholder improved, as confirmed through the experimental results. The energy cost of the FU decreased by 4.42%, and the revenue from energy sales of the EO increased by 11.9%; renewable energy was prioritized for consumption, with a consumption rate of 100%; the total output of the core devices for energy cascade utilization increased by 15.6%, significantly improving energy supply efficiency; the total carbon emissions decreased by 8.64%; and power and heat loss rates were 0% and 0.00059%, respectively. Highlights With the rapid development of renewable energy, The integrated energy system relies on its inherent operational advantages of high flexibility, high toughness, and multi energy coupling cascade utilization, demonstrates unique advantages in serving as a clean and renewable energy carrier and adapting to the development of distributed energy The energy cost of flexible users has decreased by 4.42%, and the revenue from energy sales of energy operators has increased by 11.9%; Renewable energy is prioritized for consumption, with a consumption rate of 100%; The total output of the core devices for energy cascade utilization has increased by 15.6%, significantly improving energy supply efficiency; The total carbon emissions decreased by 8.64%, both power and heat loss rates are 0%, the error rate of energy supply is 0.00059% Based on the above research, this paper is established a distributed low-carbon operation optimization model for Integrated energy system coupled the EO that contain CCHP and the FU based on Stackelberg game In view of the gradual deepening of the coupling degree of the IES, the increasingly obvious characteristics of multi-agent, the difficulty of centralized scheduling to protect the interests of each independent entity, and the inadequacy of the system’s energy cascade utilization advantages, this paper establishes a bilateral distributed operation optimization model based on Game theory In response to the insufficient utilization of the advantages of multi energy coupling in existing research on IES, insufficient attention paid to the interaction between supply and demand on both sides of the system, and insufficient enthusiasm of users as independent entities to participate in system operation scheduling, this article adopts a integrated demand response as the load side operation scheduling strategy

Assessing ice sheet models against the landform record: The Likelihood of Accordant Lineations Analysis (LALA) tool

AbstractPalaeo‐ice sheets leave behind a rich database regarding their past behaviour, recorded in the landscape in the form of glacial geomorphology. The most numerous landform created by these ice sheets are subglacial lineations, which generate snapshots of the direction of ice flow at fixed (yet typically unknown) points in time. Despite their relative density within the landform record, the information provided by subglacial lineations is currently underutilised in tests of numerical ice sheet models. To some extent, this is a consequence of ongoing debate regarding lineation formation, but predominantly, it reflects the lack of rigorous model‐data comparison techniques that would enable lineation information to be properly integrated. Here, we present the Likelihood of Accordant Lineations Analysis (LALA) tool. LALA provides a statistically rigorous measure of the log‐likelihood of a supplied ice sheet simulation through comparison of simulation output with both the location and direction of observed lineations. Given an ensemble of ice sheet simulations, LALA provides a formal, and statistically underpinned, quantitative assessment of each simulation's quality‐of‐fit to mapped lineations. This enables a comparison of each simulation's relative plausibility, including identification of the most likely ice sheet simulations amongst the ensemble. This is achieved by modelling lineation formation as a marked Poisson point process and comparison of observed to modelled flow directions using the von Mises distribution. LALA is flexible—users can adapt parameters to account for differing assumptions regarding lineation formation, and for variations in the level of precision required for differing model‐data comparison experiments. We provide guidelines and rationale for assigning parameter values, including an assessment of the variability between users when mapping lineations. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of LALA through application to an ensemble of simulations of the last British‐Irish Ice Sheet. This comparison highlights the benefits of LALA over previous tools and demonstrates some of the considerations of experimental design required when identifying the fit between ice sheet model simulations and the landform record.

