Flexibility Index Research Articles

Evaluation of the impact of long-term aging on fracture properties of warm mix asphalt (WMA) with high RAP contents

This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term aging on the fracture characteristics of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). To this end, various RAP contents (0, 50, 75, and 100%) and one WMA additive (Zycotherm) were used. The Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) fracture test was conducted at intermediate temperature and fracture parameters, including the fracture force, fracture toughness, strain energy, J-integral, stiffness, and flexibility index were measured to identify the impact of aging and RAP addition on different fracture properties of WMA mixtures. To remedy the problem concerning the amorphous trend of fracture properties over the service time and intersecting the curves of fracture parameters versus service time, the area beneath the fracture parameter was employed as a reliable index for comparing different mixes. Then, summations of the area of all fracture parameters versus service time for various mixtures with different RAP content were identified as the overall fracture resistance of each mixture. Finally, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was determined to statistically assess the results of the SCB fracture test. This study highlights the importance of considering long-term aging effects on WMA mixtures containing RAP and the potential benefits of using high RAP content in flexible pavements. Overall, this research can help agencies make a more precise decision regarding the consequences of high RAP content on the long-term performance of asphalt pavements.

Understanding housing design in urban areas through adaptability and flexibility assessment

ABSTRACT Housing adaptability and flexibility are constant themes in scientific literature. Technological advancements and shrinking urban spaces have led to new design proposals in architecture. However, evaluating housing solutions and contributing to projects can be challenging. The main objective of this study is to develop a framework for evaluating housing adaptability and flexibility. The framework is based on Adaptability and Flexibility Indexes and is performed using BIM and Dynamo plugin. The indexes are calculated using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Adaptability and flexibility are mainly related to dimensions, hierarchy, and circulation of housing design. Additionally, the use of multi-criteria methods in architecture can aid in understanding the subject. It is important to note adaptability and flexibility must be worked together to achieve the maximum potential of housing.

Inherent flexibility design strategy of extractive distillation for binary azeotropic separation: Novel integration of optimization approach with penalty values

In our previous work (Sep. Purif. Technol. 312 (2023) 123344), we incorporated flexibility index (FI) into steady-state extractive distillation (ED) design for binary azeotropic separation. We pointed out the significant trade-off between the cost and FI, whereby good operational flexibility (i.e., FI) is always accompanied by a higher cost. One shortcoming, however, was that we did not determine an optimum configuration that provides a compromise trade-off between the cost and flexibility. In this work, we address this by introducing a novel approach, i.e., integrated total annual cost and FI objective function (TACFI), which combines cost and FI as a single objective function, to obtain the most economic configuration with the largest operational flexibility. Additional penalty terms based on values of 10, 100, and 1000, were also introduced to compensate for the unexpected offset when the system operates beyond its limit point. Using the same isopropyl alcohol (IPA) dehydration process with the same uncertainties of ±20% feed flowrate and ±20% IPA feed composition as before, the TACFI with penalty terms enables a lower cost relative to the previous work by 39–41%. We also observe significant enhancement in operational flexibility, with a penalty value of 10, resulting in a 520-fold enhancement. However, there is no improvement for penalty values of 100 and 1000 due to the physical and thermodynamic constraints for producing electronic grade IPA. This approach allows us to locate a new optimum point with lower cost under the same FI value, and the IPA dehydration using ethylene glycol (EG) with a penalty value of 10 provides the most significant improvement in both FI and cost by about 520 times and 5%, respectively.

Molecular conformation and dilute solution properties of barley β-glucan: unveiling β-glucan as a highly flexible biopolymer under different processing conditions

