Flavonoids In Plant Extracts Research Articles

Microwave assisted biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Achyranthes aspera for burn wound healing activity

ObjectiveThe aim of the present work is to develop a silver nanoparticle using aqueous leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera extract for burn wound healing. MethodsAqueous Extraction of Achyranthes aspera leaves was done and used for silver nanoparticle biosynthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized and studied for, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and optimized silver nanoparticles were formulated into gel and their burn wound healing potential were studied. ResultsThe study revealed that the formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by observing Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy peaks at 427.50 nm, 416.00 nm and 409.50 nm. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy revealed the capping and bio-reduction of silver due to the presence of tannins. Saponins, flavonoids in plant extract. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were within the range of 74.6–304.3 nm. Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed that particles were spherical with smooth surface. The study revealed that synthesized silver nanoparticles formulation showed significant antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and burn wound healing by inducing fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts, which enhanced wound contraction, accelerated healing and keratinocyte proliferation after 14 days study as compared to plant extract gel, this was evidenced by histopathological evaluation. ConclusionThe present investigation concluded that the silver nanoparticles were capped with biomolecules of Achyranthes aspera which is responsible for enhancing the burn wound healing activity of plant extract.

Preferential role of distinct phytochemicals in biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by plant extracts and its antibacterial utilization has attracted great attention due to the spontaneous reducing and capping capacities of phytochemicals. However, the preferential role and mechanisms of the functional phytochemicals from different plants on AgNPs synthesis, and its catalytic and antibacterial performance remain largely unknown. This study used three widespread arbor species, including Eriobotrya japonica (EJ), Cupressus funebris (CF) and Populus (PL), as the precursors and their leaf extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents for the biosynthesis of AgNPs. A total of 18 phytochemicals in leaf extracts were identified by ultra-high liquid-phase mass spectrometer. For EJ extracts, most kinds of flavonoids participated in the generation of AgNPs by a reduced content of 5∼10%, while for CF extracts, about 15∼40% of the polyphenols were consumed to reduce Ag+ to Ag0. Notably, the more stable and homogeneous spherical AgNPs with smaller size (≈38 nm) and high catalytic capacity on Methylene blue were obtained from EJ extracts rather than CF extracts, and no AgNPs were synthesized from PL extracts, indicating that flavonoids are superior than polyphenols to act as reducer and stabilizer in AgNPs biosynthesis. The antibacterial activities against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus mycoides) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli) were higher in EJ-AgNPs than that in CF-AgNPs, which confirmed the synergistic antibacterial effects of flavonoids combined with AgNPs in EJ-AgNPs. This study provides a significant reference on the biosynthesis of AgNPs with efficient antibacterial utilization underlying effect of abundant flavonoids in plant extracts.

In Vitro Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Acalypha indica Against CCl4 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Goat Liver Slice Culture

Plants used in traditional medicine may constitute an important source of new biologically active compounds. Acalypha indica is one of the weed plants that contain important medicinal values for human health applications. The present study was undertaken to assess the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica in goat liver slice culture against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to prove its efficacy against liver disorders CCl4 was used to induce hepatotoxicity in liver slice of goat. The cytotoxicity induced by CCl4 was estimated by quantifying the release of marker enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, the degree of hepatic damage was measured by estimating the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) of hepatocytes membrane lipids. The treatment of liver cells with CCl4 caused twice increase in LPO of cells besides release of LDH, ALT, AST, ACP and ALP by 6.55, 3.89, 3.31, 2.69 and 2.50 times, respectively as compared to untreated liver cells. Thus, a toxic effect of CCl4 was significantly reduced by the treatment of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica, silymarin and quercetin. The free radical scavenging activity of plant extract was estimated by 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and IC50 is 65.12 ± 2.27 μg/mL. Qualitative analysis of flavonoid indicates the presence of flavonoids in plant extract. These results indicate that all concentration of plant extract of Acalypha indica, silymarin and quercetin protect the liver cells from CCl4 induced oxidative/free radical mediated damage in vitro. The hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Acalypha indica extract is due to the presence of flavonoids which have remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. HIGHLIGHTS Liver disorders are the most common health hazard found in developing countries due to dietary habits, alcohol ingestion, poor hygiene, unsupervised drug use and smoking. Liver diseases can be non-inflammatory, inflammatory and degenerative Acalypha indica is one of the weed plants that contain important medicinal values for human health applications In vitro study of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in goat liver slice culture proven its efficacy against liver diseases GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Uticaj ekstrakta polka maline (Rubus idaeus L.) na inhibiciju korozije bronze