A rolling-horizon decision framework for integrating relocation and user flexibility in one-way electric carsharing systems

One-way electric carsharing system has become the most widely used form of carsharing service in practice. However, the demand uncertainty, car imbalance, parking shortage, and battery charging jointly impose great challenges upon the operation. Many carsharing operators, e.g., GoFun, offer incentives to flexible users for accepting alternative itineraries and also adopt a full reservation policy. In this paper, we propose a rolling-horizon decision framework that integrates the operator’s car and staff relocation decisions, user flexibility, and charging of electric cars in the real-time setting. We formulate the problem at each decision epoch as a time–space network flow model that simultaneously optimizes the decisions. We develop an iterated local search heuristic algorithm to solve the model for large-scale practical problems. Based on theoretical insights and clustering of stations, we develop new local search procedures customized for the dynamic carsharing problem. We use real-world data from GoFun as an example to conduct extensive computational experiments. The results show that our algorithm significantly outperforms a particle swarm optimization algorithm and the popular greedy policy, and also has a low efficiency loss compared to the off-line heuristic solution. The transportation network size, clustering size, and operational efficiency are revealed to have significant impacts on the profit and service level.

Using Global Positioning System Big Data to Define a Bikeshare User Typology and Model On-/Off-Road Bicycle Facility Preferences

Bikeshare programs have grown exponentially over the last decade and have been found to be influential in increasing the nonmotorized mode share. With shared microbility programs proving to be a key component of modern urban environments and in first- and last-mile connections to transit, there is a need to better understand users and their facility preferences. This study utilizes 3 years’ worth of data from a campus bikeshare program in Auburn, AL, that includes over 100,000 trips and almost 9,000 users to develop a bikeshare user typology. Whereas past research developing cyclist groupings has been based on self-reported cyclist comfort and confidence levels, this study utilized actual ridership data from the bikeshare program to create new typologies specific to bikeshare. Using a K-means cluster analysis, this study proposes four bikeshare user types: unsupported users, aspirational users, flexible users, and purposeful users. These users have varying travel motivations, needs, and patterns. Their choice between an on-road and off-road facility option was analyzed at nine specific locations displaying different roadway and physical conditions. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which variables are influential in a bikeshare user’s choice between riding on an on-road or off-road facility. The modeling results found two typology memberships were a significant predictor of bicycle facility preference, keeping all other factors constant. Specifically, flexible and purposeful users had stronger preferences for off-road bicycle facilities. Additionally, the physical conditions were found to be significant with users choosing off-road options away from motor vehicle traffic as the roadway environment becomes more intimidating.

Operational Strategy and User Price Preference Analysis of China’s Microgrids: Based on An Evolutionary Game Model

As an effective supplement to the power grid, microgrid systems can make full use of renewable energy and solve the problem of grid connection and absorption of renewable energy. However, microgrid faces the challenges of benefit fluctuation caused by fixed pricing mode with unstable renewable energy supply and changing user’s demand. A well-designed pricing mode is necessary while yet to be fully discussed. To solve this problem, this paper introduces flexible operational strategies and pricing mechanism due to the regional differences in resource endowment, microgrid technology mix, user demand and electricity price of external grid. The evolutionary game method is used to explore the operational strategy and pricing mechanism applicable to microgrids with different characteristics and users with different demands, so as to provide valuable reference for pricing standardization of microgrids in China. Based on the theoretical model, we deduce the equilibrium strategy of microgrid facing stable users and flexible users, and discusses the operational strategy and pricing mechanism of microgrid facing different user demands by using numerical simulation method. The results indicate that: (1) Considering the technical characteristics and economic performance, most of the microgrids tend to be connected to the grid and use real-time pricing mode. (2) The initial price between the microgrid and the user, the proportion of independent power generation when the microgrid is connected to the grid, and the tariff of the external grid are the key factors affecting the equilibrium point of the game between the microgrid and the users.

