Flatland Research Articles

Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk). VII. Keplerian Disk, Disk Substructure, and Accretion Streamers in the Class 0 Protostar IRAS 16544–1604 in CB 68

We present observations of the Class 0 protostar IRAS 16544–1604 in CB 68 from the “Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk)” ALMA Large program. The ALMA observations target continuum and lines at 1.3 mm with an angular resolution of ∼5 au. The continuum image reveals a dusty protostellar disk with a radius of ∼30 au seen close to edge-on and asymmetric structures along both the major and minor axes. While the asymmetry along the minor axis can be interpreted as the effect of the dust flaring, the asymmetry along the major axis comes from a real nonaxisymmetric structure. The C18O image cubes clearly show the gas in the disk that follows a Keplerian rotation pattern around a ∼0.14 M ⊙ central protostar. Furthermore, there are ∼1500 au scale streamer-like features of gas connecting from northeast, north–northwest, and northwest to the disk, as well as the bending outflow as seen in the 12CO (2–1) emission. At the apparent landing point of the NE streamer, there is SO (65–54) and SiO (5–4) emission detected. The spatial and velocity structure of the NE streamer can be interpreted as a free-falling gas with a conserved specific angular momentum, and the detection of the SO and SiO emission at the tip of the streamer implies the presence of accretion shocks. Our eDisk observations have unveiled that the Class 0 protostar in CB 68 has a Keplerian-rotating disk with a flaring and nonaxisymmetric structure associated with accretion streamers and outflows.

Design, Control, and Validation of a Symmetrical Hip and Straight-Legged Vertically-Compliant Bipedal Robot.

This paper presents the development, modeling, and control of L03, an underactuated 3D bipedal robot with symmetrical hips and straight legs. This innovative design requires only five actuators, two for the legs and three for the hips. This paper is divided into three parts: (1) mechanism design and kinematic analysis; (2) trajectory planning for the center of mass and foot landing points based on the Divergent Component of Motion (DCM), enabling lateral and forward walking capabilities for the robot; and (3) gait stability analysis through prototype experiments. The primary focus of this study is to explore the application of underactuated symmetrical designs and determine the number of motors required to achieve omnidirectional movement of a bipedal robot. Our simulation and experimental results demonstrate that L03 achieves simple walking with a stable and consistent gait. Due to its lightweight construction, low leg inertia, and straight-legged design, L03 can achieve ground perception and gentle ground contact without the need for force sensors. Compared to existing bipedal robots, L03 closely adheres to the characteristics of the linear inverted pendulum model, making it an invaluable platform for future algorithm research.

The Global Wind Atlas: A High-Resolution Dataset of Climatologies and Associated Web-Based Application

Abstract The Global Wind Atlas (GWA) provides high-resolution databases and maps of the wind resource for all land points and for water points within 200 km of the coastline, excluding Antarctica. The GWA is used to identify and understand the global, national, regional, and local potential for wind energy and to guide energy specialists, policymakers, and planners in the transition to a sustainable energy system. This information is vital to ensuring the growth of wind energy, helping to transition to a sustainable energy system, which will mitigate climate change and meet the world’s need for reliable, affordable, and clean energy. The GWA uses the established numerical wind atlas methodology to downscale coarse-resolution wind data to microscale, using linearized flow modeling and high-resolution topographic data. There have been three versions of the GWA, each using mesoscale model data at successively higher spatial resolution. A website and geographic information system (GIS) files support quick and in-depth analysis. Validation data and analysis, using measurements from tall masts located worldwide, are also provided through the web application. The development process of the GWA involves a dialogue between meteorological modelers, wind energy development experts, web designers, and representatives of the end users to provide accurate data in a dynamic and relevant way. This article outlines the general method, specific development, and application of the Global Wind Atlas.

