Flexible Modulation Research Articles

Interrupted sampling repeater jamming recognition and suppression based on phase-coded signal processing

In modern electronic warfare, interrupted sampling repeater jamming (ISRJ) seriously affects radar target detection performance. It has the advantages of flexible modulation and fast response. The existing approaches mostly require accurate ISRJ parameter estimation and only apply to a specific type of ISRJ. We propose an ISRJ recognition and suppression method based on phase-coded signal processing. By analyzing the cross ambiguity function (CAF) of ISRJ, we find that ISRJ can form multiple peaks, and these peaks are uniformly distributed on the Doppler cut of the CAF. Using this characteristic, we propose an ISRJ recognition method based on Doppler compensation processing. On this basis, a Doppler filtering processing method is proposed to suppress the ISRJ. Both simulated and measured results corroborate the effectiveness of the ISRJ suppression with the developed methods.

Benefits of quasi-continuous symbol rate tunability in links constrained by ROADM filtering

As modern optical networks continue evolving toward higher symbol rates while supporting tight channel spacing, penalties due to optical filtering incurred by transmission through reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) can become significant within the overall link budget. For this reason, filtering impairments must be realistically assessed and accurately modeled, particularly in terrestrial networks where signals may traverse many ROADMs. Given that modern transceivers can provide flexible modulation options and most ROADMs in use today support flexible grid operation, there remains the challenge of optimizing performance and/or capacity while managing these multiple degrees of freedom. In this work, we use real-time transceivers with a tunable symbol rate up to 72 GBaud and variable modulation up to 64QAM to experimentally investigate the impact of ROADM filtering on the optimum operating condition required to maximize channel capacity or margin. We also present a simplified model for considering the filtering impairment as an additive noise term and use it to predict performance in other scenarios. It is shown that symbol rate tunability in steps below 5 GBd is required to maximize the margin for a given link passband. Finally, we explore the difference in performance for filtering conditions with passband narrowing on both sides of the signal, assuming individual wavelength routing, or only on one side of the signal, assuming multi-carrier routing.

Universal low-temperature oxidative thermal redispersion strategy for green and sustainable fabrication of oxygen-rich carbons anchored metal nanoparticles for hydrogen evolution reactions

A simple and green low-temperature oxidative thermal redispersion strategy was developed for obtaining well-distributed Rh, Ru, Ir NPs on oxygen-rich mesoporous carbon with considerable activity toward hydrogen evolution compared with the counterpart without any pre-treatment. • Universal low-temperature oxidative thermal redispersion strategy was developed. • The strategy benefits for well-defined metal NPs anchored on oxygenated carbons. • As-formed AC was a universal carrier for selected Pt group metal (Ru, Rh, Ir) NPs. • Rh/C-300A-350H had the highest HER activity for AB hydrolysis and water splitting. • The small Rh NPs with electron-rich sites contributed to the high HER performance. Supported metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have shown great promise in catalytic hydrogen evolutions because of the highly efficient utilization of metal atoms, while the low binding strength between MNPs and supports results in the agglomeration of MNPs into larger particles, considerably decreasing the catalytic efficiency. Herein, we smartly develop a universal, green, and sustainable low-temperature oxidative thermal redispersion strategy to fabricate metal oxide precursors and subsequently well dispersing and stabilizing MNPs (M = Rh, Ru, Ir) over oxygenated carbons (Mesoporous carbon, Ketjen black, and Vulcan carbon), which can be utilized as efficient catalysts for hydrogen production from ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Such flexible modulation strategy enables the formation of oxidized metal species on oxygenated carbons, which is the key to synthesize ultrasmall MNPs against sintering and agglomeration during the reduction process. Attributing to the innately structural/componential/surficial superiorities, the optimal Rh/C-300A-350H exhibits the highest catalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution from AB hydrolysis and HER with turnover frequencies of 3308/5040 min −1 in aqueous/basic solutions and an overpotential of 29 mV at 10 mA cm −2 in 1.0 M KOH, respectively. With the similar activation mechanism for dissociation of O–H bond in H 2 O, the highly dispersed Rh NPs with ultrafine sizes and electronic metal-support interaction are responsible for the excellent catalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reactions. This study presents an extremely facile and sustainable modulation strategy for increasing the adhesion of MNP catalysts on oxygenated carbons for catalytic applications.

