Flavor Perception Research Articles

Characterization of flavor perception and characteristic aroma of traditional dry-cured fish by flavor omics combined with multivariate statistics

Traditional dry-cured fish has a rich aroma and has been favored by consumers. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-olfactory-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS) was used to identify the aroma components of traditional dry-cured fish. A total of 39 volatile compounds were identified by GC-O-MS, and 17 compounds had odor activity values greater than 1. Aroma recombination model was prepared by mixing 17 volatile compounds from sun-dried fish with an odorant activity value greater than 1 in an odorless matrix. The odorless base had a good similarity to the aroma of dry-cured fish. Seven sensory attributes were selected to describe the aroma of dry-cured fish, namely fishy, fatty, meaty, grassy, ground, rancid, and metallic. The electronic nose and multivariate statistical results showed that there were differences in the aroma of dried cured fish with different traditional drying methods. Sun-dried fish had a strong oily, meaty and metallic taste, while shade-dried fish had strong fishy, grassy, earthy, and rancid odors. Omission tests indicated that hexanal, nonanal, octanal, heptanal, 2-octanal,(E)-, 2-nonenal,(E), 3-methylbutanal, pentanol, hexanol, nonanol, heptanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-octen-1-ol,(E)-, 2-pentyl furan and d-limonene are characteristic aroma compounds of dry-cured fish.

Characterization of tongue dorsum microbiome in wine tasters

Taste plays a paramount role in food and beverage choice, with recent studies pointing to a potential influence of the microorganisms from the tongue dorsum - particularly bacteria - on flavor perception. Thus, the association between tongue dorsum biofilm and taste is a fundamental prerequisite for a better understanding of the role played by these bacteria in wine tasting. To study this impact, we have analyzed the microbiomes from 58 samples of the tongue dorsum surface from professional wine tasters and 30 samples from non professional wine tasters. The microbiome of each sample was characterized through metagenome sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for taxonomic discrimination of bacteria. A total of 497 taxa were identified in the tongue dorsum, and significant differences in diversity were observed between the wine taster and the control group. The comparison of bacterial diversity between samples collected before and after wine tasting along with the presence of new bacterial taxa indicates a direct effect of wine on the microbiome of frequent wine tasters, particularly in those tasting sparkling wines.

Chardonnay Marc as a New Model for Upcycled Co-products in the Food Industry: Concentration of Diverse Natural Products Chemistry for Consumer Health and Sensory Benefits.

Research continues to provide compelling insights into potential health benefits associated with diets rich in plant-based natural products (PBNPs). Coupled with evidence from dietary intervention trials, dietary recommendations increasingly include higher intakes of PBNPs. In addition to health benefits, PBNPs can drive flavor and sensory perceptions in foods and beverages. Chardonnay marc (pomace) is a byproduct of winemaking obtained after fruit pressing that has not undergone fermentation. Recent research has revealed that PBNP diversity within Chardonnay marc has potential relevance to human health and desirable sensory attributes in food and beverage products. This review explores the potential of Chardonnay marc as a valuable new PBNP ingredient in the food system by combining health, sensory, and environmental sustainability benefits that serves as a model for development of future ingredients within a sustainable circular bioeconomy. This includes a discussion on the potential role of computational methods, including artificial intelligence (AI), in accelerating research and development required to discover and commercialize this new source of PBNPs.

Biomedical gastronomy in the interventions of smell and taste disorders in ‘altered eating’

Biomedical gastronomy in the interventions of smell and taste disorders in ‘altered eating’

Sensory preferences and requirements amongst Swedish older adults with motoric eating difficulties.