Dynamic Change Patterns of Soil Surface Roughness and Influencing Factors under Different Tillage Conditions in Typical Mollisol Areas of Northeast China

Soil surface roughness is an important factor affecting hydrology and soil erosion processes, and its development is influenced by precipitation, topography, and tillage practices. In this study, the typical mollisol area in northeast China was taken as the research object. Then, the variation in soil surface roughness with time was analyzed under different terrains, as well as different tillage methods, and the effect of the precipitation condition on roughness was also discussed in detail. Through the design of field experiments, the height information of the soil surface was measured using a probe-type roughness plate. Two parameters, the root-mean-square height (RMSH) and the correlation length (CL), were selected to quantitatively characterize the soil surface roughness. In addition, the dynamic change patterns of surface roughness resulting from five tillage methods, including rotary tillage, combined tillage, no tillage, conventional tillage, and reduced tillage, under both sloping and flat land, were compared and analyzed throughout the soybean growing season, under the influence of rainfall. The results show that with the increase in rainfall, the RMSH of the soil surface, under different tillage methods, showed a trend of first decreasing, and then increasing. The results also showed that the RMSHs under rotary tillage, combined tillage, conventional tillage, and reduced tillage in flat land were greater than those in sloping land, and that the CLs of the soil surface under different tillage methods in flat land were smaller than those in sloping land. In addition, the degree of variation in the soil surface roughness was greater in flat land than that in sloping land under all tillage practices, indicating that this study is of great practical importance in the rational selection of tillage methods, and in the scientific quantification of soil erosion, which also show obvious significance for soil and water conservation.

Online Trajectory Planning for Parafoil First-Stage Booster System in Complex Wind Field

The parafoil has excellent gliding ability and operability for recovery of the first-stage booster, which makes the landing point of the first-stage booster controllable. However, during the recovery process, the wind field changes in real time due to changes in altitude and turbulent wind, which has a great influence on the trajectory and landing point of the parafoil recovery system. In order to realize accurate homing of the parafoil first-stage booster combination (PFC) in a complex wind field, an online trajectory planning algorithm based on the quartic Bézier curve is proposed in this paper. This algorithm combines the Bézier curve with the multiphase homing method and proposes a method to calculate the control points of the Bézier curve according to the time-varying wind field. First, a six-degrees-of-freedom model of the PFC is established, and the motion characteristics of the PFC are analyzed. Then, the drift of the PFC caused by the wind field is calculated, and it is superimposed on the target landing point to obtain the virtual landing point. On this basis, the quartic Bézier curve is used to plan the homing trajectory. The simulation results show that the algorithm has high computational efficiency for online trajectory planning. It can realize accurate homing of the PFC in complex wind fields with continuous unilateral brake deflections, which makes it conducive to practical application.

Dampak Kemiringan Lahan terhadap Kadar Hara dan Produksi Kelapa Sawit

Palm oil is one of Indonesia's sources of foreign exchange, derived from government, private, and smallholder plantations. However, palm oil production from smallholder plantations is relatively poor due to low-quality seeds, non-standard technical culture, low soil fertility, and a lack of attention to the topography and slope of the ground during planting. Therefore, this research aims to characterize the growth and production of oil palm based on soil and plant nutrient content on various land slopes. The research was conducted on an oil palm plantation in Baru Village, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. Oil palm plants have been in production for seven years. The methods used in this research are survey methods, observation, and laboratory analysis. The research design used a non-factorial randomized block design. The research factor is the land slope, with three treatment levels consisting of flat land (0–8%), land slope 8–18%, and land slope 18–28%. The parameters observed in this research include land topographic characteristics, physical and chemical properties of soil, plant nutrient content, and agronomic characteristics of oil palm plants. The observation results showed that trunk circumference, number of fruit bunches per tree, and weight of bunches per tree gave better results on a slope of 8–18%. This is due to soil conservation measures in the form of rather deep depressions around the plant plates. However, the P and K nutrient levels of oil palm plants in this research area are included in the deficiency category. As a result, this research can help make decisions about fertilizer management and land usage in oil palm plantation areas with sloping topography.