Changes in EEG Activity Following Live Z-Score Training Predict Changes in Persistent Post-concussive Symptoms: An Exploratory Analysis.

A specific variant of neurofeedback therapy (NFT), Live Z-Score Training (LZT), can be configured to not target specific EEG frequencies, networks, or regions of the brain, thereby permitting implicit and flexible modulation of EEG activity. In this exploratory analysis, the relationship between post-LZT changes in EEG activity and self-reported symptom reduction is evaluated in a sample of patients with persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS). Penalized regressions were used to identify EEG metrics associated with changes in physical, cognitive, and affective symptoms; the predictive capacity of EEG variables selected by the penalized regressions were subsequently validated using linear regression models. Post-treatment changes in theta/alpha ratio predicted reduction in pain intensity and cognitive symptoms and changes in beta-related power metrics predicted improvements in affective symptoms. No EEG changes were associated with changes in a majority of physical symptoms. These data highlight the potential for NFT to target specific EEG patterns to provide greater treatment precision for PPCS patients. This exploratory analysis is intended to promote the refinement of NFT treatment protocols to improve outcomes for patients with PPCS.

Fluid structure interaction and heat transfer enhancement with dynamic flexible flow modulator

The present study demonstrates a numerical approach to fluid-structure interaction and associated heat transfer enhancement in a thermal system under the action of a dynamic flexible flow modulator. The thermal system under consideration consists of a vented domain undergoing isoflux heating on the right sidewall, where one end of the modulator is attached at the mid-position in cantilever fashion and undergoes external periodic oscillation at its free end. Galerkin finite element method resolved in Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach is adopted to solve the present problem. Effects of amplitude and period of oscillation, as well as the flexibility of the modulator on flow and thermal fields, heat transfer performance, and induced thermo-fluid system characteristics, have been studied. Results obtained in this study reveal the significant impact of external oscillation and flexibility of flow modulator on the degree of fluid-structure interaction as well as thermal performance. Higher amplitude, lower oscillation period, and higher flexibility of the modulator cause enhanced heat transfer. Analysis of power spectrum in the frequency domain indicates that thermal as well as flow oscillation is prominent with higher amplitude and lower oscillation period with growing thermal and flow instabilities. However, both thermal and flow fields eventually become unstable for a very flexible flow modulator.

Tunable strongly interacting dipolar excitons in hybrid perovskites

We study theoretically the excitonic nonlinearity in hybrid organic-inorganic Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite thin films. The composite layered structure of these materials allows for flexible modulation of their excitonic response between the limiting cases of single atomic layer and wide quasi-two-dimensional quantum well. In particular, we demonstrate that transverse electric field leads to the spatial separation of charge carriers within the inorganic layer, giving rise to strongly interacting excitons possessing built-in dipole moment. Combined with exciton binding energy of the order of hundreds of meVs, this makes hybrid perovskites an optimal platform for tailoring of nonlinear optical response at reduced dimensionality.

Flexible Manipulation of the Reflected Wavefront Using Acoustic Metasurface with Split Hollow Cuboid.

This work proposes a method for actively constructing acoustic metasurface (AMS) based on the split hollow cuboid (SHC) structure of local resonance, with the designed AMS flexibly manipulating the direction of reflected acoustic waves at a given frequency range. The AMS was obtained by precisely adjusting any one or two types of structural parameters of the SHC unit, which included the diameter of the split hole, the length, width, height, and shell thickness of the SHC. The simulation results showed that the AMS can flexibly manipulate the direction of the reflected acoustic waves, and the anomalous reflection angle obeys the generalized Snell’s law. Furthermore, among the five structural parameters, the AMS’s response frequency band is widest with the hole diameter and height, followed by the length and width, and narrowest with the shell thickness. It is worth noting that comprehensive manipulation of two parameters not only broadens the response frequency band, but also strengthens the effect of the anomalous reflection at the same response frequency. The subwavelength size of the AMS constructed with such a comprehensive method has the advantages of a small size, wide response band, simple preparation, and flexible modulation, and can be widely used in various fields, such as medical imaging and underwater stealth.