Plant extracts contain a large number of organic compounds, and one of the large groups of compounds present are phenolic compounds. Researchers have shown that a certain number of these compounds can be used as effective metal corrosion inhibitors. Plant extracts of raspberries (leaves, flowers, and fruit) were obtained by ultrasonic extraction using 96% ethanol as a solvent. The UV/Vis spectrophotometric method was used to determine the content of total phenols in plant extracts. Phenolic acids and flavonoids in plant extracts were separated and quantified using the HPLC method. Tafel extrapolation was used for electrochemical characteristics. The corrosion characteristics and behavior of bronze in 3% NaCl solution, with and without the presence of plant extracts were investigated. The content of total phenols in leaves was found to be 107.14±3.63 mg/g in flowers 148.99±9.02 mg/g and in fruits was 8.75±0.61 mg/g. Leaf extract in a concentration of 0.04828 g/L according to the Tafel extrapolation method provides the best protection for bronze in a 3% NaCl solution. The same concentration in the case of flower and fruit extracts proved to be the most favorable.

Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Amaryllis vittata (L.) Herit: From Antimicrobial to Biomedical Applications.

The current study sought to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Amaryllis vittata (L.) leaf and bulb extracts in order to determine their biological significance and use the toxic plants for human health benefits. The formation of silver nanoparticles was detected by a change in color from whitish to brown for bulb-AgNPs and from light green to dark brown for leaf-AgNPs. For the optimization of silver nanoparticles, various experimental physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, and salt were determined. UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray dispersion spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion spectroscopy analysis were used to characterize nanoparticles. Despite the fact that flavonoids in plant extracts were implicated in the reduction and capping procedure, the prepared nanoparticles demonstrated maximum absorbency between 400 and 500 nm. SEM analysis confirmed the preparation of monodispersed spherical crystalline particles with fcc structure. The bioinspired nanoparticles were found to show effective insecticidal activity against Tribolium castaneum and phytotoxic activity against Lemna aequincotialis. In comparison to plant extracts alone, the tested fabricated nanoparticles showed significant potential to scavenge free radicals and relieve pain. Antibacterial testing against human pathogenic strains, i.e., Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aureginosa, and antifungal testing against Aspergillus niger revealed the significant potential for microbe resistance using AgNPs. As a result of the findings, the tested silver nanoparticles demonstrated promising potential for developing new and effective pharmacological and agricultural medications. Furthermore, the effects of biogenic AgNPs on an in vitro culture of Solanum tuberosum L. plants were investigated, and the findings indicated that bulb-AgNPs and leaf-AgNPs produced biomass and induced antioxidants via their active constituents. As a result, bulb-AgNPs and leaf-AgNPs may be recommended for use in Solanum tuberosum L. tissue culture for biomass fabrication and metabolic induction.

Development and validation of a fast SFC method for the analysis of flavonoids in plant extracts

Flavonoids from plants always show a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, a rapid and highly efficient supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method was developed for the separation of 12 flavonoids. After careful optimization, the 12 flavonoids were baseline separated on a ZORBAX RX-SIL column using gradient elution. A 0.1% phosphoric acid solution in methanol was found to be the most suitable polar mobile phase component for the separation of flavonoids. From the viewpoint of retention and resolution, a backpressure of 200bar and a temperature of 40°C were shown to give the best results. Compared with a previously developed reverse phase liquid chromatography method, the SFC method could provide flavonoid separations that were about three times faster, while maintaining good peak shape and comparable peak efficiency. This SFC method was validated and applied to the analysis of five flavonoids (kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, luteoloside, buddleoside) present in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. from different cultivars (Chuju, Gongju, Hangju, Boju). The results indicated a good repeatability and sensitivity for the quantification of the five analytes with RSDs for overall precision lower than 3%. The limits of detection ranged from 0.73 to 2.34μg/mL, while the limits of quantification were between 2.19 and 5.86μg/mL. The method showed that SFC could be employed as a useful tool for the quality assessment of Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) containing flavonoids as active components.

