Fleur De Research Articles

Estudo comparativo entre dois protocolos de tratamento Flor de Liz e Método Canal Unitário em algias cervicais

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A acupuntura é um método terapêutico utilizado há aproximadamente 5.000 anos que promove a harmonização e o fortalecimento do corpo. A cervicalgia atinge 28% da população. A Organização Mundial da Saúde de 2004 afirma que dores cervicais melhoram em 67% através do tratamento com acupuntura. A técnica Canal Unitário harmoniza e trata as dores. A técnica Flor de Liz alivia a dor crônica e aguda através do tratamento direto sobre as vértebras. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar qual dos métodos produziu melhor efeito em relação à dor e qual deles manteve seus efeitos por maior tempo. MÉTODOS: Dois grupos foram criados. Um dos grupos tratado com Flor de Liz (G1) e o outro com Canal Unitário (G2). Os pacientes foram avaliados por um questionário e pela escala analógica visual de dor. O tratamento foi realizado em 10 sessões, de 40 minutos cada, uma vez por semana. Após uma, duas, três e quatro semanas os pacientes foram reavaliados. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 20 pacientes dos quais 10 receberam Canal Unitário e 10 receberam a técnica Flor de Liz. Pela técnica Flor de Liz, a média de dor inicial foi de 5,6 e após 10 sessões foi de 0,1; enquanto com o Canal Unitário foi de 6,36 e 2,54, respectivamente. Após quatro semanas do fim do tratamento a graduação de dor diminuiu. Através da técnica de Canal Unitário observou-se que os meridianos mais acometidos foram triplo aquecedor (35%), intestino delgado (20%) e bexiga (20%), seguidos por vesícula biliar (15%) e intestino grosso e estômago com 5% cada um. Ao comparar ambos os grupos após aplicação das técnicas, verificou-se de uma maneira geral que o G1 apresentou valores inferiores aos obtidos pelo G2. Após o tratamento, ambos os grupos permanecem com intensidade inferior a zero. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica Flor de Liz obteve melhores resultados após as 10 sessões e manteve os resultados após quatro semanas.

Césaire and the Challenge of Translation: The Example of “Strong Men” by Sterling Brown

Césaire and the Challenge of Translation: The Example of “Strong Men” by Sterling Brown

Sin and Redemption in the Hours of François I (1539–40) by the Master of François de Rohan

Sin and Redemption in the <i>Hours of François I</i> (1539–40) by the Master of François de Rohan

The value of referral status as a solitary indicator to predict severity of illness in children

Abstracts ingediend voor het Amsterdam Kindersymposium 2013 39 The value of referral status as a solitary indicator to predict severity of illness in children Anouk L.M. Eikendal, Fleur de Lorijn, Sabien G.J. Heisterkamp, Chris C. de Krui ff , Diederik K. Bosman Department of general paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital AMC OBJECTIVE To assess whether referral status of children who present in an Emergency Department is an adequate indicator to predict severity of illness. METHODS A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed. During fi ve months, we performed data collections of all children who presented at the Emergency Department of the Academic Medical Centre. Children with most prevalent paediatric, non-surgical complaints were included. Markers for severity of illness that were obtained and analyzed were urgency classifi cation according to the Manchester Triage System, abnormal vital signs at presenta-tion, and admittance were performed. RESULTS Of 941 eligible children, 353 (37.5%) were referred and 588 (62.5%) were self-referred. With adjustment for age and gender, referred patients were signifi cantly more likely to have urgent triage categories (P<0.001); one or more abnormal vital signs at presentation (P=0.003); additional diagnostics performed (P=0.001); be admitted (P<0.001) or have a longer duration of admittance (P=0.009) when compared to self-referred patients. 41.2% of the self-referred children, only seen by an EP and sent home, had an urgent triage category. 19.3% of this group had one or more abnormal vital signs at presentation.

