Flesch Reading Research Articles

Quality of Information Available Via the Internet for Patients With Otological Conditions.

Evaluate the type, content, and quality of information available via the Internet for patients with common otological conditions. The Google search engine was used to generate responses for the following search terms: glue ear, otitis media, otosclerosis, Ménière's disease, cholesteatoma, and ear perforation. The first 10 websites for each search term were selected for analysis. Websites were evaluated with the validated DISCERN instrument (Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK), the LIDA tool (Minervation Ltd, Oxford, UK), the Flesch Readability Formula, the Simple Measure Of Gobbledygook (SMOG) readability score, and against the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) criteria. Comparisons were made with a similar study assessing quality of information in nonotological conditions. Mean SMOG score was 12.19 years of education (range, 6.2-22.8). The health on the net (HON) symbol appeared on 15 of 49 websites (30.61%). Pearson's r was used to identify interactions between variables and demonstrated a significant correlation between LIDA score and Google ranking (R = -0.1195, p = 0.002); between university/hospital affiliation and JAMA score (R = -1.7889, p = 0.0182) and commercial affiliation and JAMA score (R = 1.0561; p = 0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed LIDA to be the strongest predictor of Google ranking (Page rank decreasing by 0.10572 per LIDA score; p = 0.01). As websites with better Google ranking were only weakly associated with higher quality rankings patients would benefit from being directed to reliable websites by clinicians. There is currently a gap in the available resources for a high quality repository of otological information aimed at patients.

Development and validation of educational technology for venous ulcer care.

To develop and validate an educational technology venous ulcers care. Methodological study conducted in five steps: Situational diagnosis; literature review; development of texts, illustrations and layout; apparent and content validity by the Content Validity Index, assessment of Flesch Readability Index; and pilot testing. The developed technology was a type of booklet entitled Booklet for Venous Ulcers Care, consisting of seven topics: Diet and food intake, walking and light exercise, resting with elevated leg, bandage care, compression therapy, family support, and keeping healthy habits. The apparent validity revealed minimal agreement of 85.7% in the clarity and comprehensibility. The total content validity index was 0.97, the Flesch Readability Index was 75%, corresponding to the reading "fairly easy". The pilot test showed that 100% of people with venous ulcers evaluated the text and the illustrations as understandable, as appropriate. The educational technology proved to be valid for the appearance and content with potential for use in clinical practice. Construir e validar uma tecnologia educativa para cuidados com úlcera venosa. Estudo metodológico realizado em cinco fases: diagnóstico situacional; revisão da literatura; desenvolvimento de textos, ilustrações e diagramação; validade de aparência e de conteúdo pelo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, avaliação do Índice de Legibilidade de Flesch; e teste piloto. A tecnologia desenvolvida foi do tipo cartilha intitulada Cartilha para cuidados com úlcera venosa, constituída de sete tópicos: Alimentação, Caminhadas e exercícios leves, Repouso com a perna elevada, Cuidados com o curativo, Terapia compressiva, Apoio familiar, e manter hábitos saudáveis. A validade aparente revelou concordância mínima de 85,7% na clareza e compreensibilidade. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo total foi de 0,97, o Índice de legibilidade de Flesch foi de 75%, o que correspondeu à leitura "razoavelmente fácil". O teste piloto revelou que 100% das pessoas com úlcera venosa avaliaram o texto como compreensivo e as ilustrações, como adequadas. A tecnologia educativa mostrou-se válida quanto à aparência e ao conteúdo, com potencial de utilização na prática clínica.

A Readability Evolution of Narratives in Annual Reports

Previous research on the readability of annual reports is based mainly on English narratives and has found them difficult to read. Although the results of such research cannot be generalized to different contexts, accounting narratives written in non-English languages have seldom been analyzed in this respect. More important, few studies have longitudinally examined the evolution in readability of such narratives. This study focuses on the readability evolution of annual report narratives written in Spanish, applying an adapted version of the Flesch readability formula to two sets of documents from different companies over most of the years of the 20th century. The results confirm that the reports are indeed difficult to read but show an improvement in readability over the years. The study tested several variables that might influence readability, including profitability.