Three stages in the co-transformation of the energy and mobility sectors

Renewable electricity sources such as wind and solar power have shown a remarkable development in terms of efficiency, costs and availability, but system integration still remains a challenge. Realizing a fully renewable electricity supply will require large scale storage technologies and flexible users to overcome long periods of low power generation. At the same time, other sectors such as mobility and industry must be electrified to replace fossil fuels. Power-to-methane is a promising technology as it enables large-scale energy storage and sector coupling using existing infrastructures. In this work, we analyze the co-transformation of the German electricity, mobility and industry sectors, taking into account the recent decision to phase out coal by 2038. We evaluate the necessary capacities of renewables and sizes for storage options, as well as system costs and associated emissions using a techno-economic optimization model with a high technological and temporal resolution in the open-source framework OSeMOSYS. We find three rather different stages of the transformation driven by the decreasing emissions cap and the coal phase-out. Solar power is expanded vastly up to 2030, whilst coal is replaced mainly by fossil natural gas by 2040. Emissions caps become very challenging after 2040 to the extent that all flexibility options are greatly expanded: storage, curtailment and flexible power-to-methane.

Electricity prices and tariffs to keep everyone happy: A framework for fixed and nodal prices coexistence in distribution grids with optimal tariffs for investment cost recovery

Some consumers, particularly households, are unwilling to face volatile electricity prices, and they can perceive as unfair price differentiation in the same local area. For these reasons, nodal prices in distribution networks are rarely employed. However, the increasing availability of renewable resources and emerging price-elastic behaviours pave the way for the effective introduction of marginal nodal pricing schemes in distribution networks. The aim of the proposed framework is to show how traditional non-flexible consumers can coexist with flexible users in a local distribution area. Flexible users will pay nodal prices, whereas non-flexible consumers will be charged a fixed price derived from the underlying nodal prices. Moreover, the developed approach shows how a distribution system operator should manage the local grid by optimally determining the lines to be expanded, and the collected network tariff levied on grid users, while accounting for both congestion rent and investment costs. The proposed model is formulated as a non-linear integer bilevel program, which is then recast as an equivalent single optimization problem, by using integer algebra and complementarity relations. The power flows in the distribution area are modelled by resorting to a second-order cone relaxation, whose solution is exact for radial networks under mild assumptions. The final model results in a mixed-integer quadratically constrained program, which can be solved with off-the-shelf solvers. Numerical test cases based on both 5-bus and 33-bus networks are reported to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Sector coupling: Supporting decarbonisation of the global energy system

Natural gas provides significant energy supply, but also important flexibility services, especially in markets where winter heating load is high, and gas also provides flexibility and system services in power generation. These services are likely to become increasingly important as energy systems transition to lower carbon. But natural gas production and combustion must be phased out in a low carbon economy in applications where carbon capture and storage is not deployed.Options exist for decarbonizing the gas grid, enabling flexibility to be delivered with existing infrastructure. These include biologically derived methane, synthetic methane, and low carbon hydrogen, all potentially in a global context and deployed in sectors where decarbonisation is more difficult.Electric and hydrogen powered vehicles offer crucial routes to addressing transport emissions. These also have significant potential to be flexible users of electricity, facilitating the integration of renewable generation. Future planning and policy options need to consider these options in an integrated, long-term approach.

Human Behavior Aware Energy Management in Residential Cyber-Physical Systems

Technological advancements, such as smart appliances, have enabled residential buildings to become a true Cyber-Physical System (CPS), where the devices correspond to the physical system and the smart computation and control mechanisms define the cyber part. An important aspect of these residential cyber-physical systems is their large portion of the overall energy consumption in the electric grid. Researchers have proposed several methods to address the issue, targeting to reduce both the consumption and the cost associated with it, either individually or simultaneously. These methods include using renewable energy sources, energy storage devices, efficient control methods to maximize the benefits of these resources, and smart appliance rescheduling. However, a residential CPS, different than a common CPS, has a lot of direct human interaction within the system. Although the previous residential energy management methods are effective, they do not consider the inherent and dominant human factor. This paper develops a human-behavior-centric smart appliance rescheduling method for a residential neighborhood. We first show an accurate representation of the relationship between the activities of the household members and the power demand of the house. We use this model to efficiently generate several power profiles based on different household characteristics. Then, we formally model how flexible users are when rescheduling appliances. In contrast to previous studies, our work is able to capture the intrinsic human behavior related decisions and actions when automating the residential energy consumption. Our results show 16 percent energy savings and 22 percent reduction in peak power relative to the case without appliance rescheduling while accurately representing and meeting human-related constraints. We also demonstrate that ignoring human preferences can lead to up to more than 90 percent violation of user deadlines.