Photonics-Assisted Radio Frequency Memory

A radio frequency memory (RFM) based on microwave photonic mixing and digital RFM is proposed and demonstrated. By introducing the microwave photonic mixing, the operational frequency range is largely extended. Besides, the mixing spurs are effectively suppressed, which is important to guarantee the system efficiency and avoid generating significant feature for the jamming recognition. Meanwhile, by applying the digital RFM, flexible modulation and reconstruction are achieved. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out. The wide working frequency range from C- to Ka- bands is achieved. The mixing spurs over the 0–40 GHz frequency range are experimentally suppressed. Radar imaging is successfully deceived. A radar waveform with a bandwidth of 500 MHz in the K band is successfully received and reconstructed. Two false targets are added. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that a photonics-assisted RFM is reported to have the functions of storage, flexible modulation, and reconstruction with wideband RF signals at a high frequency. The proposed scheme shows the great potential to be applied in electronic warfare, electronic environment simulation and testing, and so on.

Intra-Data Centre Flexible PAM Transmission System Using an Integrated InP-Si3N4 Dual Laser Module

Flexible Pulse Amplitude Modulation (FlexPAM) consists of the use of non-standard PAM formats, such as PAM-5 or PAM-6, to increase the granularity of the link capacity for a given baud rate. In this paper, we demonstrate FlexPAM systems as a scalable solution for future data center interconnects, introduce a symbol-to-bit mapping that minimizes the effect of intensity noise in the performance of non-power of two number of levels formats, and present experimental and simulation results of an unamplified FlexPAM transmission system over 1 km of single-mode fiber. 20 GBaud transmission was successfully demonstrated experimentally for modulation formats ranging from OOK up to PAM-16 using an integrated InP-Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> laser. In addition, a simulation to closely replicate the experiment was used to determine the system requirements to achieve transmission rates of up to 200 Gbps on a single wavelength, at a baud rate of 53.5 Gbaud with component bandwidth limitations of 30 GHz.

Simulation Study of the Use of AlGaN/GaN Ultra-Thin-Barrier HEMTs with Hybrid Gates for Achieving a Wide Threshold Voltage Modulation Range.

In this work, novel hybrid gate Ultra-Thin-Barrier HEMTs (HG-UTB HEMTs) featuring a wide modulation range of threshold voltages (VTH) are proposed. The hybrid gate structure consists of a p-GaN gate part and a MIS-gate part. Due to the depletion effect assisted by the p-GaN gate part, the VTH of HG-UTB HEMTs can be significantly increased. By tailoring the hole concentration of the p-GaN gate, the VTH can be flexibly modulated from 1.63 V to 3.84 V. Moreover, the MIS-gate part enables the effective reduction in the electric field (E-field) peak at the drain-side edge of the p-GaN gate, which reduces the potential gate degradation originating from the high E-field in the p-GaN gate. Meanwhile, the HG-UTB HEMTs exhibit a maximum drain current as high as 701 mA/mm and correspond to an on-resistance of 10.1 Ω mm and a breakdown voltage of 610 V. The proposed HG-UTB HEMTs are a potential means to achieve normally off GaN HEMTs with a promising device performance and featuring a flexible VTH modulation range, which is of great interest for versatile power applications.

Enhancement of Diffraction Efficiency Based on the Addition Principle of Coded Digital Gratings

For the traditional subwavelength gratings, we can code different units to construct the coded metagratings. In this paper, we propose an innovative principle of adding coded gratings, which can be used to add or subtract two or more traditional coded metagratings sequences and obtain a new coded metagratings sequence. Based on the proposed addition principle, the coded metagratings can adjust the scattering angle flexibly. This method overcomes the limitation that traditional grating can only obtain discrete diffraction angle. Importantly, compared with traditional gratings, the coded metagrating sequences with addition operation have enhanced diffraction efficiency at the same diffraction angle. This phenomenon may be attributed to the enhanced interaction between the coding particles of the new disordered coding sequence metagratings constructed. Our proposed coded grating addition principle provides a new degree of freedom for the flexible modulation of the terahertz wavefront. At the same time, this method can be extended to optical band or microwave band, which opens a new path for electromagnetic wave modulation and beam scanning.

