Flexible Unit Research Articles

Electron-Lattice Synergistic Coordination for Boosting the Electro-Optic Response of the Crystal.

The electro-optic (E-O) response is fundamental where the refractive index of materials can be modulated by the external electric field. Up to now, E-O modulation has become a critical technology in photonics, quantum optics, modern communication, etc. However, the design of E-O crystals with broadband availabilities and large E-O effect is still challenging since the E-O response is contributed by both electrons and phonons. Here, an electron-lattice synergistic coordination strategy is proposed for boosting the E-O response, and with the langasite as the subject, a novel crystal La3Zr0.5Ga5Si0.5O14 (LZGS) is designed. By the rational introduction of the Zr4+ ion in the octahedral site, it is found that the E-O response can be obviously improved attributed to the active 4d orbitals of the Zr4+ ion and the optical phonons of the flexible (ZrO6) unit. This crystal also has advantages in transparency, laser damage threshold and E-O coefficient compared with the well-known E-O crystals. Moreover, broadband E-O modulation is also demonstrated in the lasers at wavelengths from 639 to 1991nm. These findings not only demonstrate an excellent E-O crystal for the development of modern devices in classical and quantum fields but also provide a design strategy for boosting the E-O response.

A Translator's Face: Persianate Selfhood and Portraiture, 1760–1800

AbstractWithin the framework of Persianate self‐hood, this article explores the intersection between translation, Indian dress, and portraiture in India and Britain, 1760–1800. It examines the translator's lived experience and cultural output as a published scholar and Persian secretary in the East India Company. First, it considers the self‐constructed through clothing; second, it examines how the role of the EIC translator is discretely performed. The third is the role of art and the artist in visualizing a record of professional life and its relationship with material culture, and finally, how it evoked a multifarious kinship on a network of ideas unrelated to ethnicity or place. Engaging with the concept of transculturalism, it considers the global ‘family’ as a flexible and dynamic unit that empowers the movement of visual and material culture within generations. The investigation of dress and grooming reframes the imperial ‘self’, seeing dress as the primary navigator of cultural space.

Compact Vital-Sensing Band with Uninterrupted Power Supply for Core Body Temperature and Pulse Rate Monitoring.

Although wearable devices for continuous monitoring of vital signs have undergone significant advancements, their need for frequent recharging precludes continuous operation, potentially leading to adverse outcomes being overlooked. Additionally, the scattered locations of the sensors hamper wearability. Herein, we present a compact vital-sensing band with uninterrupted power supply designed for continuous monitoring of core body temperature (CBT) and pulse rate. The band─which comprises two sensors, a power source (i.e., a flexible thermoelectric generator (TEG) and a battery), and a flexible circuit─is worn on the forearm. The CBT is calculated by measuring the skin temperature and heat flux, while a triboelectric nanogenerator-based self-powered pressure sensor is utilized for pulse rate monitoring. The TEG is a flexible unit that converts body heat into electricity, accumulating a total energy of 314 mJ (100%). Out of this total energy, only 43.2 mJ (7.2%) is utilized for CBT measurements, while the remaining 270.80 mJ (92.8%) is stored in the battery. This enables reliable and continuous operation of the vital-sensing band, highlighting its potential for use in healthcare applications.

Interweavable Metalloporphyrin‐based Fibers for Indirect Electrocatalysis

The applications of indirect electrocatalysis toward potential industrial processes are drastically limited by the utilization or processing forms of electrocatalysts. The remaining challenges of electrocatalysts like the recycling in homogeneous systems or pulverization in heterogeneous systems call for advanced processing forms to meet the desired requirements. Here, we report a series of metalloporphyrin‐based polymer fibers (M‐PF, M = Ni, Cu and Zn) through a rigid‐flexible polymerization strategy based on rigid metalloporphyrin and flexible thiourea units that can be applied as heterogenous redox‐mediators in indirect electrocatalysis. These functional fibers with high strength and flexibility exhibit interweavable and designable functions that can be processed into different fiber‐forms like knotted, two‐spiral, three‐ply, five‐ply fibers or even interweaved networks. Interestingly, they can be readily applied in S‐S bond cleaving/cyclization reaction or extended oxidative self‐coupling reaction of thiols with high efficiency. Remarkably, it enables the scale‐up production (1.25 g in a batch‐experiment) under laboratory conditions.

