Flavonoids Research Articles

Perfil fenólico y actividad antioxidante, acetilcolinesterasa e inhibidora de tirosinasa de Jurinea tzar-ferdinandii Davidov, planta endémica de los Balcanes

The methanol extract of the Balkan endemic species Jurinea tzar-ferdinandii Davidov demonstrated weak antioxidant activity against DPPH• and ABTS+• and low inhibitory potential against acetylcholinesterase (8.3% Inh.) and tyrosinase (IC50 = 208 ± 8 μg/mL) enzymes. Phytochemical investigation of the extract led to isolation and identification of apigenin, luteolin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-4’-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-gentiobioside, luteolin-4’-O-glucoside, rutin, narcissin, chlorogenic and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. With exception of apigenin and rutin, all isolated compounds are reported for the first time in the representatives of genus Jurinea. The distribution of flavonoids was discussed from chemotaxonomic point of view.

Effects of ‘Laoyaban’ flavonoids on freshness of ‘Hongyan’ strawberry

Effects of ‘Laoyaban’ flavonoids on freshness of ‘Hongyan’ strawberry

Assessment of the scientific evidence of the potential use of açaí (Euterpe oleracea, Mart.) in clinical outcomes: analysis with focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action

The acai berry (Euterpe oleracea, Mart.), fruit native to the Amazon region and explored mainly in the region of Para, gained importance in recent years due to potential health benefits, associated with its phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity, related to its high content of flavonoids. Among these, anthocyanins are responsible for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of this fruit. Experimental studies show that due to its composition, the acai berry has antioxidant activity related to its ability to reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its potential to inhibit cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Another benefit studied is the analysis of their effectiveness in the anti-inflammatory process, being observed inhibition of araquedonico acid-derived mediators, suggesting that the fruit can act in the chronic inflammatory process. Also it was possible to observe that the fruit may have anti-inflammatory effects in healthy patients. Thus, the supplementation of diets with use of acai berry could attenuate inflammation process and oxidative stress, today with more consistent evidence derived primarily from in vitro studies. However, there is still need for further studies to prove the action of this fruit in the mechanisms involved in these processes, isolation of specific compounds and determining their optimal dosage.

Presentation of Cancer Reversal Nutrition Physical Program (CRNPP)

This study aimed to review the national and international literature on the benefits of sprouted wheat as an alternative source of vitamin B12. Since it is an inexpensive food and easily accessible worldwide, this could be better used in nutritional therapies in conjunction with conventional treatment to optimize its effects and shorten the rehabilitation of the patient’s immune system during chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Given the general deficiency of food in the world, especially those with good quality protein, it is interesting to research procedures that could improve the nutritional value of2 foods available. The sprouted wheat is a food that could be better used in therapeutic diets, because besides being an affordable and low cost food, is great source of B vitamins, especially vitamin B12, containing 4.8 micrograms of B12 per gram of germinated wheat (19). (The sprouted wheat still have significant concentrations apigenin and flavonoids, substances also found in fruits and vegetables, and which have an important role in inhibiting cancer cells). We will also present a program of nutrition and physical activity to support the reversal and remission of cancer.

Analisis Ekstrak Etanol Buah Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Moschata D.)

The ethanol extract of yellow pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita Moschata D.) has been recognized to have flavonoid compounds using the colorimetric method (AlCl3). The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of flavonoids in the ethanol extract of yellow pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita Moschata D.). Ethanol extract of pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita Moschata D.) was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol with a concentration of 5 ppm. The concentration of flavonoid compounds in yellow pumpkin fruit extract (Cucurbita Moschata D.) was carried out using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer with a comparative material namely quercetin using the colorimetric method (AlCl3). The measurement of the quercetin calibration curve used a concentration of 2,4,6,8,10 ppm, and the equation y = 0.18x + 0.2785 with the correlation coefficient (r) = 0.9877. The measurement of maximum wavelength absorption is carried out in the range of 200-600 nm. The maximum wavelength produced is 268 nm at a concentration of 2 ppm or 2 πg / mL. The absorbance value of the sample of ethanol extract of pumpkin fruit is 0,2875; 0,2894; 0,2976 with an average of 0,2915. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of yellow pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita Moschata D.) has a level of flavonoid compounds 0,00288 mg/g or 0,288% at concentration of 5 ppm. Keyword – level, Flavonoid, UV-Vis, Cucurbita moschata, Pumpkin