Deep Learning Based Stacked Sparse Autoencoder for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is one of the efficient and flexible modulation techniques, and which is considered as the central part of many wired and wireless standards. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) achieves maximum spectral efficiency and data rates for wireless mobile communication systems. Though it offers better quality of services, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is the major issue that needs to be resolved in the MIMO-OFDM system. Earlier studies have addressed the high PAPR of OFDM system using clipping, coding, selected mapping, tone injection, peak windowing, etc. Recently, deep learning (DL) models have exhibited improved performance on channel estimation, signal recognition, channel decoding, modulation identification, and end-to-end wireless system. In this view, this paper presents a new Hyperparameter Tuned Deep Learning based Stacked Sparse Autoencoder (HPT-SSAE) for PAPR Reduction Technique in OFDM system. The proposed model aims to substantially reduce the peaks in the OFDM signal. The presented HPT-SSAE model is utilized to adaptively create a peak-canceling signal based on the features of the input signal. In the HPT-SSAE model, the constellation mapping and demapping of symbols take place on every individual subcarrier adaptively using the SSAE model in such a way that bit error rate (BER) and the PAPR of the OFDM systems are cooperatively diminished. Besides, to enhance the performance of the SSAE model, the hyperparameter tuning process takes place using monarch butterfly optimization (MBO) algorithm. A comprehensive set of simulations were performed to highlight the supremacy of the HPT-SSAE model. The obtained experimental values showcased the betterment of the proposed model over the compared methods interms of bit error rate (BER), complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), and execution time.

Enantioselective intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of vinylazaarenes with triplet-state electron-deficient olefins

The development of catalytic asymmetric radical reactions is an attractive but formidable task. The high reactivity of radicals enables the use of readily accessible feedstocks and mild reaction conditions, but it leads to substantial difficulty for chiral catalysts to provide sufficient enantiocontrol. Moreover, a racemic background process is often inevitable, further deteriorating enantioselectivity. In this regard, an effective protocol has been established for enantioselective intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadditions to overcome the challenges, which is capitalising on the ground-state preassociations of chiral catalysts with photoactivated substrates. Here, we report the viability of substrate-differentiating synergistic catalysis for this important reaction. In this new platform, energy transfer occurs between DPZ as a photosensitizer and enones or (E)-2-substituted vinylazaarenes for producing triplet-state species, and chiral phosphoric acid interacts with ground-state 2-vinylazaarenes via hydrogen bonding for subsequent enantiofacial cycloaddition. Although all active species are dispersed in the reaction system, valuable enantioenriched mono- and di-azaarene-functionalized cyclobutanes are obtained efficiently and selectively. In addition to constructing all-carbon quaternary stereocentres, flexible modulation of azaaryl groups and other substituents on the cyclobutane ring is also operative.

Plant Proteoforms Under Environmental Stress: Functional Proteins Arising From a Single Gene.

Proteins are directly involved in plant phenotypic response to ever changing environmental conditions. The ability to produce multiple mature functional proteins, i.e., proteoforms, from a single gene sequence represents an efficient tool ensuring the diversification of protein biological functions underlying the diversity of plant phenotypic responses to environmental stresses. Basically, two major kinds of proteoforms can be distinguished: protein isoforms, i.e., alterations at protein sequence level arising from posttranscriptional modifications of a single pre-mRNA by alternative splicing or editing, and protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs), i.e., enzymatically catalyzed or spontaneous modifications of certain amino acid residues resulting in altered biological functions (or loss of biological functions, such as in non-functional proteins that raised as a product of spontaneous protein modification by reactive molecular species, RMS). Modulation of protein final sequences resulting in different protein isoforms as well as modulation of chemical properties of key amino acid residues by different PTMs (such as phosphorylation, N- and O-glycosylation, methylation, acylation, S-glutathionylation, ubiquitinylation, sumoylation, and modifications by RMS), thus, represents an efficient means to ensure the flexible modulation of protein biological functions in response to ever changing environmental conditions. The aim of this review is to provide a basic overview of the structural and functional diversity of proteoforms derived from a single gene in the context of plant evolutional adaptations underlying plant responses to the variability of environmental stresses, i.e., adverse cues mobilizing plant adaptive mechanisms to diminish their harmful effects.