Interweavable Metalloporphyrin-Based Fibers for Indirect Electrocatalysis.

The applications of indirect electrocatalysis toward potential industrial processes are drastically limited by the utilization or processing forms of electrocatalysts. The remaining challenges of electrocatalysts like the recycling in homogeneous systems or pulverization in heterogeneous systems call for advanced processing forms to meet the desired requirements. Here, we report a series of metalloporphyrin-based polymer fibers (M-PF, M=Ni, Cu and Zn) through a rigid-flexible polymerization strategy based on rigid metalloporphyrin and flexible thiourea units that can be applied as heterogeneous redox-mediators in indirect electrocatalysis. These functional fibers with high strength and flexibility exhibit interweavable and designable functions that can be processed into different fiber-forms like knotted, two-spiral, three-ply, five-ply fibers or even interweaved networks. Interestingly, they can be readily applied in S-S bond cleaving/cyclization reaction or extended oxidative self-coupling reaction of thiols with high efficiency. Remarkably, it enables the scale-up production (1.25 g in a batch-experiment) under laboratory conditions.

Development of a flexible electronic control unit for seamless integration of machine vision to CAN-enabled boom sprayers for spot application technology

This research work aimed to develop an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) to establish a flexible bridge between machine vision and boom sprayer to control nozzles individually for pesticide spot application based on the Controller Area Network (CAN). The ECU consisted of two electronic entities. The first used UART protocol to parse machine vision messages, detect pest areas, and convert them into binary arrays for nozzle activation. The second received these arrays and generated nozzle controller CAN frames which were broadcast to control the sprayer nozzles on the implement bus. The ECU was tested in four scenarios involving combinations of three machine vision systems and two nozzle systems. The lab tests confirmed, assuming accurate detections, the ECU successfully sent spray commands to all targets across various camera-nozzle ratios. However, at specific ratios (1:3 and 1:6), some nozzles opened in unintended patterns. In the fourth scenario conducted in the field at a 1:2 ratio, all targets were sprayed regardless of their dimensions and distribution in the field. In this scenario, the sprayer operated at speeds of 3.22 km/h, 6.44 km/h, and 9.66 km/h, demonstrating real-time spraying with 55° angled nozzles, where the ECU sent CAN messages every 10ms and issued 400 ms spray commands upon detection, achieving a minimum spray length of 345 mm per detection.

Green light for bidirectional charging? Unveiling grid repercussions and life cycle impacts

Bidirectional charging, such as Vehicle-to-Grid, is increasingly seen as a way to integrate the growing number of battery electric vehicles into the energy system. The electrical storage capacity in the system can be enhanced by using electric vehicles as flexible storage units. However, large-scale applications of Vehicle-to-Grid may require significant expansion of distribution grids. Previous studies lack a comprehensive environmental assessment of related impacts. Contributing to this research gap, this article combines techno-economic grid simulations with scenario-based Life Cycle Assessments. The case study focuses on rural distribution grids in Southern Germany, projecting the repercussions of different charging scenarios by 2040. Besides a Vehicle-to-Grid scenario, a mixed scenario of Vehicle-to-Home, Vehicle-to-Grid, and direct charging is investigated. Results indicate that Vehicle-to-Grid charging increases grid impacts due to higher charging simultaneities and power losses, especially when following spot market prices. Despite these challenges, the secondary use of battery electric vehicles as storage units can offset adverse environmental effects. Bidirectional charging allows for higher use of volatile renewable energies and can accelerate their integration into the power system. When considering these diverse environmental effects, bidirectional charging scenarios show overall lower impacts on climate change per battery electric vehicle compared to direct charging. The insights provided are valuable for researchers, industry, utilities, and policymakers to understand the potential positive and negative impacts of large-scale battery electric vehicle integration. The article highlights the most influential parameters that should be considered before large-scale penetration.

Chronic recording of brain activity in awake toads.