Finger foods, foods that can be eaten without cutlery, may be a strategy to increase autonomy and food intake amongst older adults with motoric eating difficulties. In order to develop optimal finger foods, knowledge about sensory preferences and requirements in the target population is needed. To assess sensory preferences and requirements amongst Swedish older adults with motoric eating difficulties. Check-all-that-apply (CATA), a methodology that does not require much cognitive effort, was used to collect survey data about sensory preferences and requirements for everyday meals from 15 older adults with motoric eating difficulties. The CATA-questionnaire was structured according to the Swedish meal order (breakfast, lunch, dinner, snack and fika) and consisted of 29 attributes compiled through a literature review. Through both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, it was found that flavourful, flavour intensity, spicy and both Swedish and ethnic flavours were important attributes related to food flavour. Although most participants preferred crispy and coarse textures, a few participants found soft, smooth and fine textures important. Moreover, colourful meals and serving components separated on the plate were important for the appearance of lunch and dinner. A diverse range of flavours, flavour enhancement and a balance between the basic tastes and spiciness may increase the flavour perception. Finger foods should be offered in the full range of flavours available to the general older adults' population. The variation in the demand for texture may be related to chewing and swallowing difficulties, and textures that require moderate chewing and easy swallowing are, therefore, optimal for finger foods. Separating meal components on the plate may make it easier to distinguish the components. Chemosensory impairments, chewing and swallowing difficulties, and visual disturbances are important to consider in the development of finger foods.

The role of perireceptor events in flavor perception

The sensory perception of food is a complex phenomenon involving the integration of different stimuli (aroma, taste, trigeminal sensations, texture and visual). Flavor compounds activate odorant, taste and trigeminal chemoreceptors, generating a depolarization of the sensory neurons and then the consciousness of food flavor perception. Recent studies are increasingly highlighting the importance of perireceptor events, which include all the molecular events surrounding the receptors, in the modulation of flavor perception. These events affect the quantity and quality of flavor compounds in the environment of chemoreceptors. They include the metabolization of flavor compounds by enzymes present in biological fluids (saliva and mucus) and the oronasal epithelia and noncovalent interactions with binding proteins. Perireceptor mechanisms have been extensively studied in insects and mammals, demonstrating the importance of the entailed processes in the termination of the chemical signal. In humans, research is in full swing. Here, we reviewed the perireceptor mechanisms recently reported in vitro, in biological fluids and in cells and in vivo in humans. These studies indicate that perireceptor mechanisms likely have an important contribution to flavor perception. This mini-review focuses on recent pioneering studies that are paving the way for this new research area. It also suggests that new approaches taking into account the real conditions of food consumption will be required in the future to accurately address this question.

Chemosensory Functions After Glossectomy-A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.

To evaluate potential interactions and compensatory mechanisms of subjectively impaired taste function with ortho- and retronasal olfaction after glossectomy. In this cross-sectional pilot study, chemosensory functions were assessed in 25 patients with tongue carcinomas after glossectomy. The orthonasal-, retronasal-, and gustatory functions were tested with a mean time of 25 months after surgery with the Sniffin' Sticks odor identification test kit (ISST), the Candy Smell-27 test (CST-27) and the Taste strip test (TST). Visual analog scales (VAS) were additionally used for self-assessment of taste, flavor perception, and odor ranging from 0 (no perception) to 10 (excellent perception) and further correlated with our psychophysical evaluated outcome measures. The TST, ISST, and CST-27 tests revealed that only eight (32%) and 13 (52%) glossectomy patients had normal taste and orthonasal function, e 21 (84%) patients showed normal retronasal function. Importantly, neither extent of resection and reconstruction nor prior radiotherapy affected chemosensory functions. Contrary, 20 (80%) patients rated their taste and flavor perception as acceptable (VAS >5). Results of the TST, ISST, and CST-27 tests did not correlate with the equivalent self-assessments of taste (p=0.260, r=0.234), odor (p=0.588, r=-0.114), and flavor (p=0.728, r=0.073) perception. There was a significant discrepancy between self-perception of taste and flavor and assessed gustatory function after glossectomy. A contribution of the intact retronasal olfactory system could be a possible explanation of our results. 4 Laryngoscope, 133:375-382, 2023.

A Nasal Aerodynamics Perspective of Retronasal Olfaction: Rodents vs. Humans.

