Fleet Ballistic Missile Research Articles

Analyzing Research Activity Duration and Uncertainty in Business Doctorate Degrees

This study explains how to apply the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) from the project management discipline to quantify uncertainty for the research phase in a Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) degree. Doctorate programs are expensive and time consuming yet unfortunately they have high attrition rates (failure to complete). Although course work is very structured, the unpredictable nature, complexity and variability of research activities make a DBA program risky for students, supervisors, funding sources, and the university (due to high expectations and accreditation criteria). As the US Navy successfully applied PERT on their complex Fleet Ballistic Missile and Polaris Submarine Weapon projects, it is argued that this methodology could help quantify uncertainty and reduce risk in the doctorate research phase. Statistical techniques are utilized to test the hypothesis that PERT is a reliable task duration estimation and planning method for DBA research (based on a sample).

Developing the Fleet Ballistic Missile System - Part 1

INSIGHTVolume 3, Issue 1 p. 56-57 The Information ByWay Developing the Fleet Ballistic Missile System — Part 1 Jack Fisher, Jack Fisher Seajnf@aol.com Search for more papers by this author Jack Fisher, Jack Fisher Seajnf@aol.com Search for more papers by this author First published: 23 June 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/inst.20003156AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume3, Issue1April 2000Pages 56-57 RelatedInformation

From Polaris to Trident: The Development of U.S. Fleet Ballistic Missile Technology

This book provides a complete history of the US Fleet Ballistic Missile programme from its inception in the 1950s and the development of Polaris to the deployment of Trident II in 1990. Writing in an accessible yet scholarly manner, Graham Spinardi bases his historical documentation of FBM development on interviews with many of the key participants. His study confronts a central issue: is technology simply a tool used to achieve the goals of society, or is it an autonomous force in shaping that society? FBM accuracy evolved from the city-busting retaliatory capability of Polaris to the silo-busting 'first strike' potential of Trident. Is this a case of technology 'driving' the arms race, or simply the intended product of political decisions? The book provides a comprehensive survey of the literature looking at the role of technology in the arms race, and seeks to explain technological development using a 'sociology of technology' approach.

From Polaris to Trident: The Development of U.S. Fleet Ballistic Missile Technology by Graham Spinardi

430 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE that naval aviation, including not only the carriers but also the su­ perbly trained personnel and the procurement practices for securing the advanced weaponry that performed so impressively in the Pacific during World War II, succeeded as well as they did. But the author is candid about the negative aspects of Moffett’s career as well. The admiral cultivated wealthy and influential friends whom he used un­ abashedly in seeking presidential support for renewing his appoint­ ment as head of BuAer. And surely Moffett’s continued advocacy of rigid airships despite a succession of fatal accidents, which clearly demonstrated their dangerous vulnerability to adverse weather, sug­ gests some want of objectivity on his part in assessing the technical capabilities of dirigibles. While his enthusiasm for airships may have been misguided, it was sincere, for it was as a passenger in the ill-fated Akron, which crashed in a storm off the coast of New Jersey, that he lost his life. Moffet’s impressive achievements resulted in no small part from his “innate sense of what was possible and what was not possible in times of rapid technological change” (p. 275). As a leader he selected top-notch subordinates, and if he demanded their unswerving loyalty, he was no less loyal to them, encouraging their initiatives and advanc­ ing their careers to the best of his abilities. I. B. Holley, Jr. Dr. Holley is with the Department of History at Duke University. From Polaris to Trident: The Development of U.S. Fleet Ballistic Missile Technology. By Graham Spinardi. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. ix + 253; notes, index. $54.95. Throughout the Cold War, the U.S. Navy’s submarine-launched ballistic missiles represented a technological counterpoint to the de­ velopment and deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles by the U.S. Air Force. This book outlines the development of the naval systems, from the Polaris missile, initiated in 1956 and put to sea in 1960, to the Trident D5 missile deployed in 1990, which served as one of the final bargaining chips in the strategic competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. In that time, the Polaris, Poseidon, and Trident weapons systems went from a submarine’s complement of sixteen missiles, each carrying a single nuclear weapon, to twenty-four missiles, each with eight independently tar­ geted warheads. Graham Spinardi’s analytical goal is to use this account to demon­ strate that none of the often-cited factors—science, technology, or politics (bureaucratic or international)—alone determined the tech­ nological outcome. Rather, he argues that a sociological approach provides a framework to account for the interactions of these influ­ ences, so that “technological success can be explained by reference to TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 431 social factors rather than to ‘natural’ logic, and can be seen as requir­ ing networks of interests which need to be actively forged and main­ tained” (p. 18). This story’s foundation is the U.S. Navy’s careful effort to forge a distinct strategic mission, and a technology which reflected it, by cre­ ating a role complementary to the dominant position staked out by the Strategic Air Command and the air force’s missileers. Chief of Naval Operations Arleigh Burke determined that while the air force made claims to accuracy sufficient to deliver nuclear weapons to spe­ cific military or industrial targets within the Soviet Union, the navy would find its own strategic role and missile. In contrast to the flyers, the sailors defined their mission as deterrence; missile-carrying sub­ marines, weapons aimed at cities rather than narrowly defined strate­ gic targets, represented a hidden threat designed to forestall a nu­ clear strike by its ability to punish the aggressor’s populace after one took place. This position claimed the virtue of not threatening a first strike, and so made a virtue of the accuracy initially to be expected of submarine-launched missiles, which could hit a city but might miss a smaller target. While at first the navy was the junior partner in a joint army-navy development project, the fact that liquid fuels were unsuitable for use aboard ship justified the navy...