Ionic Liquid Solvent Design Framework for Extraction of Phytochemicals using Microwave-Assisted Method

Computer aided molecular design (CAMD) has been used widely for solvent design. It is a reverse approach in the selection of solvents for real application. CAMD is suitable for ionic liquid solvent design due the vast possibilities of ionic liquid molecular structures to be identified. Ionic liquid has broad ranges of applications especially in separation especially in carbon capture and azeotropic separation. This is due to the unique structures of ionic liquid that can be tailored for specific product separation. This study focuses on ionic liquid design framework for phytochemical extraction, incorporating the prediction of the extraction yield using the microwave-assisted method. The framework was developed in several stages. Stage 1 identifies the user needs, problems and constraints as well as target properties. Stage 2 comprise of comprehensive database development for ionic liquid and phytochemical properties; while property models' library was developed in Stage 3. Stage 4 involved the development of solvent design algorithm for ionic liquid selection for the targeted process. In Stage 5, depending on the type of extraction method considered, either using normal Soxhlet or a microwave-assisted extraction, the extraction yield can be predicted using the process performance model. The performance model for the liquid extraction is the thermodynamic solid-liquid equilibria model while for the advanced extraction method, the model was obtained through optimization of the experimental extraction process. This systematic framework is illustrated through a case study involving flavonoid and phenolic acid extraction from Ortosiphon aureus. Based on the yield prediction, 1-ethyl-3- propylimidazoilum bromide can extract 29.92 mg/g and was selected as a solvent for Flavonoid extraction using Microwave-assisted extraction. The design framework is able to find the optimal ionic liquid candidate for the extraction process.

Naringenin induces neuroprotection against homocysteine-induced PC12 cells via the upregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 expression by decreasing miR-224-3p expression.

Naringenin is a flavonoid compound with antioxidant effects. It is used to treat oxidative stress-related diseases, but its mechanism is unclear. In this experiment, we explored whether naringenin can increase the expression of superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1), reduce the oxidative stress of PC12 cells induced by homocysteine (Hcy), and decrease the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by Hcy by inhibiting the expression of mir-224-3p. Different concentrations of Hcy (1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 mmol/L) was used to analyze effect of homocysteine on PC12 cells. A total of 5 mmol/L Hcy was used to induce the excitatory and neurotoxicity model of PC12 cells in vitro. The cells were divided into normal control, Hcy induction, Hcy + Naringenin (25 μM), Hcy + Naringenin (50 μM), Hcy + Naringenin (75 μM), Hcy + Naringenin (100 μM), and Hcy + Naringenin (150 μM) groups. The relative survival rate and activities of the PC12 cells were determined by the MTT method, and the apoptosis rate of the PC12 cells was determined by using flow cytometry. The Western blot method was used to determine the expressions of SOD1, Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Bcl-2 in the PC12 cells induced by Hcy. The expressions of SOD1 mRNA and miR-224-3p in the Hcy-induced PC12 cells were determined by RT-PCR. Results found that Hcy increased the expression of miR-224-3p in a dose-dependent manner but decreased that of SOD1 mRNA and protein. Hcy also increased oxidative stress in the PC12 cells and the proapoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9. Furthermore, it decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the activity and survival rate of the HT22 cells, but it increased the apoptosis of the PC12 cells. The treatment of Hcy-induced PC12 cells with different concentrations of naringenin for 24 h decreased the expression of miR-224-3p in a dose-dependent manner and increased the expressions of SOD1 mRNA and protein. The treatment also decreased the oxidative stress in the PC12 cells and the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9; increased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl- 2; decreased the apoptosis of the PC12 cells; and increased the PC12 cells.The results suggest that Naringenin can decrease the apoptosis and oxidative stress of PC12 cells induced by Hcy and increase the activities and survival rates of PC12 cells. The mechanism may be related to naringenin decreasing the expression of miR-224-3p in PC12 cells induced by Hcy and increasing the expressions of SOD1 mRNA and protein.