Amphibians represent an important evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments and they display a large variety of complex behaviors despite a relatively simple brain. However, their brain activity is not as well characterized as that of many other vertebrates, partially due to physiological traits that have made electrophysiology recordings difficult to perform in awake and moving animals. We implanted flexible mesh electronics in the cane toad (Rhinella marina) and performed extracellular recordings in the telencephalon of anesthetized toads and partially restrained, awake toads over multiple days. We recorded brain activity over five consecutive days in awake toads and over a 15 week period in a toad that was anesthetized during recordings. We were able to perform spike sorting and identified single- and multi-unit activity in all toads. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a modern method to perform electrophysiology in non-paralyzed toads over multiple days, though there are historical references to short term recordings in the past. Implementing flexible mesh electronics in amphibian species will allow for advanced studies of the neural basis of amphibian behaviors.

Effect of Star-like Polymer on Mechanical Properties of Novel Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Composite with Bio-Based Matrix.

This study is aimed at developing a fibre-reinforced polymer composite with a high bio-based content and to investigate its mechanical properties. A novel basalt fibre-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composite with bio-based matrix modified with different contents of star-like n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA) block glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) copolymer has been developed. n-BMA blocks have flexible butyl units, while the epoxide group of GMA makes it miscible with the epoxy resin and is involved in the crosslinking network. The effect of the star-like polymer on the rheological behaviour of the epoxy was studied. The viscosity of the epoxy increased with increase in star-like polymer content. Tensile tests showed no noteworthy influence of star-like polymer on tensile properties. The addition of 0.5 wt.% star-like polymer increased the glass transition temperature by 8.2 °C. Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness and low-velocity impact tests were performed on star-like polymer-modified BFRP laminates, where interfacial adhesion and impact energy capabilities were observed. Interlaminar fracture toughness improved by 45% and energy absorption capability increased threefold for BFRP laminates modified with 1 wt.% of star-like polymer when compared to unmodified BFRP laminates. This improvement could be attributed to the increase in ductility of the matrix on the addition of the star-like polymer, increasing resistance to impact and damage. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy confirmed that with increase in star-like polymer content, the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and fibres improves.

Closing the Loop between Plastic Waste Management and Energy Cogeneration: An Innovative Design for a Flexible Pyrolysis Small-Scale Unit

This study proposes a simplified unit that can be employed in an industrial facility for the utilization of its own abundant plastic waste, primarily from discarded packaging, to achieve full or partial energy autonomy. By converting this waste into synthetic pyrolysis oil equivalent to 91,500 L, the industry can power a combined heat and power generation unit. The proposed unit was designed with a focus on maintaining high temperatures efficiently while minimizing oxygen exposure to protect the integrity of hydrocarbons until they transform into new compounds. Pyrolysis stands as a foundational procedure, paving the way for subsequent thermochemical transformations such as combustion and gasification. This study delves into the factors affecting pyrolysis and presents analytically the mathematical formulations and relevant calculations in order to effectively design and apply a real-life system. On this basis, fuels from plastic waste can be produced, suitable for utilization in typical equipment meant to produce heat, estimated for six months’ operation and 800 MWh of electricity. This study enhances the transition towards a more circular and resource-efficient economy with technologies that unlock the latent energy contained within the discarded matter. Additionally, it demonstrates the feasibility of a moderate investment in a co-generation system for industries utilizing 568 tonnes of plastic waste per year. The design and accurate calculations of this study highlight the theoretical potential of this technology, promoting environmental sustainability and resource conservation.

Flexible, Multifunctional, and Durable MXene/CeO2/Cellulose Nanofibers for Efficient Energy Conversion‐Storage Capacity Toward Self‐Powered Monitoring of Ammonia

AbstractThe appeal of wearable gas sensors for Internet of Things (IoTs) necessitates flexible sensory units along with sustainable source of energy supply. The key factors required for emergence of these devices are choice of electroactive materials, flexibility, skin‐compatibility, and robustness against harsh environment. Considering this, the multifunctional MXene/CeO2 composites reinforced with electrospun cellulose nanofibers are constructed and investigated for energy conversion, energy storage, and gas sensing applications. Among the synthesized composites, MXene/CeO2 (10 wt%) coated onto cellulose nanofibers outperformed triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with open‐circuit voltage of 160 V and supercapacitor (SC) specific capacitance of 388.98 F g−1 and sensing response of 212% toward 10 ppm NH3. The fabricated devices show promising outlooks against practical challenges of influence of humid conditions and different bending states. Lastly, the self‐chargeable device is integrated and the practical implications of charging of SC through TENG and its utilization in sensor powering is demonstrated. The above findings are expected to contribute significantly in envisioning development of wearable health monitors, combining the flexibility features and facilitating autonomous measurements of NH3 pollutant and biomarker.