Development of Verb Morphology: From Item-Specificity to Proficient Use

The initial phase of linguistic production by children is char- acterized by rote-learned, lexically restricted forms and con- structions. Only during later phases of language acquisition do they develop flexibility across a paradigm and mix lexical and grammatical material more freely. In the development of verb morphology, a correlation between the use of tense and aspect has been observed in many languages. It has been sug- gested that this leads to an intermediary state of paradigm cat- egorization based on temporal categories. So far the flexibility of individual verbs occurring in different tense-aspect combi- nations has not been examined in detail. Here we evaluate the flexibility of verb use in a large longitudinal corpus of 4 Rus- sian children. We compute the Shannon entropy of verb stems distributed over individual grammatical forms. Results show that children do not pass through a stage of paradigm cate- gorization based on aspecto-temporal categories. After a brief item-specific phase of rote learned forms, they quickly become flexible users of verbs in both aspects.

Effects of electric power supply for artificial illumination of greenhouse crops at volatile current supply

In Germany, the increasing generation of electricity based on renewable energy is accompanied by a high volatility in the current availability. This requires not only flexible capacities for current production, but also for current use and results in a high variability of the electricity tariff. Greenhouses could be such flexible users of volatile current supply. They can use it for heating the greenhouse and illuminating the crops. The present study considers the use of volatile current supply for the artificial illumination of greenhouse crops. In a model study, the effect of illuminating a tomato crop on photosynthesis and the potential yield at different times of the day and of the year is evaluated. In addition, the lamps release heat into the greenhouse and thus decrease the heat energy consumption. The photosynthesis model was evaluated for the application of artificial light using measurements in a greenhouse on complete crops. Simulated scenarios show the effects of variable artificial lighting. Obviously, the effect is higher at night and during winter time compared to summer. However, even during bright summer days, a photosynthesis driven model generates a slight increase in yield. The aspect of deriving the crop yield directly from the crop photosynthesis is discussed.

Implementing flexible demand: Real-time price vs. market integration

This paper proposes an agent-based model that combines both spot and balancing electricity markets. From this model, we develop a multi-agent simulation to study the integration of the consumers' flexibility into the system. Our study identifies the conditions that real-time prices may lead to higher electricity costs, which in turn contradicts the usual claim that such a pricing scheme reduces cost.We show that such undesirable behavior is in fact systemic. Due to the existing structure of the wholesale market, the predicted demand that is used in the formation of the price is never realized since the flexible users will change their demand according to such established price.As the demand is never correctly predicted, the volume traded through the balancing markets increases, leading to higher overall costs. In this case, the system can sustain, and even benefit from, a small number of flexible users, but this solution can never upscale without increasing the total costs.To avoid this problem, we implement the so-called “exclusive groups”. Our results illustrate the importance of rethinking the current practices so that flexibility can be successfully integrated considering scenarios with and without intermittent renewable sources.

Section 108 Revision: Nothing New Under the Sun

Section 108 of the Copyright Act lays out a series of specific protections for reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works by libraries and archives. Disagreement has always been associated with Section 108 as it strikes a balance between the needs of libraries and the market prerogatives of copyright holders, especially publishers. It is also part of a larger balance in the Copyright Act between specific ex-ceptions and flexible users’ rights embodied in Section 107, which cov-ers fair use. In the summer of 2016, the Copyright Office announced it was putting the finishing touches on a substantial rewrite of Section 108. To inform discussion of Section 108 revision, this article explores the history of Section 108 and of proposed Section 108 revisions, argu-ing that Section 108 has served libraries well in its current form, and that “reform” in the current political climate is unlikely to yield any worthwhile improvements to the statute. Instead, history shows that any revision process is likely to be a vehicle for restricting the activi-ties of libraries and raising the cost of access to information. Libraries should maintain the position that has guided them for more than half a century: vigilant defense of fair use and skepticism of negotiated specific exceptions. As this piece went to press, the Copyright Office re-leased its draft rewrite of the law, and a brief appendix reflects on how the draft stands up to the concerns we raise.