Broad-Spectrum Cytotoxic Effect of Calendula officinalis L Against Breast Cancer Cells

Background: Calendula officinalis L used in Iraqi folklore medicine for several medical applications. This research evaluated the leaves extract as an anti-breast cancer agent in in-vitro cancer cell line systems and studies its active compounds. Crystal violet viability assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the leave methanolic extract of Calendula officinalis L against diverse breast cancer cell lines. Human breast cancer MCF7, AMJ13, MDAMB, and CAL51 cells were treated with different concentrations of extract for 72 hours. Morphological study for the exposed cell was done by examination under a phase-contrast inverted microscope. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was performed to measure the concentrations of each component of phenols and flavonoids in the Calendula officinalis L extract. Results: It was found that methanolic extract of Calendula officinalis L inhibits the proliferation of all breast cancer cells significantly at the meantime; it does not affect normal embryonic cells. Additionally, it induced the cytopathic morphological changes in cancer cells. Furthermore, HPLC study revealed that Calendula officinalis L extract contained an important component of flavonoids. Conclusions: Calendula officinalis L leaves extract inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells especially MDAMB cells with no effect on normal cells. This work showed that Calendula officinalis L is a possible natural source as broad-spectrum anti-breast cancer drug.

Morphological and physiological response of maize seedlings to chilling stress

Although accompanied with adverse low temperatures, early maize sowing could be used to avoid drought during flowering and diminish yield losses. Herein, a small-scale experiment of low temperature stress (LTS) on maize lines L1 (tolerant), L2 (medium tolerant) and L3 (susceptible) is presented. Plants were grown in pots exposed to exterior suboptimal (March) and optimal (late April) temperatures until three leaf stage. Chlorophyll (CH), flavonoids (FL), anthocyanins (AN) and nitrogen balance (NBI) indices were measured using Dualex Scientific optical device. Growth parameters were also determined. Under LTS, number of plants was unchanged for L1 and halved for L2 and L3. Compared to L2 and L3, L1 had significantly higher (p<0.05) shoot fresh weight (0.649 g vs. 0.406 g and 0.303 g), AN (0.17 vs. 0.13) and FL (1.47 vs. 1.38 and 1.36). For recovery evaluation, plants were transplanted into the field. Transplanted stressed L1 plants showed the highest grain yield per plant (55g) in the field. Due to high correlations (p<0.01) between FL in three leaf stage and grain yield per plant, FL could be used as an indicator of plant recovery of maize genotypes exposed to LTS during early sowing.

Flavonoid Calycopterin Induces Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells In-vitro.

Prostate cancer is enumerated as one of the most prevalent cancers in men, with a mortality rate of 18%. Chemotherapy is considered as a common strategy for cancer treatment; however, toxic side effects and drug resistance associated with chemotherapy are major drawbacks with this approach. It is well known that a diet rich in flavonoids can reduce the incidence of many types of cancer in a significant manner, and it was proved that methoxy flavones have greater bioavailability compared to the nonmethylated ones. Calycopterin is a tetramethoxy flavone which was demonstrated to have anti-proliferative effects on colon, gastric, and osteosarcoma cancer cells. Therefore, in the current study, we have evaluated the apoptotic effects of this flavonoid on two prostate cancer cell lines in-vitro. The MTT assay revealed that after 48 h treatment with this flavonoid, cell viability reduced to 50% compared to the control group. However, calycopterin treatment of healthy HUVEC did not cause any significant reduction in cell viability. Moreover, the clonogenic assay demonstrated that after 14 days, colony size and numbers reduced significantly in calycopterin treated cells. In addition, the percentage of the sub-G1 population in calycopterin-treated cells augmented significantly compared to untreated group. Also, calycopterin-treated cells demonstrated shiny condensed nuclei with fragmented DNA indicative of apoptosis. Finally, a significant reduction in the migration ability was observed in both lines subjected to calycopterin after 48 h. To conclude, our results demonstrated the apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects of calycopterin in both hormone-dependent and independent prostate cancer cell lines.