The Strategy of Utilize Unused Lands for Production Purposes in Turkey

The aim of this study is to discuss the feasibility of the strategy to utilize unused lands for production purposes in Turkey and the effects of the land resources in Turkey on the implementation of the strategy. An unused (unproductive) land is a land that reduces the quality in terms of components that define a land, causes adverse conditions to affect the land use, and is not utilized for agricultural purposes within a crop rotation period of time. Published in the Official Gazette No. 30224 of 10/28/2017 and put into effect, the Year 2018 Program reads: "The utilization of unused agricultural lands for production purposes shall create models for the effective operation of agricultural farms". In addition, the sub-paragraph 11 on Policies and Measures, which are set out under the title of 5th Growth and Employment Strategy as a part of the 2019-2021 Medium Term Program in accordance with the Presidential Decree No. 108 of 9/20/2018, reads: "Organizational and legal infrastructure shall be established to utilize unused agricultural lands for production purposes." From this perspective, there is a need to reform the unplanned land use and the forms of property and use as it is one of the agricultural infrastructure problems in Turkey. The importance of introducing a system to give a true picture about the market of agricultural lands and making sure it is influenced less by other industries is self-evident. The land resources that Turkey currently has, challenges concerning those lands and agricultural structure make it difficult to execute the strategy. There are some major social, economic, legal and technical barriers to the achievement of the goals. This study offers recommendations on how to remove those barriers based on the figures of a study commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and analyzes the unused agricultural lands in Turkey and the possibilities to utilize them for production purposes. Agricultural lands are utilized for non-agricultural purposes, and the studies over how to utilize unused agricultural lands with conditions that reduce the quality of lands in terms of components that define a land point to a contradiction between what is intended and what is actual. Without making any land use plans, it is impossible for any effort of developing a land use strategy to be efficient.

Calcium carbonate regulates soil organic carbon accumulation by mediating microbial communities in northern China

Mineral organic complexes are essential for the storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. They are also affecting the CO2 emission reduction goals of known as the “doublecarbon target” (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), as well as a landing point for achieving the 4 per 1,000 carbon enhancement initiative. As a typical soil mineral, calcium (Ca) plays a very critical role in regulating the accumulation of global organic carbon. Although calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has been shown to mediate the SOC accumulation process, especially in northern China, the relationship between Ca and SOC, and the underlying microbial mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, five soils (black soil, light chernozem soil, fluvo-aquic soil, sierozem soil, and loess soil) with different CaCO3 contents (4.29, 17.45, 98.66, 131.85, 143.82 g/kg, respectively) were selected to reveal the relationship among CaCO3, the SOC fraction and the chemical structure, and the bacterial community. The content of CaCO3 was determined by the gas volume method. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure of SOC, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the bacterial community. The results showed that the contents of particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC) in macro-aggregates were higher than that in micro-aggregates, and that POC was significantly higher than MOC in soil with high CaCO3. With an increase in the CaCO3 content, there was a decrease in the proportion of aromatic C and alkyl C, but an increase in the proportion of O-alkyl C in SOC, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi grew, and that of Acidobacteria decreased. Moreover, the overall diversity of the soil bacteria likewise showed a decreasing trend. High CaCO3 soils showed a positive correlation between Acidobacteria and macro-aggregates, and a negative correlation with clay and silt, when compared to low CaCO3 soils. Also, Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadota showed the opposite relationship with SOC aggregates. CaCO3 influenced the relationship between SOC (fraction and chemical structure) and the bacterial community, resulting in changes in the SOC content within the aggregates. Our results indicate that CaCO3 plays an essential role in the accumulation of SOC and reveal the mechanisms of carbon sequestration in calcareous soils in northern China.

Transformation of Paddy Field Use in Intermountain-Type Basins Using Evidence from the Structure and Function Perspective of Karst Mountain Areas in Southwest China

China’s southwestern karst area exhibits many mountains and little flat lands, and intermountain basins (IBs) (locally named “bazi”) are one of their typical landform types. Comparative studies on land use in the core of typical landforms in karst mountain areas are relatively lacking. Studying the evolution and transformation patterns of intermountain basin paddy fields use (IBPFU) to optimize land resources in mountainous areas is important. Based on structural and functional perspectives, this study established a research framework on the evolution and transformation of IBPFU in karst mountainous areas, and analyzed the evolution and transformation patterns of IBPFU in Guizhou Province from 1966 to 2020 by measuring land use change and applying the moving window method and morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) model. The study showed that the evolution of IBPFU is characterized by reversibility and irreversibility, diversity, and stages. The transition of IBPFU requires a trade-off among regional socioeconomic development, ecological protection, and food security. The commonality of land use transitions in IB and sloped land (SL) is reflected in the diversity of their land use functions. This study provides a reference for a comprehensive understanding of land use transitions and sustainable development in the mountainous karst regions of southwest China by providing in-depth examinations of the land use transition of IB, which is different from SL, via the long time series evolution of core land use types. The research framework and research method constructed here also apply to other regions.

Spatio-temporal dynamics and sensitive distance of nighttime light environment in Pearl River Delta Protected Areas, China.