Fleur De Lys Abdominoplasty: Techniques to Reduce Complication Rates – Our Experience

Introduction: Standard abdominoplasties are inadequate in addressing gross tissue excess and laxity. The Fleur De Lys technique addresses supraumbilical excess and is ideal for massive weight loss patients. However, many surgeons hold reservations with this technique because of potentially high risk of complication rates. In our experience, it is a safe technique with low complications with regard to wound healing, with a good patient satisfaction rate. Aims: This study illustrates an effective modification of the Fleur De Lys technique by a single surgeon in our unit. We aim to share our experiences on the Fleur De Lys abdominoplasty and techniques to reduce complications. Methodology: We described the senior author’s improvised Fleur De Lys operative technique. We obtained medical illustrations outlining pre-operative assessment and markings, and intra-operative techniques. We also discussed selection criteria. We reviewed complications and satisfaction of 29 patients who had undergone Fleur De Lys in our unit over a 3 year period. Results: Our patient demographic showed as ratio M:F = 1:14, mean age was 39 years, mean pre-operative BMI 26.8 kgm-2 and mean tissue weight excised was 1669 Gm. 17.2% (n=5) had wound breakdown, 6.9% (n=2) developed infection and 6.9% (n=2) had seroma. Only 10.3% (n=3) patients required revision operation. Our patient satisfaction survey showed 27 out of 29 patients had a positive patient satisfaction response. Discussion: The Fleur De Lys abdominoplasty is safe in carefully selected patients. The senior author’s improvisation ‘pinch and reduce by an inch’ technique during pre-operative skin marking placement together with a ‘no undermining’ principle intra-operatively reduces wound edge tension during closure, minimizes risk of skin flap necrosis and reduces potential dead space for fluid collection such as seroma. In our experience, this technique is safe and yields satisfactory results.

De vieilles dames et autres histoires by Hugues Corriveau

CORRIVEAU, HUGUES. De vieilles dames et autres histoires. Montréal: Lévesque, 2011. ISBN 978-2-923844-36-7. Pp. 146. $23 Can. This is a collection of sixty powerful short stories by Hugues Corriveau, whose talent lies in the fact that he is able to pack a surprising amount of meaning into a concise format. The stories are all three paragraphs long and, with the exception of “Les courriels anonymes” that is only a few lines longer, do not extend beyond a page and a half. The sixty stories are divided into the following sections (each with the number of stories): Histoires de vieilles dames (8); Histoires d’amour (5); Histoires d’enfants (15); Histoires de bourrus (10); Histoires de haine (7); Histoires de bêtes (5); and, Histoires d’âmes perdues (10). To provide a sense of Corriveau’s exceptional storytelling skills, I will highlight a few of my favorites. In Histoires d’amour, one would expect to find stories of star-crossed lovers. However, in “Le grand brûlé,” we meet Daphnée, a nurse who tenderly takes care of burn victims and who is able to find beauty even in disfigured faces and bodies. Her love for one victim is especially heart-wrenching when he does not survive, but she is able to provide the means for him to have ultimate dignity in death. In Histoires d’enfants, we can take pleasure at seeing the world through a child’s eyes. For instance, in “La fleur de Léontine,” François’s life is dramatically enhanced as he tends to the precious flower given to him by Léontine: “Les yeux grands ouverts d’émerveillement, [il] regardait la fleur de verre s’ébrouer au creux de son pot, tendre ses pétales, et grandir d’au moins un millimètre” (40). In Histoires d’âmes perdues, I was particularly drawn to “Les courriels anonymes ” as Corriveau is able to bring to life in a vivid format the feelings of isolation that are brought on by the lack of face-to-face communication due to the advent of modern technologies. Hubert is a lonely newspaper critic who desperately awaits E-mail messages to have contact with others and to maintain a sense of self-worth. In the story’s first paragraph we learn: Le premier courriel lui parvint le mercredi 1er avril, vers dix-sept heures. La clochette de l’ordi l’en avait prévenu. Le téléphone ne sonnant pratiquement jamais chez lui, Hubert se tient à l’affût de ce signal lointain, à l’étage. Il ne retarde jamais de vérifier, haletant, espérant une invitation impromptue soit à un souper soit à une lecture publique. (139) The E-mail message is from the newspaper’s director who informs him that his latest piece has received a wrath of negative responses. The next day (second paragraph), Hubert expects to receive a copy of the accusatory letters. Instead he learns that it is not worth the time to read them as the editorial staff laughed upon reading them. Ironically and sadly, we discover in the third and final paragraph , that weeks later Hubert continues to receive short insulting messages, such as “gros”, “puant”, “sans intelligence des textes” and “mauvais critique.” Rather than be upset by these messages, Hubert takes great pleasure in them: “Impossible pour lui de se détacher de son écran, figé par son désir, prisonnier devant l’expectative délectable du plaisir souhaité et si régulier. Hubert ne se sentait plus abandonné, enfin! [...] Hubert les recevait comme des gages de sa célébrité” (140). De vieilles dames is truly a stunning collection of short stories that is bound to have meaning for everyone. Corriveau’s prose is so ardently and exquisitely Reviews 1193 poetic that in just a few short paragraphs a whole new world of possibilities is created. Canisius College (NY) Eileen M. Angelini COULIN, DELPHINE. Samba pour la France. Paris: Seuil, 2010. ISBN 978-2-02-102854-6. Pp. 306. 19 a. Samba retrace les péripéties aujourd’hui devenues classiques d’un jeune Malien qui souhaite aller en France pour y tenter sa chance. Rejoindre son...