Rational development of MS method for rapid identification of Flavonoids in plant extracts

Rational development of MS method for rapid identification of Flavonoids in plant extracts

HPTLC-MALDI/TOF/MS vs. HPLC-ESI/MS2 for identification to flavonoids in plant extracts

HPTLC-MALDI/TOF/MS vs. HPLC-ESI/MS2 for identification to flavonoids in plant extracts

Geoclimatic influences on the constituents and antioxidant activity of extracts from the fruit of Arbutus unedo L.

We made a comparison between the total phenolic content, concentrations of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of four different extracts (1-butanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, water) of Arbutus unedo L. fruit (Ericacea) of El Marsa and Terni area. The total phenolic content in the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and it ranged between 26.57 and 48.23 gallic acid equivalents mg/g of dry weight of extract. The concentrations of flavonoids in plant extracts varied from 17.98 to 56.84 catechin equivalents mg/g. The antioxidant activity was analyzed in vitro using the DPPH reagent; among all extracts, ethyl acetate fraction from El Marsa area showed the highest antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant and antiulcer potential of aqueous leaf extract of Kigelia africana against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats.

Ethnobotanical claims regarding Kigelia africana reported antiulcer properties as part of its medicinal application. In this work, aqueous leaf extract from K. africana was investigated for its phytochemical constituents and antiulcer potential against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. The participation of oxidative stress on ethanol-induced ulcer and the potential protective antioxidant activity of K. africana extracts were investigated by determining vitamin C and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) contents in the gastric mucosa of rats. The HPLC analysis showed the presence of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and also the flavonoids rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in the aqueous plant extract. Oral treatment with K. africana extract (1.75; 3.5; 7 and 14 mg/kg) one hour after ulcer induction with ethanol decreased in a dose dependent manner the ulcer index. Ethanol increased significantly stomachal TBARS levels and decreased vitamin C content when compared to the control animals. K. africana blunted the ethanol-induced oxidative stress and restored vitamin C content to the control levels. The present results indicate that the aqueous leaf extract from K. africana possesses antiulcer potential. The presence of flavonoids in plant extract suggests that its antiulcerogenic potential is associated with antioxidant activity. Of particular therapeutic potential, K. africana was effective against ethanol even after the induction of ulcer, indicating that it can have protective and curative effects against gastric lesion.

Preparative separation of flavonoids in plant extract of Smilacis Glabrae Roxb. by high performance counter-current chromatography

Four flavonoids, isoastilbin, astilbin, isoengelitin, and engelitin were isolated and purified simultaneously from Smilacis Glabrae Roxb. for the first time by high performance counter-current chromatography using a system consisting of n-hexane-n-butanol-water (1:2:3, v/v/v). A total of 392.6 mg of astilbin, 71.4 mg of isoastilbin, 47.4 mg of engelitin, and 10.3 mg of isoengelitin were purified from 1.89 g of the ethyl acetate extract of Smilacis Glabrae Roxb. in six runs, each at over 94.51% purity as determined by HPLC. The structures of the four compounds were identified by their retention time, the LC-ESI-MS(n) in the negative ion mode, and confirmed by (1)H-NMR experiments. The characteristic LC-ESI-MS fragmentation patterns of the four compounds were discussed.

Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Concentrations and Antioxidant Activity, of The Whole Plant and Plant Parts Extracts from Teucrium Montanum L. Var. Montanum, F. Supinum (L.) Reichenb

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content, concentrations of flavonoids and in vitro antioxidant activity of twenty different extracts from the plant and plant parts (leaves, flowers and stems) of Teucrium montanum L. var. montanum, f. supinum (L.) Reichenb. The total phenolic content in the extracts was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and their amounts ranged between 8.33 to 169.06 mg GA/g. The concentrations of flavonoids in plant extracts varied from 3.96 to 88.31 mg RU/g. Antioxidant activity was analyzed in vitro using DPPH reagent, activity expressed as IC50 and obtained results ranged from 29.41 to 2408.47 μg/mL. Parallel to the analysis of T. montanum, Ginkgo biloba L. and Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) extracts were analyzed for comparison, and the results indicated that some extracts of T. montanum were equal in activity with Ginkgo or Green tea and some appeared to have greater activity. Based on these results of investigation, it could be concluded that T. montanum is a rich source of phenolic compounds as natural antioxidans of high value.