Odor perception can be achieved through ortho or retronasal routes, with the latter being an important component of flavor perception. There are significant olfactory differences that exist between rats and humans and by understanding the role of structural differences, further insight can be gained into the mechanism of odorant perception via ortho or retronasal routes. 3D human and rat (Sprague Dawley) computational models were used to investigate nasal anatomy impact on ortho vs. retronasal odorant transport to the olfactory epithelium. The nasal pharynx region was modified for human and rat models to probe nasal structure impact on ortho vs retro olfaction. 65 odorant absorption rates to the olfactory epithelium were extracted from each model. For human, the retronasal route provided higher peak odorant absorption compared to orthonasal route (left: 90% higher, right: 45% higher), but substantially lowered peak absorption for rat (medial: 97% lower, lateral: 75% lower). For both models, anatomical modification had minimal impact to orthonasal routes, but substantially modulated the retronasal route: decrease (left: -41.4%, right: -44.2%) for human, and increase to the medial (29.5%) but not to lateral (-14.3%) for rat. There exist key differences between humans and rats regarding retro/orthonasal odorant transport routes, which matched well with experimental olfactory bulb activity data in literature. While humans have equivalent odorant delivery between routes, the difference in retro and orthonasal routes in rodents is substantial and changes to the transverse lamina above the nasopharynx can substantially modulate the retronasal route, but not enough to bridge the gap between the two routes.

Defining key parameters and predictive markers of ‘Early Bigi’ cherry consumer satisfaction by means of differential storage scenarios

To induce differences in sensorial characteristics, ‘Early Bigi’ cherries were exposed to various storage scenarios, including modified atmosphere packaging, 1-methylcyclopropene and methyl jasmonate treatments. Three classes of consumer acceptance (high, medium, and low) were defined and related to changes in standard quality, flavour perception and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions. Consumer satisfaction in ‘Early Bigi’ cherries strongly depended on the acidity levels of the fruit and how the storage scenario modulated this parameter. Multivariate data analysis also revealed a clear relationship between acidity, VOCs emissions and flavour perception that determined fruit acceptance. In this cultivar, flavour perception and consumer satisfaction were also linked to specific volatile compounds. At harvest and during the first 15 d of cold storage, consumer satisfaction was found to mainly depend on high levels of ethyl butanoate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and benzaldehyde and on the other side on low levels of ethyl acetate and ethanol, which were probably perceived as off-flavours or unpleasant compounds. Consumer satisfaction was also related to low levels of 2-methylbutyl butanoate, (Z)-2-hexenyl acetate, linalool and 3-methyl-2-butanol. It is, therefore, possible to envisage the use of these specific volatile compounds as markers for consumer satisfaction in ‘Early Bigi’ cherries and perhaps also in other cherry cultivars.

Neural Representation of Intraoral Olfactory and Gustatory Signals by the Mediodorsal Thalamus in Alert Rats.

The mediodorsal thalamus is a multimodal region involved in a variety of cognitive behaviors, including olfactory attention, odor discrimination, and the hedonic perception of flavors. Although the mediodorsal thalamus forms connections with principal regions of the olfactory and gustatory networks, its role in processing olfactory and gustatory signals originating from the mouth remains unclear. Here, we recorded single-unit activity in the mediodorsal thalamus of behaving female rats during the intraoral delivery of individual odors, individual tastes, and odor-taste mixtures. Our results are the first to demonstrate that neurons in the mediodorsal thalamus dynamically encode chemosensory signals originating from the mouth. This chemoselective population is broadly tuned, exhibits excited and suppressed responses, and responds to odor-taste mixtures differently than an odor or taste alone. Furthermore, a subset of chemoselective neurons encodes the palatability-related features of tastes and may represent associations between previously experienced odor-taste pairs. Our results further demonstrate the multidimensionality of the mediodorsal thalamus and provide additional evidence of its involvement in processing chemosensory information important for ingestive behaviors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The perception of food relies on the concurrent processing of olfactory and gustatory signals originating from the mouth. The mediodorsal thalamus is a higher-order thalamic nucleus involved in a variety of chemosensory-dependent behaviors and connects the olfactory and gustatory cortices with the prefrontal cortex. However, it is unknown how neurons in the mediodorsal thalamus process intraoral chemosensory signals. Using tetrode recordings in alert rats, our results are the first to show that neurons in the mediodorsal thalamus dynamically represent olfactory and gustatory signals from the mouth. Our findings are consistent with the mediodorsal thalamus being a key node between sensory and prefrontal cortical areas for processing chemosensory information underlying ingestive behavior.