Validity and reliability of the hearing handicap inventory for adults

AbstractThe Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA) translated into Brazilian Portuguese has been used for clinical practice and research purposes; however, information regarding its ease of reading and psychometric properties are still lacking. AimTo evaluate the ease of reading and psychometric properties of the Brazilian translation of this tool, including its validity and reliability. Materials and MethodsProspective study. The questionnaire was applied to 30 normal hearing (Group A) and 113 hearing impaired (Group B) persons. Thirty two participants (group B) answered the questionnaire a second time. The Flesch readability index was calculated for each item in the questionnaire. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and discriminant validity were evaluated. ResultsFlesch's scores showed that the questionnaire was easy to read. Cronbach's alpha and Pearson's correlation showed high internal consistency. There was no significant difference between test and retest scores. Besides, correlation between these two scores was also high and significant. Student t test indicated significant difference between scores for groups A and B (discriminant validity). ConclusionThe Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults translated into Brazilian Portuguese maintained the reliability and validity of the English version. Further studies are needed to determine the convergent validity and construct validity for this instrument.

Are User Perceptions of Chairman Addresses Managed through Syntactical Complexity and Rationalisation?

This study assesses whether or not the preparers of chairman addresses of large listed Australian firms manage user perceptions through the syntactical complexity of the provided information and/or the rationalisation of unwanted information. It applies an innovative assessment approach for the rationalisation of unwanted information. The study analyses the chairman addresses of 87 firms included in the Standard & Poor's ASX200 index using the Flesch readability formula, as well as the relative occurrence frequency of sentences with particular connotations within each analysed report. The findings of this study demonstrate that although the comprehension difficulty of chairman addresses is generally high, preparers do not attempt to manage user perceptions through syntactical complexity or rationalisation. Specifically, the study finds no evidence that chairman addresses that contain predominantly negative news are more difficult to comprehend than chairman addresses that contain predominantly positive news. Furthermore, it is concluded that preparers do not use rationalisations to manage user perceptions. Prior literature has thus far failed to investigate the rationalisation of information as a potential perception management tool and no other recent contribution to the literature has investigated the syntactical complexity of Australian chairman addresses that contain predominantly positive or negative news. This study aims to fill that gap.

The quality and readability of online consumer information about gynecologic cancer.

The Internet has become an important source of health-related information for consumers, among whom younger women constitute a notable group. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the quality and readability of online information about gynecologic cancer using validated instruments and (2) to relate the quality of information to its readability. Using the Alexa Rank, we obtained a list of 35 Web pages providing information about 7 gynecologic malignancies. These were assessed using the Health on the Net (HON) seal of approval, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, and the DISCERN instrument. Flesch readability score was calculated for sections related to symptoms and signs and treatment. Less than 30% of the Web pages displayed the HON seal or achieved all JAMA benchmarks. The majority of the treatment sections were of moderate to high quality according to the DISCERN. There was no significant relationship between the presence of the HON seal and readability. Web pages achieving all JAMA benchmarks were significantly more difficult to read and understand than Web pages that missed any of the JAMA benchmarks. Treatment-related content of moderate to high quality as assessed by the DISCERN had a significantly better readability score than the low-quality content. The online information about gynecologic cancer provided by the most frequently visited Web pages is of variable quality and in general difficult to read and understand. The relationship between the quality and readability remains unclear. Health care providers should direct their patients to reliable material online because patients consider the Internet as an important source of information.

An evaluation of web-based education material about breastfeeding and breast milk

Purpose: To evaluate designs of the websites about human milk and breastfeeding and the readability of the education material on these websites. Materials and methods:This is a descriptive study. The key words “breast milk” and “breastfeeding” were used to identify the relevant websites on Google in January 2014. A total of 24 websites and 235 pieces of education material were evaluated. Data were evaluated by using numbers and percentages and readability was evaluated with SMOG readability analysis (SMOG), Flesch Reading Ease and Readability Value for Turkish. Results: The readability degree was moderate in 66.6% of the websites examined. The mean score obtained by using SMOG readability formula was 12.61±1.02, ranging from 10.92 to 14.76, which shows that the education material examined was appropriate for the 12th grade. The mean score for Flesch Readability Ease was 37.09±9.04, ranging from 18.26 to 52.95, which indicates that the material was appropriate for 13th-16th grade. The mean Turkish readability score was 9.74±1.69, ranging from 6.90 and 13.02, which shows that the material was appropriate for the 10th graders. Conclusion: The websites about breastfeeding was found to be moderately difficult to read and according to the readability formulas, the readability of the websites was considerably higher than the recommended grade -6th grade. Pam Med J 2015;8(1):45-50