Antioxidant activity and concentration of phenols and flavonoids in the whole plant and plant parts of Teucrium chamaerdys L. var. glanduliferum Haussk.

This paper deals with antioxidant activity of phenol and flavonoid contents in twenty different extracts obtained from the whole plant and plant parts of Teucriumchamaedrys L. var. glanduliferum Haussk. Antioxidant activity was determined in vitro using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent and expressed as IC50values ranged from 1165.75 to 24.51 µg/ml. Total phenols were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and their amounts ranged from 15.98 to 208.17 mg/g. The amounts of flavonoids in plant extracts were in range from 16.42 to 110.13 mg/g. Concentrations of phenols in different plant parts compared with concentrations for the whole plant were of uneven value. The highest concentration of flavonoids was in all the leaf extracts, while slightly lower was found in the stem extracts and the lowest in the flowered ones. A significant linear correlation was noticed between the values of the concentration of phenols and antioxidant activity. Parallel to the analysis of T. chamaedrys, Ginkgo biloba and Green tea extracts were analyzed for comparison, and the results indicated that some extracts of T. chamaedrys were equal in activity with Ginkgo or Green tea and some appeared to have greater activity. Based on these results, T. chamaedrys is a potential source of phenols as natural antioxidant substance of high value. Key words: Teucrium chamaedrys L., wall germander, antioxidant activity, phenols, flavonoids.

An integrated high resolution mass spectrometric and bioinformatic approach for the rapid identification of flavonoids in plant extract

An integrated and fully automated high resolution mass spectrometric and bioinformatic approach was set‐up for the rapid and unequivocal identification of flavonoids and other phenol compounds in plant extract. The approach consists of the following steps: 1) direct infusion of the extract into an Orbitrap mass analyzer (resolution 100,000; negative ion‐mode, ESI source); 2) automated identification of the monoisotopic masses and of the corresponding isotopic patterns by a Boolean logic algorithm; 3) searching the experimental monoisotopic masses (tolerance 5 ppm) in a database of flavonoids (http://www.phenol‐explorer.eu/compounds; http://www.metabolome.jp/download/flavonoid/) implemented with phenol compounds (i.e. chalcons). Final identification is achieved by matching the isotopic pattern and by MS/MS fragmentation studies. In particular, experimental MS/MS fragments are matched with those retrieved by the data base http://www.massbank.jp and by the predicted ions obtained by the software ACD/MS‐fragmenter. The method was firstly validated by mixtures of standard polyphenols and was then applied for the identification of phenols and flavonoids contained in an EtOH extract of Angelica keiskei. The method can also be used for semiquantitative analysis using Trolox as internal standard. [Supported by USDA ARS #58‐1950‐7‐707, USA and BioGreen 21 #20070301034009 RDA, Korea]

Antioxidant Activity, Phenol and Flavonoid Contents of Different Teucrium Chamaedrys L. Exstracts

ABSTRACTThe paper presents the results of antioxidant activity of water, methanolic, ethyl-acetate, acetone and petroleum ether extract from plant species Teucrium chamaedys L. (Lamiaceae). Antioxidative activity was determined in vitro, using the DPPH reagent by spectrophotometric method. Experimental values are expressed as IC50 values (mg/ml), and show that the tested extracts have high antioxidant activities, which range in scope from 341.08 mg/ml to 29.46 mg/ml. In the tested extracts of plant species Teucrium chamaedys L. quantitative composition of total phenols and flavonoids were determined by spectrophotometric method. Total phenols determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and their amounts in the range of 30.39 mg/g to 169.50 mg/g (expressed as gallic acid equivalent, mg GA/g of extract). The amounts of flavonoids in plant extracts of Teucrium chamaedys L. are in the range of 16.67 mg/g to 87.17 mg/g (expressed as rutin equivalent, mg RU/g of extract).