BackgroundThe functional properties of food fluids containing hydrocolloids are influenced by temperature, soluble salts, pH and the presence of sugars. In this research, the properties of a dilute barley β-glucan (BBG) solution were evaluated in the presence of various factors. Different models were explored to determine the intrinsic viscosity of BBG.ResultsThe results indicated that the models of Higiro and Tanglertpaibul–Rao were more efficient in determining the intrinsic viscosity of BBG at different temperatures, different pH, the presence of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sucrose. Every 10 °C increase in temperature from 25 to 65 °C caused a decrease in intrinsic viscosity by 7.8, 10, 5.7 and 7.2%, respectively. In relation to the non-ionic structure of BBG, the presence of monovalent and bivalent salts had a negligible effect on reducing the intrinsic viscosity. The increase in pH from 3 to 7 caused a rise in intrinsic viscosity. But a further increase in pH, up to 9, caused a decrease in intrinsic viscosity. However, these changes were not significant and indicated that the non-ionic structure of BBG was independent of the pH. Since the constant b values of BBG were close to 1 at all temperatures, salt concentrations, different pH values and different sucrose concentrations, it can be assumed that the structure of BBG in the dilute range was close to the random coil conformation.ConclusionsThe values of flexibility index and activation energy for BBG were calculated as 789.52 and {0.65times 10}^{7} J/kmole, respectively, which indicated that this hydrocolloid was highly flexible in different environmental conditions and it was independent of the processing temperature. Therefore, BBG can be recommended as a natural thickener in food-related fluids.Graphical

The Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index (PPFI): An Item Response Theory Analysis with Racially Diverse College Students

The Personalized Psychological Flexibility Index (PPFI): An Item Response Theory Analysis with Racially Diverse College Students

Optimal Scheduling of Power Systems with High Proportions of Renewable Energy Accounting for Operational Flexibility

The volatility and uncertainty of high-penetration renewable energy pose significant challenges to the stability of the power system. Current research often fails to consider the insufficient system flexibility during real-time scheduling. To address this issue, this paper proposes a flexibility scheduling method for high-penetration renewable energy power systems that considers flexibility index constraints. Firstly, a quantification method for flexibility resources and demands is introduced. Then, considering the constraint of the flexibility margin index, optimization scheduling strategies for different time scales, including day-ahead scheduling and intra-day scheduling, are developed with the objective of minimizing total operational costs. The intra-day optimization is divided into 15 min and 1 min time scales, to meet the flexibility requirements of different time scales in the power system. Finally, through simulation studies, the proposed strategy is validated to enhance the system’s flexibility and economic performance. The daily operating costs are reduced by 3.1%, and the wind curtailment rate is reduced by 4.7%. The proposed strategy not only considers the economic efficiency of day-ahead scheduling but also ensures a sufficient margin to cope with the uncertainty of intra-day renewable energy fluctuations.

Allosteric regulatory control in dihydrofolate reductase is revealed by dynamic asymmetry.

We investigated the relationship between mutations and dynamics in Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) using computational methods. Our study focused on the M20 and FG loops, which are known to be functionally important and affected by mutations distal to the loops. We used molecular dynamics simulations and developed position-specific metrics, including the dynamic flexibility index (DFI) and dynamic coupling index (DCI), to analyze the dynamics of wild-type DHFR and compared our results with existing deep mutational scanning data. Our analysis showed a statistically significant association between DFI and mutational tolerance of the DHFR positions, indicating that DFI can predict functionally beneficial or detrimental substitutions. We also applied an asymmetric version of our DCI metric (DCIasym ) to DHFR and found that certain distal residues control the dynamics of the M20 and FG loops, whereas others are controlled by them. Residues that are suggested to control the M20 and FG loops by our DCIasym metric are evolutionarily nonconserved; mutations at these sites can enhance enzyme activity. On the other hand, residues controlled by the loops are mostly deleterious to function when mutated and are also evolutionary conserved. Our results suggest that dynamics-based metrics can identify residues that explain the relationship between mutation and protein function or can be targeted to rationally engineer enzymes with enhanced activity.

Extraction of Chitosan from <i>L. squarrosulus</i> (Mushroom) and <i>C. africana</i> (Shrimp) Based and Production of Film Polymer