Safety, Awareness, and Familiarity regarding Epilepsy in Teenage Years (SAFETY): Understanding the adolescents' perspective about their disease

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the understanding of adolescent patients regarding epilepsy. MethodsThe SAFETY (Safety, Awareness, and Familiarity regarding Epilepsy in Teenage Years) questionnaire (content validity index: 0.96, Flesch readability score: 66.6) was administered to 165 cognitively normal adolescents with epilepsy (85 females, mean age: 15.2±1.6years, range: 13–18years). The first part of the questionnaire was devised to evaluate knowledge about epilepsy and antiepileptic medications (SAFETY-K: 7 questions). The second part queried lifestyle modifications and safety (SAFETY-S: 10 questions). Female participants answered 5 additional questions related to reproductive health (RH questionnaire). ResultsThe correct response rate for the composite SAFETY questionnaire was 51.5%. The average rates of correct responses for the SAFETY-K and SAFETY-S questions were 47.9% and 53.9%, respectively. On univariate logistic regression analysis, factors which were significant predictors of correct responses included age (odds ratio: 1.8, C.I.=1.3–2.4), race (Caucasian vs. African-American; odds ratio: 3.9, C.I.=1.4–10.4), and employment of at least one parent in a professional occupation (odds ratio: 3.3, C.I.=1.1–10.3). The correct response rate did not correlate with the duration of epilepsy, extent of seizure control, number of antiepileptic medications, parental educational, or (un)employment status. The mean rate of correct responses for the RH questions amongst teenage girls was 17.4%. ConclusionsThere is lack of awareness about epilepsy and its associated lifestyle modifications in adolescents with epilepsy seen at our institution. This is especially true in young adolescents, African-American patients, and those whose parents are not employed in professional occupations. Teenage girls with epilepsy appear to have limited knowledge with respect to contraception and childbearing.

Thermo-reactive clips do not prevent sternal wound infection in obese patients after cardiac surgery

s / International Journal of Surgery 11 (2013) 589e685 613 ABSTRACTS Conclusion: The results were accessible, useable and reliable, shown by the LIDA tool. The information required a high level of education, shown by the Gunning-Fog Index and Flesch Readability Score. The best three websites for patient self-education about mitral valve replacement are: http://www.drugs.com/cg/mitral-valve-replacementinpatient-care.html, http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Aorticvalvereplace ment/Pages/Whatisitpage.aspx, http://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/ treatments/valve-heart-surgery.aspx 0683: STARTING & EVALUATING A ROBOT-ASSISTED VATS PROGRAMME: PILOT PHASE Sandra Gelvez-Zapata, Maral Rouhani, Rachel Kuo, Priya Sastry, Aman S. Coonar. Papaworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK. Aim: The Freehand TM robot scope holder has been recently released. We sought to assess the feasibility of implementing and using this robotassisted telescope holder in VATS. This is first use in thoracic surgery. Methods: Following dry-lab training of the consultant and theatre team by an experienced trainer we introduced the system into the operating room. Non-lobectomy patients were considered for robot-assisted VATS (RVATS). 27 consecutive VATS patients were selected. 22 procedures were completed by R-VATS. The procedures were 9 wedge resections, 7 pneumothorax, 2 lung volume resections (LVRS), 3 empyema and 1 pleurectomy for mesothelioma. Results: Surgical time (including on table-robot positioning): 50 115 min (mean 82). Total operating room time (including robot set-up/take down): 65 140min (mean 111). R-VATcases by consultant with assistant available but hands-off: 21/22. R-VAT cases by trainee with consultant scrubbed:1/ 22 Conclusions: Dry-lab preparation allowed robot position to be optimized. Implementation was rapid and safe. Consideration of robot placement and port position is critical. The robot gave a stable, non-wandering view. Assistants observed the procedure, but were not required to participate. Since these procedures can be conducted by a single operator there are manpower implications. Operative and theatre times are acceptable. 0801: THERMO-REACTIVE CLIPS DO NOT PREVENT STERNAL WOUND INFECTION IN OBESE PATIENTS AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY Clare Burdett, Simon Kendall, Joel Dunning, Andrew Owens, Andrew Goodwin, Steve Hunter, Jonathan Ferguson, Tracey Smailes, Cheng-Hon Yap, Enoch Akowuah. James Cook University Hospital,