A cluster analysis of energy-consuming activities in everyday life

ABSTRACTFlexible consumption in the household sector concerns individuals’ daily choices and the routines that develop in their households. Targeting household-level energy consumption therefore requires an understanding of energy consumption in relation to individual household members’ activity patterns. Individual time-diaries reveal when, for how long and where energy-related activities occur, permitting discussions of the temporal flexibility of these activities. Using multiple time-diaries (n = 6477) from a population reveals differences in activity patterns in larger groups and permits recorded activities to be clustered. Few explorative studies perform cluster analyses of energy-consuming activities in order to examine when and for how long these activities occur. When clustering is done, it is usually based on socio-economic factors, and not on the activities performed in sequence. This paper reports a time-geographically inspired cluster analysis based on when and for how long some activities requiring electricity are performed in the home by individuals in a population. The presented cluster analysis based on activities gives a new perspective to the discussion of flexible users and provides a basis for deeper analyses, for example, of whether activities are moveable in time for individuals, complementing cluster analysis based on other variables.

Smart Meters and People Using the Grid: Exploring the Potential Benefits of AMR-Technology

The debate on the introduction of AMR (Automated Meter Reading) in Norwegian households is largely built on the assumption that users will react on price incitements in relation to electricity. However, the basic function of the AMR-system technology is to measure the use of energy and the power output (effect) and send this information to the electricity suppliers. In the list of demands on the imminent implementation of AMR-technology it is not specified how information on the actual use and the current price of electricity is to be communicated to end users to enable them to adjust to price signals. Simply introducing AMR in itself is not very likely to have a major influence households’ use of electricity. However, it is likely that receiving this information will enable providers to better control and plan the production and to adjust the price levels of electricity. Using AMR this way only utilizes a limited part of the potential use of this technology for cutting energy demand and evening out peaks in energy use. The primary objective of the project is to explore households’ incitements to be flexible users based on feedback on consumption in relation to a smart grid. In this project, participants in Demo Steinkjer living lab have participated in semi-structured focus group interviews (FGIs) in which user responses on different means of communication of AMR have been explored. The research questions are 1) what information should be communicated to households and 2) how should it be communicated? The secondary objective of the project is to use the results of the study to specify which functionalities are relevant to include in a prototype app-based control system for household functions based on AMR.

All in a day’s work ... or, ELF in a day’s work: meeting the changing needs of learners and users of English in Higher Education

English as a lingua franca (ELF) has been described as “… the fastest-growing and at the same time the least recognised function of English in the world.” (Mauranen 2009). As a shared language used between speakers who do not have the same lingua cultural backgrounds, English has been the global language of business for some time (Charles 2008) and is increasingly used in academia, not only as the lingua franca of research, but also for teaching and administrative work. As a field of research, ELF focuses on language use in context, notably showing how flexible users of ELF are in negotiating meaning and achieving understanding, despite differences in cultural and linguistic backgrounds (Firth 1996, 2008). Yet, using English as a lingua franca can present challenges, and the research findings have implications not only for users of English in a range of contexts, but also for teachers and learners of English.The focus of this article is on the effect of change with regard to English on curriculum development and syllabus design at the University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Language Center. Drawing on Richards (2001), curriculum development refers here to an overall process of educational planning and implementation, comprising needs analysis, situation analysis, setting of aims and learning outcomes, course design, delivery and assessment. These elements are seen as a “network of interacting systems.” (Richards 2001:41). Syllabus design, on the other hand, deals with the specific content covered in a given course.