Bioactivity Screening of Mulberry Leaf Extracts and two Related Flavonoids in Combination with Cisplatin on Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells.

The successful therapy strategy of gastric cancer is defined as devastating the cancerous cells without exposing systematic toxicity and undesirable side effects. One strategy to overcome cancer treatment related difficulties could be combination therapy with natural products with anticancer drugs to introduce effective antitumor effects in addition to reduce undesirable side effects. In this regard, different extracts of mulberry leaf, isoquercetin and rutin as the extracted flavonoids from Morus alba, mulberry, in single dose as well as in combination with cisplatin against gastric cancer cell line were applied. This innovative treatment led to cytotoxic effect on gastric cancer cells in a synergistic manner. The findings anticipated that these herbal products have exceptional potential for future gastric cancer investigations and therapy.

LC-ESI-MS/MS Alkaloidal Profiling and Biological Investigation of Cleistocactus winteri Stems.

Cleistocactus winteri is a succulent plant of the Cactaceae family, commonly known as the golden rat tail. Many members of the Cactaceae family are the focus of chemical and biological studies as they contain bioactive compounds, well known for their health-related properties. We aimed to investigate Cleistocactus winteri stems both phytochemically and biologically for the first time including three biological effects. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity, Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated Raw murine microphages (RAW 264.7) cell model was used. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated against hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), and colon adenocarcinoma (CACO 2) human cancer cell lines using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Seven alkaloids were tentatively identified based on Mass bank on line library in addition to the isolation and identification of four known flavonoids and a β-sitosterol 3- O-glucoside from the studied extract. The stem methanol extract showed a 6% inhibition of NO production (up to 48 μmol/L). Furthermore, the IC50 of the total alkaloid fraction against HepG2, MCF-7, and CACO-2 cell lines was equal to 26.53, 23.8, and 13.07 µg/mL, respectively, while that of the methanol extract against Hep-G2 and HCT-116 was 181 µg/mL and 357 µg/mL, respectively with no effect against MCF-7 cell line. The antioxidant effect of the extract was about one third (112 µg/mL) that of ascorbic acid.

Peel-off Mask Formulation From Black Mulberries (Morus Nigra L.) Leaves Extract as a Tyrosinase Inhibitor

Hyperpigmentation is a skin pigmentation disorder caused by increasing melanin production. Tyrosinase enzyme activity plays a role in the melanin pigment synthesis in the skin using tyrosine as a substrate. An inhibitor of tyrosinase enzyme activity is the most prominent method for preventing hyperpigmentation. Morus nigra L. (MN) leaves with high flavonoids and polyphenols are the potential material to prevent hyperpigmentation by inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate a peel-off mask gel of MN leaves extract (Morus nigra L.), which can inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity. The MN leaves were extracted by a maceration method using ethanol (70%) as a solvent. The inhibitor of tyrosinase enzyme activity from MN leaves extract was determined by in-vitro study. The extract was formulated into a base of a peel-off mask gel containing variations in the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (10, 12.5, and 15%) and gelling agents. The peel-off mask gel of MN leave extract was evaluated, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time. Irritation tests were performed, and the test of preference of the formulation was also assessed. The result showed that MN leaves extract has an enzyme inhibitor activity of tyrosinase with IC50 of 511.91 μg/mL. The formulation containing 1.5% of MN leaves extract, 15% of polyvinyl alcohol, and 0.5% of carbomer showed the best physical stability results and safe for topical preparations. It can be concluded that the peel-off mask gel prepared from MN leaves extract is potential for preventing hyperpigmentation as well as safe to be used as a topical preparation. How to cite this article: Budiman, A., Zelika, M.R., Nadiatul, K.Y. and Aulifa, D.L. (2019). Peel-off Gel Formulation From Black Mulberries (Morus Nigra L.) Leaves Extract as a Tyrosinase Inhibitor. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(4): 525-529.