The Effects of Cranberry Polyphenol Extract (CPE) Supplementation on Astringency and Flavor Perception as a Function of PROP Taster Status and Other Individual Factors.

This study investigated whether PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) taster status and other individual factors (gender, ethnicity, BMI, and age) are markers of variation in perceptions of astringency and other flavor attributes. Participants (n = 125) evaluated cranberry juice cocktail samples (CJC) supplemented with cranberry-derived polyphenol extract (CPE, added at 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.75 g/L), as well as control samples, unsweetened cranberry juice (CJ) and an aqueous solution of 0.75 g/L CPE. Subjects evaluated samples for key sensory attributes and overall liking using a 15 cm line scale. The data were analyzed using ANCOVA and machine learning tools (regression trees and random forest modeling) to examine if the latter approach would extract more meaningful insights about the roles of personal factors in sensory perceptions of cranberry-derived stimuli. ANCOVA revealed robust stimulus effects, but no effect of PROP taster status on astringency perception was observed. Several effects of PROP×gender, ethnicity, and other factors were observed on other sensory attributes and liking. ANCOVA and machine learning tools yielded similar findings, but regression trees provided a more visualized framework. These data show that PROP taster status has a limited role in astringency perception in complex samples and that other personal factors deserve greater focus in future research on astringency perception.

Sound pleasantness influences the perception of both emotional and non-emotional foods

Sounds elicit emotional responses that can influence the perception of food. However, the effects of sounds upon the perception of emotional and non-emotional foods have yet to be fully elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate how pleasant and unpleasant sounds influenced both perception and emotion responses during the consumption of chocolate milkshake (CM) and vegetable ice cream, representing emotional non-emotional foods, respectively. The temporal changes in perceived flavour were documented using the temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) method. In addition, ratings of liking, affective states, and emotional state were determined following the consumption of milkshake and ice cream. Canonical variate analysis (CVA) was used to further summarise the standardised duration of flavour of CM, liked vegetable ice cream (LV), and less liked vegetable ice cream (LLV) consumed under different sound conditions. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences between the standardised duration of flavours of CM, LV, and LLV perceived under the pleasant sound (PS) and unpleasant sound (US) conditions. Additionally, flavour perception, affective states, and emotional responses varied with CM, LV, and LLV under the PS and US conditions. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how sounds that vary in pleasantness can influence the perceptual dynamics of emotional and non-emotional foods.

Endogenous hydrocortisone caused metabolic perturbation and nutritional deterioration of animal-derived food in a dose-dependent manner

Endogenous hydrocortisone causes detrimental effects on public health and domestic animal products, but the potential mechanisms remain elusive. Hydrocortisone was detected from seventy-two Guanzhong-Black pigs in three replicates (216 samples) (0.00 ± 46.38 μg kg−1), indicating the existence of endogenous hydrocortisone. Herein, we investigated the effects of hydrocortisone on the metabolic signatures in pork via integrative metabolomics and proteomics by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Animal-derived foods under hydrocortisone-bioaccumulation cause metabolic perturbation by regulating glutamine synthetase expression at the transcriptional level contributed to hydrocortisone-induced toxicity and accelerating the down-regulation of essential amino acids (l-Histidine 10.74–6.48 mg kg−1, l-Phenylalanine 3.70–1.57 mg kg−1), purine nucleotides (GMP 40.29–5.00 μg kg−1, etc) that provide nutritional value in a positive feedback loop. Protein-metabolite interactions suggesting that hydrocortisone enhanced nitric oxide synthase and GMP reductase expression (LOQ 3.24–63.39 μg kg−1), and affected meat flavor perception, eventually lead to the decline of nutritional value and flesh quality of pork.