High‐tech AAC and severe aphasia: Candidacy for TouchSpeak (TS)

Background: Increasingly, computerised communication aids are used by people with severe, chronic aphasia. Although the candidacy for these devices is relatively unknown, it has been hypothesised that cognitive deficits have a negative impact on the functional use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). Deficits of executive functioning are assumed to be particularly important, but other functions, such as memory and semantic processing, may also be relevant. In a previous study (van de Sandt‐Koenderman, Wiegers, Wielaert, Duivenvoorden, & Ribbers, in press) we reported the functional effect of TouchSpeak (TS), a computerised communication aid, in a group of stroke patients with severe aphasia. The successful participants showed different levels of proficiency. Some were able to use the system independently and creatively in many situations, some used it independently for trained situations, and others remained partner dependent in using TS. Aims: To find factors associated with the functional success of TS in people with severe aphasia, focusing on memory, executive functioning, semantic processing, and communication skills. Methods & Procedures: The data of 30 patients with severe aphasia were analysed retrospectively. All were trained to use TS in two self‐chosen communicative situations. Four outcome levels were differentiated: no use, dependent use, independent use, and extensive use of TS. Pre‐training assessment included memory, executive functioning, semantic processing, and communication skills. The four outcome groups were compared regarding age, time post onset, gender, and aphasia type. The role of the cognitive variables was analysed with univariate ANCOVAs with contrast analysis, with correction for age, gender, aphasia type, or time post onset in case of significant differences between the groups on these variables. Outcomes & Results: Seven participants were classified as extensive users of TS, five were independent TS users, and five were partner dependent. In 13 cases there was no functional use of TS. Extensive users were younger than the other outcome groups. Independent of this age effect, there was an effect of semantic processing; the no‐use group scored significantly lower on semantics than all other groups. Conclusions: Only a minority of patients with severe aphasia may be expected to become independent, flexible users of high‐tech AAC. The finding that functional success was related to semantic processing is clinically important. Prospective studies are needed to support the predictive value of semantic processing for high‐tech AAC use. The importance of intact executive functioning is not supported in this study. The broad concept of “executive functioning” needs to be studied in more detail in relation to aphasia.

Learning to Teach with Mathematics Textbooks: How Preservice Teachers Interpret and Use Curriculum Materials

This study investigates how four prospective teachers interpret and use textbooks while learning to teach mathematics during university coursework and practicum teaching. Results indicate that prospective teachers had varied approaches to using textbooks ranging from adherence, elaboration, and creation. Factors influencing how they engaged with texts include their practicum classroom setting, access to resources, and their understanding of mathematics. Preservice teachers' attempts to modify textbook lessons raised pedagogical, curricular, and mathematical questions for them that were not easily answered by reference to the textbooks or teacher's guides. Findings indicate that the practicum can, however, challenge preservice teachers to be creative and flexible users of curriculum materials.

Pupil Responsibility in the Context of School Changes in Sweden: Market Constraints on State Policies for a Creative Education

Sweden's present school curricula emphasise personal flexibility, creativity, responsibility for learning and suggest new understandings of quality in learning, where individual freedom of choice is meant to help produce creative, motivated, alert, inquiring, self-governing and flexible users and developers of knowledge. These curriculum changes relate to similar changes in the relationships between the state, professional agencies and market interests in education planning and delivery. In this article I discuss these new developments and their effects from the perspective of different students in school. The article is based on ethnographic studies and student interviews that suggest that whilst rituals that previously indoctrinated individuals into submissive behaviour in school, through the mechanical memorisation of other's facts, have been replaced by outwardly self-monitored activities and self-determined learning, some things remain the same. Students are still graded, separated and characterised by teachers in terms of being weak or superior products and students adopt these labels in their self-understanding. Furthermore, the curriculum that is meant to stimulate creativity and inclusiveness dampens creativity and positive involvement for many students.