Ameliorating effect of quercetin against UV radiation-induced damage in Drosophila melanogaster

Quercetin is a plant flavonoid found in various fruits, leaves such as tea, vegetables and has been extensively studied due to its antioxidative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenarative effects. UV radiation is harmful for human being as it may cause several complications such as skin cancer. Fruit fly (Drosophila sp.) has long been used as an arthropod model for genetics related studies. In the present study, the protective effect of quercetin is evaluated against UV-C radiation induced damage using Drosophila melanogaster. Pre-treatment with quercetin (10 µM) recovered the shortened lifespan caused by UV radiation and has also increased eclosion rate and the dose of quercetin is lower than the previously reported doses of other flavonoids. Flies subjected to moderate dose of UV radiation showed distinct abnormal characters such as incomplete abdominal pigmentation, curly wings or outstretched wings, whereas quercetin pretreatment showed no such abnormal characters or mutant phenotypes. There is a considerable amount of change in the eclosed adult fly size, pupal size and pupal migration distance as well. Gel electrophoresis study of salivary gland DNA of D. melanogaster demonstrates the efficacy of quercetin in conferring protection to DNA against UV radiation-induced damage. Therefore, it can be concluded that quercetin may act as an effective protective agent against UV radiation-induced damage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3588543

PENGARUH LEMON KALAMANSI (Citrus microcarpa) TERHADAP KOMPOSISI KIMIA DAN FITOKIMIA ANTIOKSIDAN DARI TEPUNG PISANG GOROHO (Musa spp.)

ABSTRACT Suryanto et al., 2011. Effect of callamansi citrus (Citrus microcarpa ) on chemical composition and antioxidant phytochemical of Goroho (Musa spp.) banana flour. The objective of this research was to study chemical composition and measured antioxidant activity of goroho banana flour which immersed with callamansi. The goroho banana was soaked with water, callamansi and sodium methabisulfit for 60 minute. Furthermore, each flour were analyzed its phytochemical such as, proximate analysis, total phenolic content, flavonoid, condensed tannin, carotenoid, ascorbic acid, total antioxidant using titration and spectrophotometer method. The results showed that callamansi addition of 1% was the best treatment for banana flour. The product had content of moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber and carbohydrate were 4.29 ± 0.01; 3.74 ± 0.02; 3.03 ± 2,04; 1.47 ± 0.57; 4.75 ± 0.57 and 85.70 ± 0.59, respectively. The banana flour soaked with callamansi for 60 minute had phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin total content were 55.82 ± 0,01; 6.27 ± 0.08 and 36.50 ± 0.24 mg/kg, respectively. Whereas ascorbic acid and carotenoid total content of goroho banana flour were 51.92 ± 3.73 and 6.36 ± 1.13mg /kg sample, respectively. Total antioxidant of banana flour extract soaked with callamansi shows high activity compared without soaked and soaked with sodium methabisulfit for 60 minute. The results showed that banana flour immersed with calamansi extract and sodium metabisulfit possess different proximate composition (p<0.05). Banana immersed with calamansi extract appears to increase phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin, ascorbic acid content as well as the capacity antioxidant of banana four. Keywords : goroho banana, proximate, flour, callamansi, antioxidant phytochemical

Role of Thyme Extract against Some Biochemical Alterations Induced by Propylthiouracil in Male Rats

The present investigation was designed to investigate the curative and protective effect of thyme as a natural product on thyroid and liver status in hypothyroid rats induced by propylthiouracil (PTU). The rats were classified into 4 groups; group I: control, group II, was intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg PTU/kg, for 21 days, group III was i.p. injected with 10 mg PTU/kg, for 21 days followed by 5% thyme for four weeks, and group IV was i.p. injected with 10 mg PTU/kg, for 21 days followed by 10% thyme for four weeks. Serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, Na+, K+, GSH, GSH-px, SOD, MDA, TNF-, serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), were evaluated. Propylthiouracil injection resulted in a significant increase in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, AST, ALT, ALP, urea and creatinine, MDA, and TNF-, whereas HDL, total protein, albumin, Na+, K+, GSH, GSH-px, SOD, T3 and T4 decreased significantly compared to control. The high dose of thyme extract (10%) ameliorated most of the harmful effect of PTU, this may be due to its contents of flavonoids, thymol, phenols and luteolin.