Unraveling the Potential Dependence of Active Structures and Reaction Mechanism of Ni-based MOFs Electrocatalysts for Alkaline OER.

Nickel-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with flexible structure units provide a broad platform for designing highly efficient electrocatalysts, especially for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the stability of MOFs under harsh and dynamic reaction conditions poses significant challenges, resulting in ambiguous structure-activity relationships in MOFs-based OER research. Herein, Ni-benzenedicarboxylic acid-based MOF (NiBDC) is selected as prototypical catalyst to elucidate its real active sites for OER and reaction pathway under different reaction states. Electrochemical measurements combined with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Raman spectroscopy reveal that the complete reconstruction of NiBDC to β-NiOOH in the chronoamperometry activation process is responsible for significantly increased OER performance. In situ XAS and Raman results further demonstrate the electro-oxidation of β-NiOOH into γ-NiOOH at high-potential state (above 1.6V vs RHE). Furthermore, the collective evidences from key reaction intermediates and isotope-labeled products definitely unravel the potential dependence of OER mechanism: OER process at low-potential state proceeds mainly through the lattice oxygen-mediated mechanism, while adsorbate evolution mechanism emerges as the predominant pathway at high-potential state. Interestingly, the dynamically changing OER mechanism can not only reduce the required overpotential at the low-potential state but also improve the electrochemical stability of catalysts at high-potential state.

A robust adapted Flexible Parallel Neural Network architecture for early prediction of lithium battery lifespan

Early prediction of End of Life (EPEOL) is crucial for improving lithium battery efficiency and lifespan. Traditional fixed-architecture neural networks often suffer from underfitting or overfitting due to diverse data distributions. To address this, we propose the Flexible Parallel Neural Network (FPNN). This model integrates modules like InceptionBlock, 3D CNN, 2D CNN, and dual-stream networks. By effectively extracting electrochemical features from video-format data through the 3D CNN and achieving multi-scale feature abstraction with InceptionBlock, FPNN ensures effective module coordination. The model can adaptively adjust the number of InceptionBlocks to handle tasks of varying complexity. Experimental results on the MIT dataset show that FPNN achieves MAPE values of 1.26%, 0.41%, 0.37%, 0.33%, 0.32%, 0.32%, 0.31%, 0.31%, 0.22%, and 0.34% using the first 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 cycle data, respectively. The interpretability of FPNN is reflected in its structural design and flexible unit choices, providing a basis for model interpretation. Comprising multiple modules, FPNN enables smooth feature extraction from electrochemical data through collaborative interaction. The diverse branching structure of the flexible units allows the model to capture features at different scales, learning richer information. Our approach offers a precise, adaptable, and easy-to-understand solution for EPEOL, opening new possibilities in battery health monitoring.

Long-term effects of flexible visitation in the intensive care unit on family members' mental health: 12-month results from a randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of flexible intensive care unit (ICU) visitation on the 1-year prevalence of post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression symptoms among family members of critically ill patients. This is a long-term outcome analysis of a cluster-crossover randomized clinical trial that evaluated a flexible visitation model in the ICU (12h/day) compared to a restrictive visitation model (median 1.5h/day) in 36 Brazilian ICUs. In this analysis, family members were assessed 12months after patient discharge from the ICU for the following outcomes: post-traumatic stress symptoms measured by the Impact Event Scale-6 and anxiety and depression symptoms measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A total of 519 family members were analyzed (288 in the flexible visitation group and 231 in the restrictive visitation group). Three-hundred sixty-nine (71.1%) were women, and the mean age was 46.6years. Compared to family members in the restrictive visitation group, family members in the flexible visitation group had a significantly lower prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms (21% vs. 30.5%; adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85-0.98; p = 0.01). The prevalence of anxiety (28.9% vs. 33.2%; aPR 0.93; 95% CI 0.72-1.21; p = 0.59) and depression symptoms (19.2% vs. 25%; aPR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.60-1.02; p = 0.07) did not differ significantly between the groups. Flexible ICU visitation, compared to the restrictive visitation, was associated with a significant reduction in the 1-year prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members.