Conditions Under Which Québec Prefers a Strong Federal Government, or Why Decentralization is not Necessarily a Good Thing for Québec

Let me begin by thanking the organizers of a Simon Fraser University federalism work- shop for inviting a non-academic to share some reflections about federalism.1 This file cannot stay closed forever. While preparing these re- flections, I came across a lapel pin representing the fleur de lisé — the Québec flag — which il- lustrates one of the main points I want to stress here: the Québec question is essentially a ques- tion of identity and recognition. It has little or nothing to do with the so-called fiscal imbal- ance or any other specific problem of that kind.

Characterization of sodium chloride crystals grown in microgravity

NaCl crystals grown by the evaporation of an aqueous salt solution in microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS) were characterized and compared to salt crystals grown on earth. NaCl crystallized as thin wafers in a supersaturated film of 200–700 μm thickness and 50 mm diameter, or as hopper cubes in 10 mm diameter supersaturated spheres. Neutron diffraction shows no change in crystal structure and in cell parameters compared to earth-grown crystals. However, the morphology can be different, frequently showing circular, disk-like shapes of single crystals with 〈1 1 1〉 perpendicular to the disks, an unusual morphology for salt crystals. In contrast to the growth on earth the lateral faces of the microgravity tabular hopper crystals are symmetrical because they are free floating during the crystallization process. Hopper cubes were produced without the need to suspend the growing crystals by an ongoing stirring. “Fleur de Sel” is shown as an example of two-dimensional growth of salt on earth and compared to the space grown crystals. It is shown that in microgravity conditions brine fluid inclusions form within the salt crystals.

Carotenoid-derived aroma compounds detected and identified in brines and speciality sea salts (fleur de sel) produced in solar salterns from Saint-Armel (France)

The flavor compounds of brines and fleur de sel collected in solar salterns from Saint-Armel (Brittany, France) were investigated by means of headspace-solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS) analysis in order to find elements to link the salt product and its area of production. A total of 58 volatile compounds were identified with considerable number of apparently carotenoid-derived compounds, i.e. norisoprenoids. Some of these could be considered as tracers to characterize products from Saint-Armel salterns. Indeed, 4 common compounds were detected in the different samples: 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexan-1-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-but-3-en-2-ol (β-ionol), 5,5,8a-trimethyloctahydro-2H-chromen-2-one and 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-2(4H)-benzofuran-1-one (dihydroactinidiolide). At the same time, preliminary studies were conducted to gain knowledge about microorganisms present in solar salterns, such as halophilic microalgae like Dunaliella salina, bacteria, fungi or yeasts. Some of these living organisms produce carotenoids, the starting material of some volatiles, and could either be responsible through their metabolisms for the generation of flavor compounds detected. Color attribute C* of the brine was closely positively correlated with the concentration of D. salina in the saline medium, linked to the concentration of viable and cultivable bacteria and highly correlated with the number of norisoprenoids detected.

Loge de la barbarie selon Gisle Pineau

This essay focuses on the model of Tout-monde (or Whole-World) developed in Gisle Pineau's 2005 novel Fleur de Barbarie. douard Glissant's theories, as developed in Tout-monde and Trait du Tout-monde, inform our interpretation of Pineau's novel. Like Glissant's, Pineau's Tout-monde is a totality that does not lead to totalitarianism, which establishes a series of links between international minor events that challenge the center/periphery model. However, Pineau adds to her Whole-World the crucial element of gender and sexuality absent from Glissant's theory. The study demonstrates how Pineau builds a feminist model of totality, in which women's bodies and sexual politics play a crucial role. Pineau, for instance, constructs a network of feminist intertextual relations by entering into a transnational dialogue with Hlne Cixous's texts and Josephine Baker's songs. Moreover, this essay shows how Pineau's novel extracts Guadeloupe from its peripheral status as Overseas Department by exoticizing the rural region of Sarthe, and by depicting Guadeloupe as a Cosmopolitan Center. Pineau calls her Tout-monde barbarie deconstructing the word barbare before reclaiming it as a pride.