The deacetylated form of chitin presents enormous areas of application. The research work was aimed at the production of polymer film by the extraction of chitosan from Lentinus squarrosulus (mushroom) and Caridina africana (shrimp) using a chemical process involving deproteinisation, demineralisation, and deacetylation. The two samples were thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove impurities, then dried at room temperature for three days. The mushroom was grounded to powder, deproteinised at varying concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 M) and temperatures (60, 80, and 100 °C). The emanating products were now demineralised and deacetylated at 3 M and 60 °C. Biuret test analysis was carried out on 3 M, 60 °C and 4 M, 100 °C of L. squarrosulus chitosan and C. africana with the later showing a clearer positive result for the application. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of chitosan composite films of C. africana and gelatinous composition (CS30: G70, CS50: G50, and CS70: G30) plasticised with glycerol were studied. The chitosan composite films, L. squarrosulus (3 M, 60 °C), and C. africana were characterised by FT-IR. The FTIR spectra showed the functional groups associated with the various bands, intensities, and stretching established that the samples were chitosan. The results of the flexibility and refractive index analysis indicated that the higher chitosan films were more flexible and refractive, finding a much greater application in the manufacture of lenses of higher magnification. The FTIR spectra of the compact films of the homogeneous structure showed that there was a reaction in C. africana chitosan. The SEM analysis of chitosan in C. africana showed morphological differences of ×300, ×500, ×1000, and ×1500.

Another look at the semi-circular bend test for the performance ranking of hot mix asphalt

Semi-circular bend (SCB) testing has been widely used to evaluate the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. However, it remains unresolved which of the various SCB protocols can provide the most sensitive and precise ranking of different asphalt mixtures. This study aims to improve the current SCB protocol, emphasizing mixture preparation, testing condition and evaluation indices. The effect of aging methods in terms of reversible aging and irreversible aging and loading rates on the intermediate and low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures was analyzed. Subsequently, the response of different cracking evaluation indices was analyzed. Finally, the repeatability of different cracking evaluation indices was discussed. The results show that higher loading rates are slightly more sensitive to mix composition, possibly due to the toughening effect of polymer modifiers. However, whether higher or lower rates are more accurate remains to be investigated with ongoing field studies. Cracking initiation and resistance indices (CII and CRI) were superior from a repeatability and dynamic range perspective in comparison to flexibility and balanced cracking indices (FI and BCI). Thermoreversible aging over three days of cold conditioning at − 20 °C was found to significantly affect binder properties in selected samples. However, none of the SCB parameters after testing appropriately cold conditioned samples at room temperature reflected this deterioration. Hence, it remains to be investigated whether mixture testing at ambient temperatures properly ranks superior quality Alberta, Canada and Venezuelan sourced materials that are low in wax.

Comparison of standing, side bending and awake supine manual traction dynamic radiographs for predicting spinal flexibility with postoperative correction rate in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Abstract Background: The aim of the study was to compare awake supine manual traction radiograph with standing side bending radiograph in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients and to analyze, which one among them is the best predictor of spinal flexibility index in varying degrees of AIS curves with minimal to severe Cobb angle. Materials and Methods: AIS patients, who underwent surgery during the period from 2015 to 2018, were retrospectively analyzed. Supine manual traction anteroposterior radiograph were taken with the patient in the supine position, with traction applied by a person with the head halter at the chin and counter traction applied with pelvic belt, leg straps. Patients were divided into three groups A, B, and C based on Cobb angle of the major structural curve. Patients with Cobb angles between 40° to 65°, 65° to 90°, and more than 90° were included in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Flexibility indices obtained from both traction and bending radiographs were correlated with percent change in Cobb angle correction post-surgery. Statistical analysis was done to find Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between variables and results were tabulated. Results: There were 36, 16, and 16 patients in Group A, B, and C, respectively. The mean age of the cohort was 13.38 years. Group A had a positive correlation to traction radiographs (r = + 0.188, P = 0.455). Group B had a statistically significant positive correlation to bending radiographs (r = + 0.729, P = 0.04). A statistically significant positive correlation with traction radiographs (r = + 0.769, P = 0.016) was seen in Group C. Conclusion: Awake supine manual traction radiographs reveal better flexibility index in severe stiff (Cobb more than 90°) curves. In moderately stiffer curves (Cobb 65°–90°) standing side bending radiographs provide a better flexibility index than traction radiographs. Supine manual traction radiographs should always accompany bending radiographs in evaluating AIS patients, especially with severe stiff curves.