Optimizing electric vehicle charging scheduling using enhanced multi-agent neural networks with dynamic pricing

Electric vehicles have gained widespread recognition as an environmentally conscious mode of transportation, primarily due to significant technological advancements and reduced emissions. When seamlessly integrated into the smart grid infrastructure, these vehicles can serve as flexible energy consumers and potential energy storage units. However, the efficient management of charging stations due to dynamic load demand & pricing poses a significant challenge, aiming to reduce wait times for electric vehicle owners and reduce electricity costs. To overcome this challenge, this study proposes a solution based on dynamic pricing policy and the adaptive Markov decision process. The approach utilizes a reinforcement learning-enabled enhanced multi-agent neural network (EMANN) to optimize charging schedules. This adaptive Markov decision process achieved optimal scheduling by minimizing charging costs during off-peak hours while completing charging in the shortest possible time. Furthermore, a constrained policy is employed to train the enhanced neural network using reinforcement learning, allowing the network to learn and solve adaptive Markov decision processes directly. To evaluate the effectiveness of this solution, the study conducted a numerical experiment using real-time data from Tesla electric vehicles. Combined with queuing models, the EMANN yielded impressive results, including a peak savings of 19.05% and an average profit of $376.1 per kilowatt-hour, achieved within a network convergence time of 512 s. The proposed algorithm for scheduling electric vehicles has been proven to be efficient in addressing the complexities associated with managing electric vehicle charging stations.

Bioinspired, anti-fogging and de-icing transparent surfaces with flexible property

In cold environments, natural phenomena like icing, frost, and fog can significantly impede the functionality of optical windows. Consequently, there is a growing demand for optical windows that demonstrate anti-fogging and de-icing characteristics while maintaining flexibility and transparency with high optical clarity. The development of cost-effective and straightforward anti-fogging and de-icing elements encounters various challenges. The remarkable visual acuity of polar bear eyes in challenging weather conditions can be attributed to a tear film that covers the cornea and the thermoregulatory characteristics of their eyeballs. Inspired by the anti-fogging and anti-icing properties of polar bear eyes, a new flexible, transparent surface with heating capabilities has been developed. To address the limitations of conventional slippery surfaces that solely offer anti-fouling properties, a flexible internal heating unit is integrated into the slippery surface through a layered nesting technique to emulate the homothermal features of polar bear eyeballs. The slippery property of the PDMS surface can be attributed to a gel layer containing an auto-secretory lubricant. To preserve its optical properties, a new processing method that combines liquid metal microfluidics and femtosecond laser processing is employed. This technique can create narrow channels with a high length-to-diameter ratio, thereby reducing the impact on the transmission rate. The sample demonstrates self-cleaning, resistance to dust and pollution, and efficient electrical heating properties. Testing on fogging and freezing validates the practicality and effectiveness of these substances for applications in anti-fogging and de-icing.

Dispatch strategies for large-scale heat pump based district heating under high renewable share and risk-aversion: A multistage stochastic optimization approach

Heat pumps play an essential role in decarbonizing the heating sector, and their adoption is projected to rise significantly. The high share of large-scale heat pumps in district heating exposes heating utilities to uncertainty in electricity markets. This challenge is further exacerbated by 1) future high share of renewable energy resulting in increased uncertainty of electricity prices, and 2) introduction of voluntary energy bids for balancing energy markets (or regulation market). Despite the importance of this issue, little research has been conducted to address it. Therefore, this paper investigates the optimal dispatch of large-scale heat pump based district heating by adopting multi-stage stochastic optimization approach to minimize the total expected heat generation cost, taking sequential electricity markets prices as stochastic. We also evaluate the impact of high renewable energy penetration on this optimal dispatch strategy. Furthermore, we include the risk preference of district heating operator by using conditional value at risk in the objective function. We conclude that heat pump should be coupled with flexible technologies like electric boilers as more renewable energy and balancing market trading increases flexible units' dispatch. Also, most of the heat produced (50%) in our case study is used flexibly via thermal storage. We find more renewable could lead to negative expected costs and voluntary bids in balancing market further reduces the expected cost by 28–59%. Furthermore, trading risk increases significantly with renewable energy penetration, which can be mitigated to a limited extent by bidding in up and down balancing market. Risk aversion shifts trading from intraday to day-ahead market and promotes heat pump dispatch.