Sainte-Beuve's "Imitations" of Two Sonnets by Wordsworth

Previous articleNext article No AccessSainte-Beuve's "Imitations" of Two Sonnets by WordsworthMichael FerberMichael Ferber Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Wordsworth Circle Volume 38, Number 4Autumn 2007 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/TWC24045322 Views: 1Total views on this site © 2007 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The Ball and the Cross, the Fleur de Lys and the English Rose

The Ball and the Cross, the Fleur de Lys and the English Rose

The Fighting Civil Servant: Making Sense of the Canadian Superhero

When Canada Post released a series of five Canadian comic book-based superhero stamps in 1996, it seemed something of a symbolic victory for the otherwise largely marginalized Canadian comics industry. In looking more deeply, however, we see that the five Canadian superheroes chosen--Superman, Johnny Canuck, Nelvana of the Northern Lights, Captain Canuck, and Fleur de Lys--illustrate a set of tensions that surround the intersection of popular culture and federal institutions within Canada. Superman is, of course, the most famous superhero among the five and is best associated with his dedication to truth, justice and the American way, a jingoistic credo that immediately throws his status as a Canadian icon into question. Yet his incorporation into the national superhero mythos appears necessary for several reasons. Superman is included in the set most obviously because he was co-created by the Toronto-born (though Cleveland-raised) Joe Shuster, a connection that has often been used to suggest that the character's heritage is at least half-Canadian. Second, as the first comic book superhero, Superman takes on the role of forefather to the rest of the characters in the set, authorizing them as his symbolic heirs. Indeed, the specific Canadianization of Superman by the stamps serves to legitimize the entire project of Canadian superhero canonization generally. The remaining superheroes recognized by Canada Post are less familiar, though perhaps no less important in the history of efforts to nationalize the superhero icon. Both Johnny Canuck and Nelvana were heroes of the Second World War, and characters that are associated with the brief Golden Age of Canadian comics production. The decision to feature two characters from the same publishing house--both were produced by Bell Features--rather than a more popular wartime character such as Canada Jack can be traced to the fan-initiated processes of rediscovery and rearticulation that surrounded Canadian superheroes in the 1970s. A fourth figure, Captain Canuck, was one of the blatantly nationalistic heroes of the Canadian post-Centennial era of the late 1960s and early 1970s that were influential within comics fandom, albeit short-lived on the newsstands. The inclusion of Fleur de Lys, a supporting character in a little known and short-lived comic book from the mid-1980s, seems to be the most arbitrary inclusion. The fact that the character is Francophone in a genre almost completely associated with English language cultures was probably the key factor in the character's selection, as Canada Post would likely feel an obligation to represent Canadian linguistic duality in the stamp set and, because it developed in a much different cultural context, there are no Quebecois superheroes available to be recognized. Canada Post's choices, therefore, suggest that processes of national mythmaking and regional reconciliation collided with the generally insular culture of English-Canadian comic book fandom in shaping the orientation of the set of commemorative stamps. To understand the process whereby the Canadian comic book industry was repatriated as a part of Canadian nationalism, it is important to consider not only the history of the comic book in Canada but, more importantly, the ways that fan discourses helped to shape the recuperation of the Canadian superhero during its second wave of popularity in the post-Centennial period by distinguishing it from superheroes in the United States. In short, this paper will address the way that various comic book creators and publishers have, at different historical moments, mobilized the cliches of Canadian nationalism in the form of the superhero in order to create for themselves a unique niche in the overall field of superhero comic books. The Nationalist Superhero In his book, Superheroes: A Modern Mythology, Richard Reynolds seeks to identify a number of conventions related to the superhero narrative through reference to various mythical tropes. …

Where time becomes space - Ian Hamilton Finlay's garden in Provence

The privately owned garden at Fleur de l'Air, in the hill country of Provence, is the largest and most important garden Ian Hamilton Finlay has worked on outside his home at Stonypath, southwest of Edinburgh. As Fleur de l'Air is not open to the public, this essay sets out be an initial survey of the garden and its works (figure 1). The garden was begun in 1994 and has been developed with considerable and active proprietorial involvement, as well as the services of many craftsmen and women. In a manner common to Finlay, some artworks in the Provençal garden are re-visionings of pieces found elsewhere, or previously found only on paper; these recastings may require rigorous reformulations (as with WOODLAND FLUTE below); but Finlay's works can read differently when seen in a different context, even if their content is unchanged. THE PRESENT ORDER IS THE DISORDER OF THE FUTURE on a Scottish hill carries quite different cultural baggage when it becomes the Dutch of DE HUIDlGE ORDE IS DE WANORDE VAN DE TOEKOMST on a Dutch museum lawn; it both is, and is not, the same work. Besides these ways of rethinking, the Mediterranean location has also initiated some wholly new ideas, as will become clear.