Flexibility Analysis for Multi-Energy Microgrid and Distribution System Operator under a Distributed Local Energy Market Framework

Increasing the penetration rate of microgrids (MGs) for Local Energy Market (LEM) participation creates new challenges for the market-clearing process under a large number of requests for energy transactions. The market-clearing process for decentralized market frameworks is dependent on participants’ flexibility in negotiations for bilateral energy transactions. Multi-energy microgrids (MEMGs) include combined heat and power units which can be less dependent on electricity prices because of energy conversion equipment, gas infrastructure, and combined heat and power loads. In this regard, to evaluate prosumers’ flexibility role in market negotiations, a new analysis based on energy scheduling of MEMG considering a Demand-Response Program (DRP) model is executed under a distributed market structure. Moreover, two new flexibility indexes for market participants with attention to prosumers’ adaption capabilities are proposed. The results show that, under a 9.35% flexibility index improvement for the entire system, the social welfare function improved by 2.75%. Moreover, the results show that the DRP model for changeable and shiftable loads can improve the flexibility of the entire system by 35.82%. Combined heat and power load are considered as the resource of flexibility for system evaluations.

Cracking performance evaluation and modelling of RAP mixtures containing different recycled materials using deep neural network model

This study evaluates the cracking resistance of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) mixtures including waste engine oil (WEO), crumb rubber (CR), and steel slag aggregates using the Illinois flexibility index test (I-FIT). Performance indices, derived from both this study and another, were predicted by comparing deep neural network (DNN), linear, and polynomial regression models via a k-fold cross-validation process. I-FIT test results demonstrated that WEO, steel slag aggregates, and specific CR proportions enhance cracking resistance while RAP utilisation decreased it. In terms of modelling, it was found that the most appropriate prediction model for the dataset structure of this study is the deep neural network model. The DNN model sensitivity analysis identified WEO as key for high and intermediate temperature (I-FIT) performance. Meanwhile, CR significantly impacted intermediate temperatures (IDEAL-CT), while RAP influenced moisture susceptibility. This model proves reliable and efficient, suggesting its potential for predicting the performance of recycled mixtures.

Asphalt Concrete Mix Design Optimization Using Autoencoder Deep Neural Networks

Asphalt concrete (AC) balanced mix design (BMD) is based on the selection of aggregate gradation, component volumetrics, and binder content to control pavement cracking and rutting potential. The Illinois Flexibility Index Test (I-FIT) and the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test (HWTT) results, used to predict cracking and rutting potential, respectively, are used in the BMD approach. However, BMD generally relies on a trial-and-error process to identify the aggregate gradation and binder content needed to meet volumetrics and optimize I-FIT and HWTT results. Minimizing or eliminating the trial-and-error process would increase productivity and accuracy. Therefore, this study proposes an autoencoder deep neural network (ADNN) to develop optimized AC mix design alternatives that can meet a prescribed flexibility index (FI) and rut depth (RD). Autoencoders are a type of neural network designed for representation learning composed of an encoder and a decoder. The encoder detects a structured pattern in the original input data to create a compressed representation of the AC mix design. The decoder reconstructs the compressed representation. The proposed autoencoder is composed of an encoder of five hidden layers, a latent space of one node, and a five-hidden-layer decoder. Models were created from a database of 5,357 data sets that include mix properties, I-FIT FI, and HWTT RD (after data preprocessing was conducted). An autoencoder was then trained to predict the total binder content, and aggregate gradation based on a target mix type, FI, and RD.

Plasmon-Induced Flexibility and Refractive Index Measurement in a Sensor Designed By A Cavity, Two Rings, Two Teeth and Two Plasmonic Waveguides

In this research, we design a plasmonic refractive index sensor and examine it numerically, using transparency, refractive index, sensitivity, FOM fit shape and Q quality factor, to optimize and improve performance quality. We will be. To design the structure of this sensor, we use two plasmonic waveguides, a cavity, two rings and two teeth. The resonant wavelengths and refractive index of the resonators are investigated and simulated by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, and we draw the obtained diagrams using MATLAB software. After completing the sensor design, due to the fact that the amplifiers are very sensitive to changes in the refractive index, so by changing the refractive index and changing the dimensions of the structure, we can weaken or strengthen the passage coefficient in the resonant modes. These plasmonic sensors with a simple frame and high optical resolution can be used to measure refractive index in the medical, chemical and food industries.