Co2+ coordination-assisted molecularly imprinted covalent organic framework for selective extraction of ochratoxin A

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are attractive materials for sample pretreatment due to their tunable structures and functions. However, the precise recognition of contaminant in complex environmental matrices by COFs remains challenging owing to their insufficient specific active sites. Herein, we report Co2+ coordination-assisted molecularly imprinted flexible COF (MI-COF@Co2+) for selective recognition of ochratoxin A (OTA). The MI-COF@Co2+ was prepared via one-step polymerization of 3,3-dihydroxybenzidine, 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenoxy)− 1,3,5-triazine, Co2+ and template. The flexible units endowed COFs with the self-adaptable ability to regulate the molecular conformation and coordinate with Co2+ to locate the imprinted cavities. The coordination interaction greatly improved the adsorption capacity and selectivity of MI-COF@Co2+ for OTA. The prepared MI-COF@Co2+ was used as solid phase extraction adsorbent for high-performance liquid chromatography determination of OTA with the detection limit of 0.03 ng mL−1 and the relative standard deviation of < 2.5 %. In addition, this method permitted interference-free determination of OTA in real samples with recovery from 89.5 % to 102.8 %. This work provides a simple way to improve the selectivity of COFs for the determination of hazardous compounds in complex environments.

Flexible Hydrazone-Linked Metal-Covalent Organic Frameworks with Copper Clusters for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Despite the challenges associated with the synthesis of flexible metal-covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs), these offer the unique advantage of maximizing the atomic utilization efficiency. However, the construction of flexible MCOFs with flexible building units or linkages has rarely been reported. In this study, novel flexible MCOFs are constructed using flexible building blocks and copper clusters with hydrazone linkages. The heterometallic frameworks (Cu, Co) are prepared through the hydrazone linkage coordination method and evaluated as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Owing to the spatial separation and functional cooperation of the heterometallic MCOF catalysts, the as-synthesized MCOFs exhibited outstanding catalytic activities with an overpotential of 268.8mV at 10mAcm-2 for the OER in 1 M KOH, which is superior to those of the reported covalent organic frameworks (COFs)-based OER catalysts. Theoretical calculations further elucidated the synergistic effect of heterometallic active sites within the linkages and frameworks, contributing to the enhanced OER activity. This study thus introduces a novel approach to the fundamental design of flexible MCOF catalysts for the OER, emphasizing their enhanced atomic utilization efficiency.

Comprehensive calibration and laboratory validation of a micro electromechanical system sensor-based flexible inclinometer

Abstract Real-time monitoring of slopes, tunnels, and dams is important for ensuring the long-term stability and reliability of such structures. Despite the successes of current technologies in many applications, a gap still exists in certain areas such as precision in steep slopes and complex soil conditions. This study has designed a flexible inclinometer based on an array of Micro Electromechanical System (MEMS) sensors to enhance the accuracy and flexibility of existing monitoring techniques. The inclination angle of each flexible inclinometer measurement unit was measured to monitor the horizontal or vertical displacement of the target structural body. We used the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm for optimizing the MEMS sensors based calibration and designed multiple experiments to test the accuracy of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the calibrated flexible inclinometer measurement unit has an inclination angle of less than 0.04° and the accuracy of the flexible inclinometer lies within ±0.4 mm in the horizontal attitude and 1.6 mm in the vertical attitude. Our research has developed a novel tool for geotechnical engineering monitoring that can aid in increasing the precision of real-time assessment and prediction of structural stability.&amp;#xD;