A comparison of microstructural and chemical patterns in garnet from the Fleur de Lys Supergroup, Newfoundland

This study uses compositional analyses of garnet porphyroblasts to test a previously published microstructure-based model of garnet growth in the Fleur de Lys Supergroup. X-ray maps reveal significant compositional anomalies within garnet, including zoning reversals and steepened compositional gradients. These anomalies occur at the margin of the proposed first stage of garnet growth (G 1), and coincide with truncations of inclusion trails and changes in the inclusion assemblage. Intervals of reversed composition zoning and steepened compositional gradients across this boundary are interpreted to represent a hiatus in garnet growth, possibly accompanied by garnet consumption, during which changes in the garnet-forming reaction, P– T conditions and deformation kinematics occurred. The junction of the proposed second and third stages of garnet growth (G 2 and G 3) coincides with the transition between successive crenulation cleavages, without substantial microstructural truncations or changes in the inclusion assemblage. The G 2–G 3 boundary is generally marked by uninterrupted normal zoning, with subtle compositional anomalies in some samples. This boundary may in fact record continuous garnet growth, or alternatively mark a relatively short intra-orogenic pause in garnet growth with minimal affect on zoning patterns. Individual porphyroblasts with contrasting inclusion trail microstructures also have different zoning patterns, and this supports the previous recognition of contrasting growth histories between individual porphyroblasts. A combined structural–metamorphic model is presented that integrates the timing of garnet growth and foliation development, reaction history and the P– T– t path in the Fleur de Lys Supergroup.

Les nerfs à fleur de peau

Skin innervation is extremely dense and reaches the most superficial layers of the epidermis (but not into the stratum corneum). The relationship between skin and the nervous system was neglected for a long time. Nowadays, this represents one of the most widely investigated fields of skin biology. Associations between nerve fibres and skin are so close that these can be observed at the cellular level. They are anatomical and physiological. Neurotransmitters are naturally synthesized by nerve endings, but cells from the skin and the immune system are also able to produce them. They are mediators for transmission of information between skin and the nervous system. All cutaneous and immune cells express specific receptors for these neuromediators, and enzymes for degrading them. Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor induces modulation of cell properties and skin functions (immunity, cell differentiation and proliferation, pigmentation, etc.). Hence, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and the other cells of the skin or the immune system are modulated and controlled by the nerves. Reciprocally, skin is able to modulate neuronal activity and growth. All these data suggest that skin, nervous and immune systems are integrated in a unique system that we could name the neuro-immuno-cutaneous system (NICS). Hence, we can understand how the nervous system, and further the psychism, are involved in the maintenance of cutaneous homeostasis. In dermatological diseases or in cosmetological disorders, this equilibrium is broken. New fields of research are open: neuro-dermatology and of course neuro-cosmetics. Neuro-cosmetic products are supposed to modulate NICS functioning at the epidermal level. The French expression 'avoir les nerfs à fleur de peau' means that nervosity is so tense that one feels his nerves closely under or within skin, ready to explode. In fact, nerves are always 'à fleur de peau'. Skin is an organ whose dense innervation involves the outermost skin layers, stratum corneum excepted. Long time neglected, the relation between skin and the nervous system are, today, a growing field of research within cutaneous biology.

Autologe Brustrekonstruktion mittels M.-latissimus-dorsi-Lappen: Analyse der ästhetischen Resultate und der Komplikationen nach Anwendung der „Fleur de lis“-Technik

Objective : This study reviewed the results of breast reconstruction with the Fleur de lis-technique of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. Methods: We reviewed the cosmetic and functional results of 48 patients with breast cancer who underwent immediate or delayed breast reconstruction with the above technique. Results: A total of 44 patients (92%) considered the cosmetic results good or excellent. The surgeon considered the result good in 39 patients (81%). Complications consisted of seromas, wide scars, and dog ears at the donor site. Immediate reconstruction was not associated with increased morbidity. Conclusion: The Fleur de lis-technique of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is a safe technique with satisfactory cosmetic and functional results for immediate or delayed breast reconstruction.