Use of the Iron Chloride Type of Lewis Acid Catalyst in High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content Asphalt Mixtures

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) as a partial replacement for virgin aggregates and asphalt binders has received considerable attention recently. This approach is one of many promising methods for improving sustainability. However, many state Departments of Transportation are cautious in adopting high RAP content into their designs because of cracking and durability issues resulting from the aged RAP binder. A Lewis acid catalyst has been used to modify the asphalt binder’s chemical composition and disrupt the associated molecules formed in the aged RAP binder. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the use of a Lewis acid catalyst in improving the cracking resistance of an asphalt mixture containing high RAP contents. A suite of laboratory mechanical tests was performed, namely, the dynamic modulus test for linear viscoelastic properties; the semi-circular bend, Illinois flexible index, ideal cracking tolerance, and simplified viscoelastic continuum damage tests for fracture and fatigue resistance; the loaded wheel tracking test for rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility; indirect tensile creep compliance and strength tests for low-temperature cracking resistance; and the Cantabro abrasion test for durability. Further, AASHTOWare Pavement ME software was used to predict the long-term performance of asphalt pavements containing mixtures with high RAP contents and a Lewis acid catalyst. Results showed that the use of the Lewis acid catalyst can disrupt associated molecules formed in the aged RAP binder. Thus, asphalt mixtures containing high RAP contents (recycled binder ratio > 0.20) and a Lewis acid catalyst exhibited similar performances to conventional mixtures. Further, Pavement ME predicted fatigue cracking was lower for a structure containing a FeCl3-modified mixture as compared to a similar one with no FeCl3, illustrating the effectiveness of FeCl3.

Assessing the impact of employing machine learning-based baseline load prediction pipelines with sliding-window training scheme on offered flexibility estimation for different building categories

The present study is focused on assessing the impact of the performance of baseline load prediction pipelines on the estimation (by the grid operator) accuracy of the flexibility offered by different categories of buildings. Accordingly, the corresponding impact of employing different machine learning (ML) algorithms, with sliding-window and offline training schemes, for hour-ahead baseline load prediction has been investigated and compared. Using a smart meter measurements dataset, training window sizes and the most promising pipeline for each building category are first identified. Next, the consumption profiles of five buildings (belonging to each category), with the regular operation (baseline load) and while offering flexibility, are physically simulated. Finally, the identified pipelines are used for predicting the baseline loads, and the resulting error in estimating the provided flexibility is determined. Obtained results demonstrate that the identified most promising prediction pipeline (extra trees algorithm with a sliding window of 5 weeks) offers a notably superior performance compared to that of offline training (average R2 score of 0.91 vs. 0.87). Employing these pipelines permits estimating the provided flexibility with acceptable accuracy (flexibility index's mean relative error between -2.45% to +2.79%), permitting the grid operator to guarantee fair compensation for buildings' offered flexibility.

Effect of nano-reduced graphene oxide (NRGO) on long-term fracture behavior of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)

Recent studies have shown that in addition to ambient temperature, time-dependent factors such as temperature cycles and freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) affect the speed of creation and growth of low-temperature cracks (LTCs) and intermediate-temperature cracks (ITCs) by creating the aging process in the asphalt mixture. Therefore, it is necessary to study the cracking behavior of asphalt mixtures by considering these factors. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the long-term fracture behavior of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) modified with nano-reduced graphene oxide (NRGO) containing vertical and angular cracks under mode I loading conditions at low and intermediate temperatures using Semi-circular bend (SCB) geometry. In order to simulate long-term performance, two conditions of 3 FTC and aging process (for 6 days) were applied to the mixtures with and without NRGO, and the results were compared with samples subjected to 0 FTC (short-term performance). The results showed that adding 0.3% and 0.6% NRGO to the WMA mixture increased fracture toughness (KIC), fracture energy (GF), and stiffness under mode I at low and intermediate temperatures. At +15 °C and for the geometry containing the vertical crack, the NRGO-modified WMA mixture had better flexibility under 3 FTC than 0 FTC; while, the flexibility of the NRGO-modified WMA mixture decreased under aging process. For geometry containing angular crack, flexibility indices improved for NRGO-containing mixtures under 3 FTC and aging process (at +15 °C temperature). On the other hand, the results showed that the addition of NRGO to the WMA mixture, while increasing the maximum load at the moment of fracture, caused a decrease in the displacement at the fractured moment at low and intermediate temperatures. This result was obtained for the mixtures that were conditioned under aging process. However, the results showed that applying 3 FTCs decreased the maximum load at the moment of fracture and increased the displacement at the fractured moment. Finally, the results showed that the reduction of fracture indices was higher for WMA and NRGO-modified WMA mixtures under 3 FTCs (at temperatures ±15 °C); therefore, applying 3 FTC instead of aging process can be used to evaluate the long-term performance of asphalt mixtures.