Auditing secondary prevention prescribing following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

Auditing secondary prevention prescribing following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)

Readability of Reading Comprehension Texts in Iranian Senior High schools Regarding Students’ Background Knowledge and Interest

This research study considered the readability indexes of reading passages in English textbooks taught at Iranian senior high schools. For measuring the readability indexes of the passages, 30 English passages were fed into the computer and Flesch readability indexes of the passages were estimated. This study also examined students’ prior knowledge-interest levels to see to what extent students were interested or had background knowledge of the passages in their English textbooks.120 participants including 60 males and 60 females took part in the study and completed a Likert-type scale questionnaire. Other issues that were analyzed in the study were the association between students’ interest level and their background knowledge level, and the relationship between students’ interest- background knowledge levels with the readability indexes of the passages. The results of the study indicated that the readability indexes of the passages in high school English textbooks did not accord with Flesch readability standard. The results also showed that students mostly had an average and a low level of interest and background knowledge regarding reading passages in their English text books. The findings of the study revealed a significant relationship between students’ interest level and their background knowledge level. This study also showed an insignificant relationship between students’ interest level and the readability indexes of the passages in books two, three and four while based on Flesch readability formula there was a significant relationship between these two variables in book one. The results of the last part of the study revealed an insignificant relationship between students’ background knowledge level and the readability indexes of the passages.

Developing the Flesch reading ease formula for the contemporary accounting communications landscape

PurposeThis paper aims to examine and critique the accounting literature's dominant readability formula, the Flesch formula. Furthermore, the paper sets out to propose refinement and augmentation to the formula with a view to expanding its applicability and relevance to researchers' attempts at better understanding and critiquing the effectiveness of accounting communications. This aim extends to setting a more robust foundation for informing policymakers' and practitioners' interest in implementing more effective communications with their target stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThe paper offers an historically informed methodological critique of the current articulation and application of the Flesch formula, both generally and in accounting research. This critique forms the basis for developing proposed revisions and supplementary measures to augment Flesch's coverage. These are presented with sample empirics.FindingsIllustrative examples suggest that it is feasible and desirable to apply a revised formula that reduces Flesch's misplaced emphasis on word length by respecifying its sentence length variable, a probable cause of low readability. A reader attribute score further enhances the formula by integrating the considerable impact of readers' attributes on readability and accounting communication effectiveness. Supplementary measures, comprising non‐narrative communications dimensions, are introduced as a foundation for further research.Originality/valueThe paper provides not only critique but also refinement and augmentation of the much used Flesch readability formula for accounting communications research. It offers a first stage approach to encompassing potentially important communication elements such as readers' attributes, tables, graphs and headings, to date critiqued as potentially important but left unattended by accounting researchers. This offers the prospect of extending Flesch's application to contemporary accounting communications issues and questions.

Comparing google's readability of search results to the flesch readability formulae: A preliminary analysis on children's search queries

AbstractResults retrieved by Google on fifteen search queries formulated by middle school children were examined for readability based on Google Reading Level filter (Basic, Intermediate, Advanced). Three hundred retrieved results (links, snippets, and corresponding Web page texts) were analyzed for readability. Google's assigned reading levels were aggregated at the query level and across the queries and averaged using percentages. The readability scores and grade levels calculated for these results using the Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level were averaged at the query level and across the queries and compared to Google's reading levels. On most queries, a mismatch between Google's assigned reading levels and the Flesch scores/grade levels was found. The Flesch formulae predicted that a high number of results Google retrieved on the queries were Fairly Difficult, Difficult, or Very Confusing to children in middle grades. A fair number of results Google retrieved did not have assigned reading levels. Implications are made for Google's reading algorithm, as well as for teachers, parents, and school librarians in guiding children's use of Google.