Induction Heating for Variably Sized Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Materials through Load Modulation

Induction heating (IH) is a process of heating the electrically conducting materials especially ferromagnetic materials with the help of electromagnetic induction through generating heat in an object by eddy currents. A well-entrenched way of IH is to design a heating system pertaining to the usage of ferromagnetic materials such as stainless steel, iron, etc., which restricts the end user’s choice of using utensils made of ferromagnetic only. This research article proposes a new scheme of induction heating that is equally effective for heating ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic materials such as aluminium and copper. This is achieved by having a competent IH system that embodies a series resonant inverter and controller where a competent flexible load modulation (FLM) is deployed. FLM facilitates change in operating frequency in accordance with the type of material chosen for heating. The recent attempts by researchers on all metal IH have not addressed much on the variable shapes and sizes of the material, whereas this research attempts to address that issue as well. The proposed induction heating system is verified for a 2 kW system and is compatible with both industrial and domestic applications.

Shift-variant color-coded diffractive spectral imaging system

State-of-the-art snapshot spectral imaging (SI) systems introduce color-coded apertures (CCAs) into their setups to obtain a flexible spatial-spectral modulation, allowing spectral information to be reconstructed from a set of coded measurements. Besides the CCA, other optical elements, such as lenses, prisms, or beam splitters, are usually employed, making systems large and impractical. Recently, diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have partially replaced refractive lenses to drastically reduce the size of the SI devices. The sensing model of these systems is represented as a projection modeled by a spatially shift-invariant convolution between the unknown scene and a point spread function (PSF) at each spectral band. However, the height maps of the DOE are the only free parameters that offer changes in the spectral modulation, which causes the ill-posedness of the reconstruction to increase significantly. To overcome this challenge, our work explores the advantages of the spectral modulation of an optical setup composed of a DOE and a CCA. Specifically, the light is diffracted by the DOE and then filtered by the CCA, located close to the sensor. A shift-variant property of the proposed system is clearly evidenced, resulting in a different PSF for each pixel, where a symmetric structure constraint is imposed on the CCA to reduce the high number of resulting PSFs. Additionally, we jointly design the DOE and the CCA parameters with a fully differentiable image formation model using an end-to-end approach to minimize the deviation between the true and reconstructed image over a large set of images. Simulation shows that the proposed system improves the spectral reconstruction quality in up to 4 dB compared with current state-of-the-art systems. Finally, experimental results with a fabricated prototype in indoor and outdoor scenes validate the proposed system, where it can recover up to 49 high-fidelity spectral bands in the 420–660 nm.

Review on Solid-State-Based Marx Generators

Marx generators are widely used to produce transient high-voltage pulses. The evolution of semiconductor devices and power electronics concepts promotes the development of solid-state Marx generators (SSMGs) and enables them with flexible pulse modulation ability. First, this article sorts out the evolution of SSMGs topologies chronologically. We can see that how the energy efficiency of SSMGs is considerably improved by replacing resistors with diodes and switches and how square-wave pulses are generated by SSMGs based on half-bridge structures. Unipolar and bipolar pulses can be easily produced with different SSMGs. Second, we discuss the influence of rated voltage and rated power of present semiconductor switches on the performances of SSMGs since switches are the key components in pulse generators. To reduce the size and weight of SSMGs, metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with small packages are preferable. Third, synchronous isolated driving of switches as the crucial technique in SSMGs is introduced. Different methods of providing synchronous signals and isolated power to various stages in SSMGs are illustrated. Fourth, the performance including load capacity, droop compensation, waveform modulation, and self-triggering of SSMGs is discussed. In the end, the developing trend of SSMGs is given.