Potential of three woody species from the Brazilian Cerrado for pulp and paper production

The usage of vegetal fibers coming from the wood of planted forests as a source of cellulose for paper production, has placed Brazil in a prominent position in the worldwide economic scenario, being that one of the best alternatives of value aggregation to this natural material. This research has evaluated the potential of three woody species of occurrence in the Cerrado, a Brazilian Biome, as a source of alternative raw material to alien species, nowadays widely used in Brazil for the pulp and paper industry. Wood radial samples of Cedrela fissilis, Cecropia sp. and Genipa americana with 12 years of age were collected in a peri-urban are of the city of Goiânia, through the non-destructive method, for the study on fiber’s morphology and basic density. With the data obtained it was possible to determine the felting index, coefficient of flexibility, wall fraction and Runkel index, for fibers qualitative evaluation. The careful evaluation of the results – and the detailed comparison with other species – made it possible to affirm that only the wood of Cedrela fissilis and Cecropia sp. had had potential for the proposed objective. Therefore, relevant aspects for the complementation of this research are pointed.

Balanced Mix Design Benchmarking of Asphalt Mixtures Produced in Vermont

Performance testing is an important tool to complement volumetric properties for improving asphalt pavement performance. Vermont Agency of Transportation (VTrans) began evaluating the Hamburg wheel-tracking test (HWTT) in 2015, the Illinois flexibility index test (I-FIT) in 2018, and the indirect tensile cracking test (IDEAL-CT) as another index-based test to investigate along with the I-FIT, as a step toward balanced mix design (BMD) implementation. An increase in the use of recycled materials in asphalt mixtures produced in Vermont was anticipated in their Standard Specifications for Construction. This study is an attempt in this direction. The tests were conducted on reheated plant mixtures sampled from paving projects in Vermont and the results were analyzed to (1) develop baseline rutting and cracking performance; (2) evaluate the effects of mixture properties on performance test results; (3) compare IDEAL-CT results and I-FIT results; and (4) compare performance test results with specification criteria proposed by VTrans for evaluating the rutting and cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. Several mixture properties, viz., nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS), binder grade, binder content, and recycled content, were found to have significant effects on mixture rutting and cracking resistance. The test results showed a direct correlation between FI and CTindex for the dataset of VTrans mixtures. The information from this research will help VTrans to achieve its goal to move beyond the use of volumetric properties for asphalt mixture design and acceptance and serve as an example for other agencies in exploring the implementation of BMD for improving asphalt pavement performance.

Multi-Dimensional Value Evaluation of Energy Storage Systems in New Power System Based on Multi-Criteria Decision-Making

The power sector may reduce carbon emissions and reach carbon neutrality by accelerating the energy transition and lowering its reliance on fossil fuels. However, there are limitations on the new power system’s ability to operate safely and steadily due to the randomness, volatility, and intermittent nature of renewable energy supply. The key to solving this issue is to harness the flexible resources that energy storage systems (ESSs) represent; however, ESSs have more than a value for providing system flexibility. Thus, this study suggested a flexible, technical, economic, and environmental value index system based on multi-criteria decision-making models for evaluating the multi-dimensional value of ESSs. First, the objective and subjective weights are obtained using the CRITIC model and best–worst method; then, the weights are combined using the minimum relative entropy model. The complete values of five typical ESSs are then evaluated using the TOPSIS model. Three scenarios that reflect the traits of the new power system are then created and analyzed. The outcome demonstrates the following: (1) as the new power system continues to grow, the value of ESSs’ flexibility has become ever more crucial; (2) as the need for system flexibility increases, the value of electrochemical ESSs gradually manifests.