Low Maintenance Alternative Turf Trials

Abstract Mixtures of cool-season grasses and flowers marketed under the names “Ecology Lawn Mix” and “Fleur de Lawn’; and “No Mow”, a mixture of fine fescues, performed as well as conventional, low maintenance, cool-season grasses when rated for color, cover and overall appearance in three years of trials at two locations in Minnesota. Materials were evaluated using no pesticides or irrigation, with 2′, 4′ and minimum (2/yr) mowing treatments and three fertility levels. Mixtures containing perennial ryegrass provided the best cover with minimal weed competition. Warm-season grasses and mixtures of forbs without cool-season grasses had significantly lower color and cover ratings. This research provides more choices for homeowners and commercial grounds personnel looking for acceptable, alternative turf-grasses with minimal inputs.

Un diagnostic à fleur de peau

Un diagnostic à fleur de peau

The Law of the Terror

The Law of the Terror Carla Hesse (bio) Qu’enfin le règne des lois puisse s’établir sur un sol purgé de toutes les émanations cadavéreuses de la tyrannie. [May the reign of law establish itself at last in a land purged of all the cadaverous emanations of tyranny.] Deputy Phillipeaux (1793) 1 I. Introduction Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Code Pénal (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1791). Archives Nationales, Paris, France. No document more vividly testifies to the political crisis that French revolutionaries faced following the death of the King than the copy of the Penal Code of 1791 that was officially registered by the clerk of the Paris Revolutionary Tribunal in March of 1793 (figure 1). Printed after its promulgation on October 6, 1791, the Code bore a title vignette comprised of a series of five royal cameos depicting the fleur de lys and the profile of Louis XVI. Beneath, the opening invocation read: Law. Penal Code. Given in Paris, 6 October 1791. [Louis, by the grace of God, and by the constitutional laws of the State, King of the French says. To all present and to come, let it be known:] The National Assembly has decreed, and We wish and order that which follows . . . [End Page 702] In the act of registration the anonymous law clerk of 1793 took his pen and with a series of axial strokes carefully crossed out the royal images in the cameos. He then struck out the lines that read: “Louis by the grace of God, and by the constitutional laws of the state, King of France says. To all present and to come, let it be known.” The use of axial strokes in this act of iconoclasm was perhaps not indifferent: if the King was no longer to be the center of sovereignty, the notion of a centered sovereign could be symbolically depicted as the point of intersection established by his radial lines. Indeed, this was the very image of democratic sovereignty that the abbé Sieyès had proposed in his pamphlet Qu’est-ce que le tiers-état in 1789: a sphere with an infinite number of radial lines emanating from the center, each end point representing a citizen, equidistant from the sovereign center of the law. 2 Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. Frontispiece to the Compte rendu aux sans-culottes de la république française, par la très-haute, très-puissante et très expéditive dame Guillotine, dame du Carrousel, de la place de le Révolution, de la Grève, et autres lieux . . . par le citoyen Tisset, coopérateur du succès de la république française (Paris: Denné, Petit et Tourbon, an II [1793/94]). Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France. This law clerk’s re-centering of sovereignty under the sign of negation nonetheless left the question of the identity of the sovereign hanging. Indeed, his corrected text left the locution “We wish and order . . .” without grammatical referent. Between the fall of the monarchy on August 10, 1792 and the promulgation of the Constitution of the Year III (1795), revolutionary penal law functioned without a fixed referent of the sovereign, under the sign of negation inscribed by the humble pen of a clerk. And even more interesting, no new Penal Code was promulgated until after the declaration of the Napoleonic empire in 1804. This “headless” corpus of criminal law was allegorized (unconsciously, I think) in the peculiar frontispiece to a pro-revolutionary book detailing the good work of the guillotine in the Year II (figure 2). 3 Under the symbol of justice, it depicts a strange scene of execution in which there are seven decapitated bodies, but only six heads lying beside them. The engraving puts a central ambiguity of the law of the Terror into play: Are we confronted with a missing head, or rather, an extra body? Is this engraving the depiction of a lack of the sovereign head or of an excess of bodily fragments? [End Page 704] How did revolutionary law redefine treason and conspiracy after the fall of the monarchy? In what terms could harm to the polity...