Protected areas (PAs) are important barriers to ensure the ecological security of territory. Light pollution is a threat to PAs, which is particularly obvious in the urban agglomeration environment. We used multi-source big data (satellite remote sensing light data, land cover types and points of interest) to quantitatively analyze the temporal and spatial dynamics of nighttime light in the PAs of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2018, the correlation between the night light environment within the PAs and human activity intensity outside, as well as the sensitive distance of the PAs to artificial light interference. The results showed that the total value of nighttime light data of PAs in the PRD increased from 71107 nanoW·cm-2·sr-1 to 127682 nanoW·cm-2·sr-1 from 2000 to 2018, the mean value per pixel increased from 15.3 nanoW·cm-2·sr-1 to 23.7 nanoW·cm-2·sr-1, and the lighted ratio increased from 73.3% to 86.4%, indicating that the nighttime light environment of PAs in the region were facing cumulative deterioration risks and serious challenges. The nighttime light intensity of the PAs in the core area of the PRD was much higher than that in the peripheral areas such as Zhaoqing and Huizhou, whereas the expansion degree of the PAs in the peripheral areas was higher than that in the core area. The nighttime light environment inside the PAs was positively correlated with the intensity of human activities around it. The most sensitive distance of the PAs to the artificial light interference around it was 10 km, and the interference degree tended to be stable after 30 km. We proposed that 0-10 km area outside the boundary of the PAs should be the light control core zone and 10-20 km area as the control buffer zone.

심층 신경망 기반 착륙 지점 인식 기법을 위한 가상 현실 데이터 수집 기술 개발

This paper presents a technology for collecting datasets using virtual reality for semantic image segmentation-based landing point recognition methods. The virtual reality scenario assumed that a landing point image was obtained from a vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a downward-facing camera. A semantic image segmentation technique utilizing a deep neural network of the U-Net structure was implemented. The deep neural network was then trained to recognize both the landing points and obstacles. During the deep neural network training phase, only the datasets collected using the automatic labeling technology in virtual reality were utilized to analyze whether it was feasible to recognize the landing points and obstacles in actual environmental images. The results of the analysis confirmed that the trained deep neural network exhibited meaningful performance using only the datasets collected from a virtual environment similar to the actual environment.

Does the Sierra Madre Mountain Range in Luzon Act as a Barrier to Typhoons?

Tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall in Luzon weaken due to the surface friction of Luzon’s mountainous terrain and the reduced ocean heat, momentum, and moisture fluxes over the landmass. Landmass also influences TC rain distribution by orographic enhancement or blocking of a TC’s moisture-laden circulation. In this study, we investigated the influence of the effects of the Sierra Madre and the Cordillera Mountains Ranges (SMMR and CMR) on TC-associated wind and rainfall hazards to answer the question of whether the SMMR or the CMR mitigates TC hazards. We used the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with modified SMMR and CMR terrains to disentangle the effects of the orography with flat land. Results show that Luzon-passing TCs maintain their intensities at landfall regardless of the frictional effects of the mountain ranges but the CMR inhibits the re-intensification of westward-moving TCs emerging from landmass after traversing Luzon. The SMMR reduces wind exposure and basin-wide rainfall of the Cagayan Valley. Hence, the SMMR can be considered a barrier for that region. In addition, the weakening effect of the SMMR reduces the wind exposure of the island of Catanduanes and eastern Bicol the most. However, for the rest of Luzon, the SMMR enhances rainfall which will likely compensate for the slight decrease in wind exposure – especially considering that most TC-related damages are water/rainfall related. The CMR, overall, has a larger hazard-mitigating effect than the SMMR. In any case, we believe that shifting the discourse to these mountains’ biodiversity conservation and restoration – rather than their purported TC mitigating effects – will be more strategically constructive.

Vulnerability to overfishing of fish stocks in the Amazon Basin

Tropical fisheries are generally multispecific and require management approaches that are adapted to the high diversity exploited, but data series are scarce. An alternative to this scenario is the use of semi-quantitative ecological risk assessments, with productivity and susceptibility analysis (PSA) being one of the most widespread globally. In this study, using data from 3211 questionnaires, the PSA was applied to assess the vulnerability to overfishing of 37 commercially exploited fish species in seven fishery landing points in the Amazon Basin. Vulnerability remained between 0.9 and 2.6, with Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, Brachyplatystoma filamentosum, Pinirampus pirinampu and Zungaro zungaro being the most vulnerable species (V > 2.0) in all the sampled sub-basins. Given the complexity of regional fishery interactions, it is emphasized that the PSA proved to be an efficient alternative for an initial assessment of the risk of overfishing. A holistic approach, with new or improved current regulations, should have a positive impact on stocks; thereby decreasing the risk of overfishing and the potential loss of economic and social benefits by the population of the region.