A wavefront division multiplexing holographic scheme and its application in looking through diffuser

We present a spatial light modulator (SLM) assisted compact holographic method and illustrate its application by imaging through a random scattering medium. The merit of the proposed method is wavefront division multiplexing, i.e. the dual wavefront modulations over a single SLM. Two different wavefront shapes: a reference-light shape and a phase object, are combined over the SLM. One advantage of this scheme is the flexible modulation of the reference light. The experimental implementation of this method is demonstrated by quantitatively reconstructing different phase objects from the randomly scattered light. This new scheme greatly simplifies the experimental configuration and presents a better stability even in presence of external vibrations, opening avenues for the holography-based scattering imaging application.

A unidirectional frequency beam‐scanning antenna using composite slow‐wave waveguide based on substrate integrated waveguide and spoof surface plasmon polariton structure

In this study, a novel frequency beam-scanning (FBS) antenna based on composite substrate integrated waveguide/spoof surface plasmon polariton (SIW/SSPP) waveguide is proposed. The composite SIW/SSPP slow-wave waveguide is designed by embedding a series of periodic subwavelength H-shaped grooves on the top surface of the SIW. Its transmission characteristics own both the features from SIW and SSPP, and can be flexibly mansplained by tuning the key structural parameters. To convert the propagating composite slow-wave mode into the radiation mode effectively, a new flexible digital modulation method with staggered metallic vias is proposed and used. The presented beam-scanning antenna has a simple feeding structure, a single dielectric layer, and a compact volume of 0.75 × 8.55 × 0.015 λ03. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and tested to verify its performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed antenna can realise a continuous beam-scanning angle of 49° in an operating bandwidth of 8.7–9.2 GHz with a high frequency-scanning sensitivity (FSS) of 9.8 °/100 MHz−1. Moreover, the measured results indicate that the antenna has high peak gain with an average level of 12.7 dBi, high radiation efficiency with an average level of 87%, and stable unidirectional radiation pattern in the working band.

Network Narratives in Global Cinema: The Shift from Community to Network and Their Narrative Logics

In the backdrop of global interconnection, such films as “Crash”, “Syriana”, and “Babel” drew attention to the six-degrees-of-separation “network narrative.” This type of distributed narrative with multiple access points or discrete threads has long evolved, perhaps since Griffith’s “Intolerance” and via modern masterpieces: Altman’s “Nashville” and “Shortcuts” weave many characters into a portrait of their social ground unmapped by themselves; Bunuel’s “Phantom of Liberty” shifts among characters only through the contingent movement of the camera. These two elements (multiple characters, a floating agent) intermingle now in the way that the protagonist takes the role of the very agent navigating among contingently networked characters in further decentralized directions: “Birdman” centers on the hero’s salvation but many other people around him form and cross small dramas; the protagonist in “Waking Life” shuffles through a dream meeting various people; “Holly Motors” stages a Parisian’s bizarre city odyssey, with the true agent turning out to be a car/cars; “Mysterious Object at Noon” experiments on the ‘exquisite corpse’ relay of a story through different people whom the director encounters while moving around... What does this non-linearity with different causal relations imply? How do mobile agents floating over decentralized events relate to global networks in general? This paper investigates today’s network narratives through an interdisciplinary approach to the notion of network as opposed to community even beyond film narratology. For instance, if the masculine formula of Lacan’s sexuation (all are submitted to the phallic function but for one exception) underlies community, its feminine formula (not all are submitted to the phallic function but there is no exception) works for networking. Community forms the totality of all and an exception that fuels the universal desire to make it utopian, but network has the infinity of drives to (dis)connections dismantling community, yet thereby leaving no exceptional outside. Community is a closed set of subjects who may be ‘abjected’ from it; network is an open whole of endless links along which the subject-abject shift constantly occurs in the mode of being ‘on/off’ rather than ‘in/out.’ In Deleuze’s terms, community works as a “tree-like” vertical system of hierarchical units in the historical trajectory to its perfection, whereas the network creates a “rhizomatic” horizontal movement of molecular forces in non-dialectic, non-linear directions. Foucauldian “discipline” is a key to subjectivation in the community, but it turns into Deleuzian “control” in the network that promotes flexible agency and continuous modulation without exit. As actor-network theorists argue, nothing precedes and exists outside ever-changing networks of relationship. The network narrative will thus be explored as a cinematic symptom of the radical shift from community to network that both society and subjectivity undergo with all the potentials and limitations in our global age.