Beyond aroma: A scoping review on the impact of chronic rhinosinusitis on retronasal olfaction.

BackgroundRetronasal olfaction (RNO) refers to the perception of odorants inhaled through the mouth and carried through the nasopharynx to olfactory receptors within the olfactory cleft, enabling the perception of flavor. Although orthonasal olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been widely described, the impact of CRS on RNO is less clear. In this study, we systematically review available literature to provide an update on RNO in the setting of CRS.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies examining RNO in patients with documented CRS. The primary outcome of interest was objective psychophysical measurement of olfaction, including characterization of RNO.ResultsWe identified 404 unique references that underwent title and abstract review by two independent reviewers, with 52 articles undergoing full-text review, where 10 relevant studies underwent data extraction. Although outcome measures varied, all included studies demonstrated diminished RNO in patients with CRS. Of six studies evaluating the relationship between retronasal and orthonasal olfactory test scores in CRS patients two out of six (33%) demonstrated a correlation between both forms of olfaction and CRS, and two out of six studies (33%) found significantly lower orthonasal olfactory test scores compared to retronasal olfactory test scores. Two of three found significant improvement in RNO with treatment of underlying CRS. Of three studies examining patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in CRS, two found significant associations between retronasal olfactory test scores and PROMs.ConclusionsBased on the current literature, CRS patients appear to have diminished RNO, which may be associated with orthonasal olfactory dysfunction and decreased quality of life in this population. Higher level of evidence studies are required to further elucidate these relationships and the impact of medical and surgical CRS management on RNO.

Odor-Induced Taste Enhancement Is Specific to Naturally Occurring Temporal Order and the Respiration Phase.

Interaction between odor and taste information creates flavor perception. There are many possible determinants of the interaction between odor and taste, one of which may be the somatic sensations associated with breathing. We assumed that a smell stimulus accompanied by inhaling or exhaling enhances taste intensity if the order is congruent with natural drinking. To present an olfactory stimulus from the identical location during inhalation and exhalation, we blocked the gap between the tube presenting the olfactory stimulus and the nostril. Participants breathed and ingested the solution according to the instructions on the screen and evaluated the solution's taste intensity. Vanilla odor enhanced the sweet taste in both retronasal and orthonasal conditions when the order of stimuli was congruent with natural drinking, but it did not do so in either condition when they were incongruent. The results suggest that breathing is a determinant of odor-taste interaction. The methods of presenting olfactory stimuli used in this study were compared and discussed in relation to those used in previous studies. Odor-induced taste enhancement depends on the time order of smell with breathing and taste congruency in natural drinking. Taste enhancement was induced by odor in both conditions by minimizing differences in odor presentation between them.

Long-term quality-of-life impairment in patients with more than 1-year COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction.

Long-term quality-of-life impairment in patients with more than 1-year COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction.

Relationships between Instrumental and Sensory Quality Indices of Shine Muscat Grapes with Different Harvesting Times.

The effects of instrumental quality indices on the sensory properties of Shine Muscat grapes harvested 16, 18, 20, and 22 weeks after full bloom (WAFB) were investigated. The berries harvested at 20 and 22 WAFB gained higher sweetness scores than those harvested at 16 and 18 WAFB, showing similar trends to that of total soluble solids (TSS) content. The sourness, astringency, and firmness scores were not significantly different among the samples. The flavor score showed a trend similar to that of sweetness perception. The higher flavor score in the berries harvested at 20 and 22 WAFB seemed to be derived from the development of floral aroma compounds, including linalool and its derivatives, with ripening. Consumer acceptance was highly correlated with sweetness and flavor perceptions. It was concluded that the TSS content and development of floral aroma compounds are the key quality parameters for Shine Muscat grapes, satisfying consumer acceptability in the market.