Development and evaluation of patient information leaflets (PIL) usefulness

A prospective study was conducted to develop, validate and assess the usefulness of the patient information leaflets for selected diseases among the patient population. Flesch readability ease score, Baker Able leaflet design criteria were applied to develop the patient information leaflets. The leaflets were validated for both content and translation. Eligible patients meeting the study criteria were enrolled in the study. Suitably designed knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire was administered at base line followed by patient education complimented with an information leaflet. After a month, knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire was administered once again to assess the influence of education and usefulness of patient information leaflets on knowledge, attitude and practice scores. The mean readability score of the information leaflets is 80 and Baker Able leaflet design criteria score is 22. Post education knowledge, attitude and practice scores were significantly (P<0.0001) improved in all the enrolled patients in all disease. The study concludes that patient education complemented with suitably designed information leaflet has greater impact on knowledge, attitude and practice of the patients towards their disease management.

Analyzing readability of medicines information material in Slovenia

Objective: Readability has been claimed to be an important factor for understanding texts describing health symptoms and medications. Such texts may be a factor which indirectly affects the health of the population. Despite the expertise of physicians, the readability of information sources may be important for acquiring essential treatment information. The aim of this study was to measure the readability level of medicines promotion material in Slovenia. Methods: The Flesch readability formula was modified to comply with Slovene texts. On the basis of determining the Slovene readability algorithm, the readability ease related to the readability grade level of different Slovene texts was established. In order to estimate an adjustment of the texts to the recommended readability grade level of the targeted population, readability values of English texts were set. One sample t-test and standard deviations from the arithmetic mean values were used as statistical tests.Results: The results of the research showed low readability scores of the Slovene texts. Difficult readability values were seen in different types of examined texts: in patient information leaflets, in the summaries of product characteristics, in promotional materials, while describing over-the-counter medications and in the materials for creating disease awareness. Especially low readability values were found within the texts belonging to promotional materials intended for the physicians. None of researched items, not even for the general public, were close to primary school grade readability levels and therefore could not be described as easily readable. Conclusion: This study provides an understanding of the level of readability of selected Slovene medicines information material. It was concluded that health-related texts were not compliant with general public or with healthcare professional needs.

Discourse Markers in High School English Textbooks in Iran

Discourse Markers (DMs) are affective factors to connect sentences, hence making the text coherent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reading comprehension sections of Iranian high school English textbooks (IHSETs) to find out the extent of using DMs and their types. To this end, the reading sections in IHSETs were analyzed to determine DMs. Fraser’s (1999) category of DMs were used with 4 main classifications: a) Contrastive Markers, b) Elaborative Markers, c) Inferential Markers, and 4) Topic Change Markers. To make this investigation viable, parallel texts in internationally-developed English textbooks were compared with IHSETs in terms of the use of DMs. To insure the equality of the number of words and level of difficulty, the Flesch (1948) readability formula was used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the frequency of DMs in the reading sections of IHETs and the authentic texts to the benefit of the authentic texts. Materials designers may find the results helpful in their work.

Readability of the written study information in pediatric research in France.

BackgroundThe aim was to evaluate the readability of research information leaflets (RIL) for minors asked to participate in biomedical research studies and to assess the factors influencing this readability.Methods and FindingsAll the pediatric protocols from three French pediatric clinical research units were included (N = 104). Three criteria were used to evaluate readability: length of the text, Flesch's readability score and presence of illustrations. We compared the readability of RIL to texts specifically written for children (school textbooks, school exams or extracts from literary works). We assessed the effect of protocol characteristics on readability. The RIL had a median length of 608 words [350 words, 25th percentile; 1005 words, 75th percentile], corresponding to two pages. The readability of the RIL, with a median Flesch score of 40 [30; 47], was much poorer than that of pediatric reference texts, with a Flesch score of 67 [60; 73]. A small proportion of RIL (13/91; 14%) were illustrated. The RIL were longer (p<0.001), more readable (p<0.001) and more likely to be illustrated (p<0.009) for industrial than for institutional sponsors.ConclusionResearchers should routinely compute the reading ease of study information sheets and make greater efforts to improve the readability of written documents for potential participants.