The Shaping of Nuclear Weapon System Technology: US Fleet Ballistic Missile Guidance and Navigation: II: `Going for Broke' — The Path to Trident II

This paper (the second of two Parts) continues the historical case study of the evolution of Fleet Ballistic Missile guidance and navigation technologies by tracing the origins and development of the Trident system. This comprises a new submarine and two different missiles, Trident I (C4) and Trident II (D5), the latter of which is considered to be optimized for the destruction of `hardened' targets such as missile silos and command posts. It thus appears to mark a significant shift from the ultimate retaliatory `counter-city' deterrent (which was the main perceived role of Polaris). Is Trident II's technology simply the culmination of inevitable technological change, acting as an independent causal factor that itself determines strategy? Or is technological change the consciously intended product of political will? This historical case is used to discuss various analytical frameworks commonly used to explain such developments — `Technology-out-of-Control'; `Soft Determinism'; `Technologists-out-of-Control'; `Politics-in-Command'; and `Bureaucratic Politics'. It is concluded that the material is most consistent with a `Bureaucratic Politics' perspective, but that this unduly favours one set of `factors' in a `seamless web' where the `technical' cannot readily be distinguished from the `social'. Nevertheless, we feel it possible and useful to try to distinguish patterns in this seamless web, and close with a discussion of one such pattern — the `black-boxing' of technical programmes.

The Shaping of Nuclear Weapon System Technology: US Fleet Ballistic Missile Guidance and Navigation: I: From Polaris to Poseidon

This paper (published in two Parts) presents a detailed historical case study of the evolution of the Polaris, Poseidon and Trident weapons programmes, and of the development of the guidance and navigation technologies which are essential to their role in nuclear strategies. Over the last thirty years, these technologies have changed in the direction of greatly increased missile accuracy. Simultaneously, the strategic rationale of these weapons has shifted from that of ultimate retaliatory `counter-city' deterrent (the main perceived role of Polaris) to `counterforce' targeting of opposing silos and command posts (a major role of Trident II). Has technological change been an independent causal factor in this sequence, bringing into being a new strategy, or is technological change the consciously intended product of political will? Part I of this paper presents the historical material as far as the production of Poseidon: Part II will complete the history, and then discuss the various analytical frameworks commonly used to explain such developments.

The Design Agent Process Strategy

For the past 40 years, the design agent concept of acquisition management has been successfully applied to some of this nation's most important national programs such as the U.S. Navy's Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) guidance systems. A description of this experience, along with related design agent key responsibilities, is presented as a backdrop to a discussion of design agent relevance to future acquisition requirements. Other applications of the design agent concept to avionics are described, along with recommendations for future 6.3 programs.