Study on the effect and mechanism of total flavonoids from Mosla for rats with calcium oxalate stone in kidney

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of total flavonoids on calcium oxalate stones in SD male rats, and to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of calcium oxalate stones. Methods The model of 1% ammonium chloride+ 1% ethylene glycol was used.The patients were treated with placebo, low dose of total flavones and high dose of total flavones.The content and concentration of oxalic acid in rats' 24-hour urine were measured.The contents of calcium and magnesium in urine were determined, and the levels of blood urea, creatinine and serum calcium were determined, HE staining was performed on the kidney sections of rats, and the pathological changes and calcium oxalate crystals were observed and graded under 100-fold microscope. Results The contents of calcium ions in renal tissues, 24-hour urinary calcium ions, calcium oxalate crystals in renal tissues and renal tubular dilatation in rats treated with different doses of flavonoids from comfrey's flower were significantly lower than those in the model group (P<0.05). Conclusions The total flavonoids could prevent the formation of calcium oxalate in kidney of SD male rats. Key words: Urinary Calculi; Calcium Oxalate; Medicago sativa; FLAVONE

Cereal grass juice in wound healing: hormesis and cell-survival in normal fibroblasts, in contrast to toxic events in cancer cells.

Natural products and traditional medicines are of great importance. Recent studies have demonstrated, that cereal grass juice improves wound healing, however the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes have not been fully characterized. Also, the full phytochemical characteristics of freshly squeezed juices obtained from cereal grasses is still missing. Thus, in this study a multi-dimensional analysis of juice parameters like refraction value, pH, chlorophyll and flavonoids content as well as antioxidant properties was performed. The results demonstrate that the effect induced by freshly squeezed cereal juices is strictly cell type-dependent. In this study, it is shown for the first time, that in normal fibroblasts (BJ cells) low dose cereal grass juices exhibit strong adaptive response through hormetic mechanism mediated by NF-κB/HO-1 and insulin/IGF-1 anti-oxidant pathways. As consequence, the process of wound healing is significantly upregulated. In cancer cells (ES-2 cells), despite anti-oxidant defense mechanism activation, levels of ROS and RNS are elevated. This leads to enhanced O-GlcNAcylation, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, and as a result impaired wound healing. This study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms through which cereal grass juices activate hermetic adaptation response in normal fibroblasts, and induce cytotoxic and genotoxic events in cancer cells.

Flavonoids from Leaves of Nitraria sibirica

Flavonoids from Leaves of Nitraria sibirica

Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity and safety of Carica papaya seed extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic mice

Carica papaya is used for the treatment of many diseases such as stomach upsets, diarrhoea, bilharzia, diabetes. The study aims to evaluate the safety and hypoglycemic potential effect of Carica papaya seeds on alloxan induced diabetic mice. DCM extracts were examined for the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. Toxicity profile was established at 5, 50, 200, 300 and 2000 mg/kg for both water and methanol extracts. 3 female mice per dosage were given the crude extracts once and observed for 14 days; their weights were recorded twice a week. The mortality rate was 0%. Solvents used to prepare test extracts included methanol, Dichloromethane (DCM) distilled water and phosphate buffer solution. Mice were induced with diabetic by alloxan IP injection 150 mg/kg b.w and fasted overnight; they were allowed to drink 5% glucose solution to overcome drug induced hypoglycemia. The diabetic mice (>8 mmol/dl) were treated with 100 and 500 mg/kg of water and methanol extract, standard drug metformin (100 mg/kg b.w) and normal saline for 10 days, each group consisting of 5 mice each. Blood samples of 0.1 ml were collected from tail tip using strips; glucose concentration was tested using a glucometer. All data were analyzed and computed by SPSS and presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Key words: Diabetes, hypoglycemic, alloxan, Carica papaya.