Contents and readability of currently used surgical/procedure informed consent forms in Nigerian tertiary health institutions

Surgical informed consent forms should have evidence that their use will enhance a shared decision-making which is the fundamental objective of informed consent in clinical practice. In the absence of any guideline in Nigeria on the content and language of informed consent forms, we sort to examine the surgical and procedure consent forms used by Federal tertiary health institutions in Nigeria, to know whether they fulfill the basic elements of informed consent. The surgical and procedure informed consent forms of 33 tertiary health institutions in Nigeria were assessed for their readability and contents. Adequacy of their content was evaluated based on provision for 28 content items identified as necessary information to be provided in a good consent form. The potential of the forms to be comprehended were assessed with Flesch readability formula. The contents of majority of the forms were scant. None of the forms made provision for documentation of the patient's permission for blood transfusion, tissue disposal, awareness of the risks of not undergoing the prescribed treatment, and the risk of anesthesia. Risk disclosures were only mentioned in specific terms in 11.4% of the forms. Less than 10% of the forms made provisions for an interpreter, signature of anesthetists, alternative to the procedure to be mentioned, and answering of the patient's questions. The Flesch reading ease scores of the forms ranged from 34.1 (Difficult) to 67.5 (Standard), with a mean score of 55.2 (Fairly difficult level). Field evaluation of the forms show that they shall be partly understood by 13- to 15-year-old patients with basic education but are best understood by literate adult patients. The content of majority of the informed consent forms used in Nigerian tertiary health institutions are poor and their readability scores are not better than those used in developed parts of the world. Health Institutions in Nigeria should revise their informed consent forms to improve their contents and do a usability trial on the sample forms before deployment in order to ensure that they are comprehensible for their patient population.

Analysis of patient information leaflets provided by a district general hospital by the Flesch and Flesch-Kincaid method

Patient information leaflets (PILs) remain the most frequently used sources of medical information. There is a concern that the reading age of these leaflets may exceed patient comprehension, thus negating their beneficial effect. The 'Flesch Reading Ease' and the 'Flesch-Kincaid grade level' are established methods for providing reliable and reproducible scores of readability. All available hospital PILs (171) were assessed and divided into 21 departments. Microsoft Word was used to provide Flesch and Flesch-Kincaid readability statistics and compared against the national reading age and the recommended level for provision of medical information. The average Flesch readability of all of the hospital's PILs is 60, with a Flesch-Kincaid grade of 7.8 (12-13 years old). There is considerable variation in the average readability between departments (Flesch readability 43.8-76.9, Flesch-Kincaid 5.4-10.2). The average scores of two departments have PILs scores suitable for patient information. Although our PILs were well laid out and easy to read, the majority would have exceeded patient comprehension. The current advice for provision of NHS information does not highlight the importance of a recommended reading level when designing a PIL. Potentially a wide group of patients are being excluded from the benefits of a PIL.

The readability of information and consent forms in clinical research in France.

BackgroundQuantitative tools have been developed to evaluate the readability of written documents and have been used in several studies to evaluate information and consent forms. These studies all showed that such documents had a low level of readability. Our objective is to evaluate the readability of Information and Consent Forms (ICFs) used in clinical research.Methods and FindingsClinical research protocols were collected from four public clinical research centers in France. Readability was evaluated based on three criteria: the presence of an illustration, the length of the text and its Flesch score. Potential effects of protocol characteristics on the length and readability of the ICFs were determined. Medical and statutory parts of the ICF form were analyzed separately. The readability of these documents was compared with that of everyday contracts, press articles, literary extracts and political speeches. We included 209 protocols and the corresponding 275 ICFs. The median length was 1304 words. Their Flesch readability scores were low (median: 24), and only about half that of selected press articles. ICF s for industrially sponsored and randomized protocols were the longest and had the highest readability scores. More than half (52%) of the text in ICFs concerned medical information, and this information was statistically (p<0.05) more readable (Flesch: 28) than statutory information (Flesch: 21).ConclusionRegardless of the field of research, the ICFs for protocols included had poor readability scores. However, a prospective analysis of this test in French should be carried out before it is put into general use.