Trident Naval Submarine Base: Planning and Design

The U.S. Navy's largest peace‐time construction project is currently underway in southeast Georgia. Located at Kings Bay, a few miles north of the Florida‐Georgia border, the Trident Atlantic Coast Strategic Submarine Base is scheduled for completion in 1991 at a cost of approximately $1.5 billion. The Kings Bay site, originally acquired in the 1950's as an Army ocean terminal, was selected by the Navy in 1978 as a support facility for Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarines. In 1980, the decision was made to expand the facility to accommodate Trident‐class submarines. The 12,000‐acre (4,860‐ha) site has been masterplanned into four major functional areas: (1) Waterfront; (2) industrial and weapons; (3) personnel support, administration and training; and (4) family housing. Civil engineering activities during initial construction center around planning and design of roads and drainage. Included are basewide planning for and design of roads, railroads, bridges, stormwater drainage systems, pedestrian and bicycle paths, landscaping, lighting, signalization and parking facilities. Estimated construction costs are over $100 million.

Deployable heatshields for future multistage missiles

On a multistage ballistic missile, extensive insulation is usually required on the aft side of powered upper stages to protect the components and structure from excessive heat generated by the upper main stage motor, The objective of this program is the development of a lightweight, inexpensive, reliable heatshield to protect the aft end components and structure of a powered upper stage from the thermal environment generated by direct plume impingement and radiation from the upper-stage motor. Presented in this paper are two deployable heatshield concepts—inflatable torus and flex-rib—which offer a potential range performance improvement and cost advantage when compared to a current approach of individually insulating each component and structure as is effected on the Trident I fleet ballistic missile.

Learning from History: Case Studies of the Weapons Acquisition Process

This review article presents three case studies of the U.S. strategic weapons acquisition process: the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the Polaris fleet ballistic missile (FBM), and the multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV). By considering programs that stretch from the 1950s to the 1970s, the essay provides a record of the changing environment of American weapons choices over the past 25 years. After a description of research methods and major arguments, each study is assessed in terms of bureaucratic politics and of its relevance to contemporary policy. Conclusions are drawn about the most fruitful approach to the study of weapons acquisition, about the lessons of these cases for the development of weapons in an age of arms control, and about the challenges of future studies.

ACOUSTICAL VALVE LEAK DETECTOR FOR FLUID SYSTEM MAINTENANCE

ABSTRACTA portable, passive, non‐destructive, non‐intrusive instrument is currently in use by the U.S. Navy to detect fluid leakage through shipboard steam, water, hydraulic, and high‐pressure air valves. The Acoustic Valve Leak Detector (AVLD) was developed by the David W. Taylor Naval Ship RID Center (DTNSRDC) under the financial sponsorship and technical direction of the Nuclear Powered Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN) Ship Systems Maintenance Monitoring and Support Office (SMMSO) of the Naval Ship Engineering Center. The instrument is used to identify more precisely internal leakage points which may require opening and visual inspection of Submarine piping system. “Open‐and‐inspect” routines generate both risk of system damage and high man‐hour expenditure. The degree to which such procedures are necessary to achieve confidence in the material condition of systems is dependent on the availability and performance of non‐intrusive test equipment which can detect and assess the nature and degree of malfunctions. The development, design, operations, limitations, and successful applications of the existing AVLD are described.The AVLD is currently being used for troubleshooting, for overhaul planning, and in a systematic preventive maintenance program for seawater valves. Plans for future development and progress achieved in current work are described.The AVLD listens for the ultrasonic acoustic emissions characteristic of internal valve leakage and uses transducers attached temporarily to the valve or adjacent piping. The background spectra of structureborne noise can be subtracted automatically by the AVLD when a second transducer is attached to the piping system at a point far enough away from the valve in question that it picks up no leakage noise. Since the transducers are attached to the outside of the valves, the time and expense of dismantling the valves or of removing them from the systems are avoided.