Off-line Coupling of Isotachophoresis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Flavonoids in Plant Extract

The use of isotachophoretic sample pretreatment coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of some flavonoids occurring in plant extracts of Hypericum perforatum and Crataegus sp. is described. The samples were extracted with methanol by means of sonication in low temperature. The optimal leading electrolyte was used 10 mM Cl− as a leading ion in a buffer system at apparent pH*=7.2 (adjusted by TRIS) and terminating electrolyte was 50 mM boric acid at apparent pH*=8.2 (adjusted by barium hydroxide). The ITP electrolytes contained 20% (v/v) of methanol. To improve the sample pre-treatment, a pair of discrete ITP spacers defining the trapped constituents was used. Major components presented in the extracts were separated on a Discovery C18 and Discovery RP Amid C16 columns with a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol, acetonitrile and diluted ortho-phosphoric acid. The quantification was performed by using external standards. The recoveries of the coupled ITP-HPLC analytical procedure were in the range of 91.2–95.6%.

Fast analysis of flavonoids in plant extracts by liquid chromatography–ultraviolet absorbance detection on poly(carboxylic acid)-coated silica and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection

A highly hydrophilic poly(7-oxonorbornene-5,6-dicarboxylic acid- block-norbornene) [=poly-(ONDCA- b-NBE)]-coated silica was investigated for the liquid chromatographic (LC) determination of flavonoids in plant extracts of complex biological origin using UV absorbance and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. Compared to the most commonly used octadecyl derivatized silica this sorbent allowed fast separations even at extreme pH values. Furthermore, UV absorbance and MS detection were evaluated. As we found, UV detection at 254 nm allows the determination of flavonoids down to the ng range with a linearity of R 2>0.9906. For the more selective characterization the validated LC system was coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer via an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. MS detection showed high linearity ( R 2>0.9904) for all investigated flavonoids. Due to the relatively high flow-rate of 1 ml/min the limits of detection were found in the lower-μg range. Collision induced dissociation was applied to obtain characteristic fragmentation fingerprints. Finally, the validated LC–ESI-MS–MS method demonstrated that this poly-(ONDCA- b-NBE) stationary phase allows fast characterization and quantitation in onion, elderflower blossom, lime blossom, St. John’s Wort and red wine.

Quantification of isoflavones by capillary zone electrophoresis in soybean seeds: effects of variety and environment

Soybean isoflavones (genistin, daidzin, glycitin, and their malonyl forms and aglucons) are thought to be responsible for the astringent taste of soyfoods. Generally, HPLC with a methanol and water elution gradient is used for isoflavone quantification, but capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been used more recently to separate several flavonoids in plant extracts. We present the results of CZE analysis of isoflavones in soybean extracts. Conditions for separation by using CZE were optimized for analysis of soybean isoflavones. We compared the results of extraction at different temperatures and with different compositions of solvent. Total extraction of isoflavones was not affected by temperature but was affected by composition of the solvent. Malonyl forms of isoflavones were thermally unstable. We analyzed the isoflavone content of different varieties of soybean seeds sown on different dates. Total isoflavone content varied among different varieties and with sowing dates. Interactions between the variety and the sowing date also affected isoflavone composition. We conclude that the variety of soybean seed and environmental growing conditions, such as sowing date, can contribute to seed quality by reducing its isoflavone content, modifying its isoflavone composition, or both.

Zur analytik von kupfer/flavonoid-komplexen als elementspezies in pflanzlichen lebensmitteln

Adsorption on cellulose using a batch procedure seems to be suitable for the separation of an excess of free quercetin from copper-complexed species in synthetic solutions and in an aqueous methanolic onion extract. Liquid/liquid extraction with chloroform is also suitable for separating free flavonoids from metal/flavonoid complexes. With gel-permeation chromatography, it is possible to fractionate the flavonoids in plant extracts without changing the chemical speciation. Determination of copper concentrations in the fractions, and ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometric studies of the flavonoids with shift reagents, provide information on the presence and type of the copper/flavonoid species in vegetables such as onions and tomatoes.