Discrimination of sweet‐fat ingredients in people with weight‐ and eating‐related problems using a signal detection theory

AbstractIndividuals with impaired gustatory perception may have altered ingestive behaviors, which contribute to unhealthy weight status and disordered eating. Whether and to what extent weight status or eating symptomatology depend on flavor perception is still a controversial issue. Thus, the ability to discriminate among different levels of sweetness/fat content was compared in three studies using two‐alternative forced‐choice tasks and the standardized metrics of signal detection theory (SDT). In Study 1, three body mass index groups were included: underweight, healthy normal weight, and overweight. In Study 2, volunteers were currently‐ill and recovered (anorexia/bulimia nervosa) patients, and two age‐ and weight‐matched control groups. In Study 3, SDT metrics of both populations were compared. Results showed that SDT measures identified difficulties of underweight individuals to discriminate fat levels in sugary products, while patients with eating disorders exhibited outstanding discrimination of fat ingredients. Judgment biases were also detected in both populations. This highlights importance of using SDT methodology in flavor perception research in people with weight−/eating‐related problems.Practical ApplicationsThis paper may serve as a starting point for the establishment of a consensual methodology in the field of flavor perception using the SDT approach. Especially in populations with eating‐ and weight‐related problems, it is both of considerable interest and a necessity to establish and promote standard metrics to provide more consistent and comparable results on the perception of sweet and fat inputs. On the one hand, SDT may be a valuable tool to deal with current methodological limitations and heterogeneity in methods used across studies. On the other, this should facilitate further study of the relationship between oral sensations and unhealthy eating and drinking behaviors to improve individuals' nutritional status and quality of life.

Metabolism of Cysteine Conjugates and Production of Flavor Sulfur Compounds by a Carbon–Sulfur Lyase from the Oral Anaerobe Fusobacterium nucleatum

Flavor perception is a key factor in the acceptance or rejection of food. Aroma precursors such as cysteine conjugates are present in various plant-based foods and are metabolized into odorant thiols in the oral cavity. To date, the involved enzymes are unknown, despite previous studies pointing out the likely involvement of carbon-sulfur lyases (C-S lyases) from the oral microbiota. In this study, we show that saliva metabolizes allyl-cysteine into odorant thiol metabolites, with evidence suggesting that microbial pyridoxal phosphate-dependent C-S lyases are involved in the enzymatic process. A phylogenetic analysis of PatB C-S lyase sequences in four oral subspecies of Fusobacterium nucleatum was carried out and led to the identification of several putative targets. FnaPatB1 from F. nucleatum subspecies animalis, a putative C-S lyase, was characterized and showed high activity with a range of cysteine conjugates. Enzymatic and X-ray crystallographic data showed that FnaPatB1 metabolizes cysteine derivatives within a unique active site environment that enables the formation of flavor sulfur compounds. Using an enzymatic screen with a library of pure compounds, we identified several inhibitors able to reduce the C-S lyase activity of FnaPatB1 in vitro, which paves the way for controlling the release of odorant sulfur compounds from their cysteine precursors in the oral cavity.

Classification of Japanese Pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.) from Different Growing Regions Based on Analysis of Volatile Compounds and Sensory Evaluation.

The Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.) is an attractive plant that is highly palatable and benefits human health. There are several lineages of pepper plants in Japan. However, the classification of each lineage by analyzing its volatile compounds and studies on the effects of differences in volatile compounds on human flavor perception have not been performed in detail. Herein, we conducted gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of volatile compounds and sensory evaluation of flavor by an analytical panel using 10 commercially available dry powdered Japanese pepper products from different regions. GC and GC/MS analysis detected limonene, β-phellandrene, citronellal, and geranyl acetate as the major volatile compounds of Japanese peppers. The composition of volatile compounds showed different characteristics depending on the growing regions, and cluster analysis of composition classified the products into five groups. The sensory evaluation classified the products into four groups, and the results of both classifications were in good agreement. Our results provide an important basis for proposing cooking and utilization methods that take advantage of the unique characteristics of each lineage based on scientific evidence.