The Evolution of the Ship's Inertial Navigation System for the Fleet Ballistic Missile Program

NAVIGATIONVolume 25, Issue 3 p. 310-322 The Evolution of the Ship's Inertial Navigation System for the Fleet Ballistic Missile Program B. McKELVIE, B. McKELVIE Messrs. McKelvie and Galt, Jr., are with Autonetics Marine Systems Division, Electronic Systems Group, Rockwell International, 3370 Miraloma Avenue, P. O. Box 4921, Anaheim, CA 92803. They presented this paper at the Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Institute at Costa Mesa, CA on June 22, 1978.Search for more papers by this authorH. GALT Jr., H. GALT Jr. Messrs. McKelvie and Galt, Jr., are with Autonetics Marine Systems Division, Electronic Systems Group, Rockwell International, 3370 Miraloma Avenue, P. O. Box 4921, Anaheim, CA 92803. They presented this paper at the Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Institute at Costa Mesa, CA on June 22, 1978.Search for more papers by this author B. McKELVIE, B. McKELVIE Messrs. McKelvie and Galt, Jr., are with Autonetics Marine Systems Division, Electronic Systems Group, Rockwell International, 3370 Miraloma Avenue, P. O. Box 4921, Anaheim, CA 92803. They presented this paper at the Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Institute at Costa Mesa, CA on June 22, 1978.Search for more papers by this authorH. GALT Jr., H. GALT Jr. Messrs. McKelvie and Galt, Jr., are with Autonetics Marine Systems Division, Electronic Systems Group, Rockwell International, 3370 Miraloma Avenue, P. O. Box 4921, Anaheim, CA 92803. They presented this paper at the Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Institute at Costa Mesa, CA on June 22, 1978.Search for more papers by this author First published: Fall 1978 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.1978.tb02260.xCitations: 5 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume25, Issue3Fall 1978Pages 310-322 RelatedInformation

Some Early Historical Aspects of Project Sanguine

Early extremely low-frequency (ELF) research and the implementation of Project Sanguine to meet the Navy's need for secure transmission to submerged fleet ballistic missile (FBM) submarines are outlined. The 1963 "Intensive Test," which proved the feasibility of ELF reception by a submarine at operational depths, is highlighted.

Military Application of the TRANSIT Satellite Navigation System in the P-3C ASW Aircraft

The concept of navigation by satellite was formulated during the late 1950's and early 1960's by scientists at the Applied Physics Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University. Following close observation and inspection of the received signals of the Russian Sputnik satellite, the scientists there determined that a navigator's position could be closely approximated by measuring the doppler-shifted radio signals from a satellite of known orbit. Thus evolved the TRANSIT system of navigation by satellite, spurred by the concurrent development of the Navy's Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarines. For this particular application, TRANSIT became the reliable fixing aid fulfilling the world-wide submarine navigation requirements. Theoretical studies of airborne TRANSIT commenced in the mid-1960's, but the lack of a suitable airborne platform stymied the growth and practical development until early 1969, when the Navy embarked on an approach to investigate the feasibility of airborne TRANSIT. The YP-3C Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Weapons System aircraft was chosen as the test platform because it provided both a central data processing capability and a normally long mission profile, needed to minimize the effect of the periodic nature of available TRANSIT updates.

Cardiovascular Response to the use of an Exercise Machine Aboard a Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine

Cardiovascular Response to the use of an Exercise Machine Aboard a Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine

Systems Analysis Approach to the Evaluation of Health Hazards Due to Air Contaminants in the Development and Deployment of the Fleet Ballistic Missile Weapon System

Health hazards encountered in the operation of nuclearpowered fleet baiiistic missile (Poiaris) submarines are discussed. Methods and apparatus for removing toxic materials generated while the submarine is submerged are described. Elimination of carbon monoxide in particular is considered. Various methods for detecting atmoapheric contamination as well as criteria for evaluating maximum allowable air concentrations are also considered. The approach and-procedures employed to effect the toxicological control in submarines are directly applicable to other rapidly developing systems, such as in the design of manned space vehicles. (P.C.H.)

Human factors control and display design standards for the Fleet Ballistic Missile Weapon System (Polaris)

Human factors control and display design standards for the Fleet Ballistic Missile Weapon System (Polaris)

PROPELLER SHAFT BENDING STRESSES ON THE S. S ESSO JAMESTOWN

Journal of the American Society for Naval EngineersVolume 73, Issue 3 p. 603-623 PROPELLER SHAFT BENDING STRESSES ON THE S. S ESSO JAMESTOWN EDWARD F. NOONAN, EDWARD F. NOONAN THE AUTHOR received his B. S. E. degree from Manhattan College, N. Y. C. in 1937 and did postgraduate work in Mechanical Engineering at New York University in 1937-38. Presently engaged as Chief Civilian Engineer of the Study and Analysis Section of the Launching and Handling Branch of the Special Projects Office of the Bureau of Ordnance, U. S. Navy Department. This Office is responsible for the development of the Fleet Ballistic Missile System. Also at present, a partner in the Firm of Noonan, Knopfle and Feldman, Professional Engineers specializing in the field of Noise, Shock, Vibration and Dynamics. Previously engaged as Head Engineer on Vibration Research for the Research and Development Division of the Bureau of Ships, U. S. Navy Department. Earlier engagements included that of mechanical assistant to the Chief Engineer of the Naval Engineering Division of the U. S. Coast Guard, and of Technical Assistant to Captain J. P. Den Hartog, U. S. N. R., director of the Applied Mechanics Branch of the Design Division of the Bureau of Ships. He is a member of SNAME panels S-6 and S-8 and is the author of numerous technical reports on vibration and stress studies of structure and machinery.Search for more papers by this author EDWARD F. NOONAN, EDWARD F. NOONAN THE AUTHOR received his B. S. E. degree from Manhattan College, N. Y. C. in 1937 and did postgraduate work in Mechanical Engineering at New York University in 1937-38. Presently engaged as Chief Civilian Engineer of the Study and Analysis Section of the Launching and Handling Branch of the Special Projects Office of the Bureau of Ordnance, U. S. Navy Department. This Office is responsible for the development of the Fleet Ballistic Missile System. Also at present, a partner in the Firm of Noonan, Knopfle and Feldman, Professional Engineers specializing in the field of Noise, Shock, Vibration and Dynamics. Previously engaged as Head Engineer on Vibration Research for the Research and Development Division of the Bureau of Ships, U. S. Navy Department. Earlier engagements included that of mechanical assistant to the Chief Engineer of the Naval Engineering Division of the U. S. Coast Guard, and of Technical Assistant to Captain J. P. Den Hartog, U. S. N. R., director of the Applied Mechanics Branch of the Design Division of the Bureau of Ships. He is a member of SNAME panels S-6 and S-8 and is the author of numerous technical reports on vibration and stress studies of structure and machinery.Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1961 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1961.tb02633.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume73, Issue3August 1961Pages 603-623 RelatedInformation

The Effect of the NOL and Battelle Data Interchange Programs on Librascope Reliability Test Efforts

Due to the emphasis placed on the interchange of test data and also on the attempt to give the defense effort the best possible test information, two particular programs have been promulgated: The NOL Component Reliability History Program (FBMWS) and the efforts of the Battelle Memorial Institute's Electronic Component Research Center which have been in existence for several years now. This paper describes the different aspects of each program and the mechanics of each. The NOL Program is for the use of Fleet Ballistic Missile Weapons System (FBMWS) contractors and the Battelle Program is funded by contributions of the members. This paper also indicates how Librascope, as a participating member with a small evaluation group, gleans the most results from membership in these two programs.

Application of a Technique for Research and Development Program Evaluation

This paper describes the development and application of a technique for measuring and controlling development progress for the Polaris Fleet Ballistic Missile program, Special Projects Office, Bureau of Ordnance, U.S. Navy. Project PERT (Program Evaluation Research Task) was set up to develop, test, and implement a methodology for providing management with integrated and quantitative evaluation of (a) progress to date and the outlook for accomplishing the objectives of the FBM program, (b) validity of established plans and schedules for accomplishing the program objectives, and (c) effects of changes proposed in established plans. In the PERT model, the R and D program is characterized as a network of interrelated events to be achieved in proper ordered sequence. Basic data for the analysis consists of elapsed time estimates for activities which connect dependent events in the network. The time estimates are obtained from responsible technical persons and are subsequently expressed in probability terms. This model is described. Test of the model on a specific component, design of a management control system properly related to existing management systems, reduction to the NORC computer, difficulties in implementation and preliminary results to date are discussed. Limitations of the model, and possible refinements and use of the computer model for testing schedules and for management experimentation in resource and performance tradeoffs are described.