Utilization of Regular Ships as Hospital Ships in a Disaster Situation: A Trial Report from Japan

Introduction:Japan is an island nation surrounded by the ocean. Seventy percent of the country is mountainous, and there is no abundance of habitable flat land. Japan is a disaster-prone country, with an average of 25 typhoons per year occurring near Japan and 20% of the world's earthquakes of magnitude six or greater occurring in Japan. The Great East Japan Earthquake (2011) destroyed many medical facilities in coastal areas. The government is seeking ways to continue medical services using ships in preparation for future Nankai Trough Earthquakes. This study introduces the current status of studies for installing hospital ships in Japan.Method:Based on materials on hospital ships published by the Cabinet Office and reports on training exercises conducted by various organizations, this report summarizes the current status of studies on introducing hospital ships in Japan.Results:In 1991, a committee was established to gather domestic experts to study a multi-purpose ship, and various studies have been conducted intermittently. The current policy focuses on utilizing existing resources such as Self-Defense Force cargo ships, civilian car ferries, etc. The demonstration training for a hospital ship with the Self-Defense Force's field surgery system and the Red Cross Emergency Response Unit has been conducted. Other studies are underway to provide medical support to remote islands by ocean tugboats. Future issues for utilizing existing ships include 1) maintaining medical personnel and medical equipment and materials in times of disaster, 2) utilizing and maintaining ships during peacetime, and 3) establishing access to ships that are unable to dock at a port.Conclusion:Hospital ships in Japan are considered to utilize existing vessels rather than building new ones. However, there are unresolved issues, such as how to operate the ships during disasters, the cost of maintenance, and transporting patients from land.

The use of GIS technologies for the analysis of geodetic provision of the territory of the Dnistrovsky district of the Chernivtsi region

The existing geodetic provision of most of the territory of our country requires an increase in the number of points of the state geodetic network. In today's conditions, the analysis of the geodetic provision of the territory is extremely important and relevant. The latter is even more strengthened due to the implemented decentralization reform, which changed the administrative-territorial structure of the country. That is why it is necessary to carry out analysis, calculations, determine the features of spatial placement and distribution of both individual points of the DGM and geodetic support in general. The purpose of the study is the analysis of geodetic support using QGIS GIS of the territory of the Dnistrovsky district of the Chernivtsi region in conditions of decentralization. Methodology: GIS analysis methods were used to solve the problems that were formed in the work. Thanks to the software product QGIS, thematic layers were vectorized and based on them, maps were created, which allow to evaluate the existing geodetic support in the section of the newly created administrative and territorial units of the study area. Cartographic, statistical-mathematical, descriptive methods made it possible to determine the number and area of areas of territories that are characterized by inconsistency of geodetic support with regard to the requirements for the placement of DGM points for creating maps of the appropriate scale. Today, the geoportal of the State Government of Ukraine, the official website of decentralization is temporarily closed. Therefore, the use of GIS technologies in combination with topographic maps allows a slightly different approach to the analysis and assessment of the geodetic provision of the territory. The existence of separate, separate databases both at the state and regional levels makes it even more impossible to conduct an objective assessment. In view of the above, there is a need to analyze the topographic and geodetic support of the territory of Ukraine using GIS technologies. Research result: The number of geodetic points is 70 units, which is 26,4 % of the total number of points in the region (1st class – 7 units; 2nd class – 13 units; 3rd class – 29 units; digit geodetic network – 21 units). Vectorization of the objects characterizing the areas of inconsistency in the average density of DGM points was carried out. The total area is 600,6 km2 (28,3 % of the total area of the district). Thanks to QGIS, map sheets with a scale of 1 : 200 000 of the geodetic support of the territory as of the 60-s of the 20-th century were linked. The number of DGM points is 73 units. Moreover, 57 points have the same spatial arrangement in comparison with modern points. The correspondence of the geodetic support was considered and it was established that the area of the territory with indicators of non-compliance is 603 km2, which corresponds to 28.4% of the total area of the district. An assessment of the geodetic support of the territory was carried out, taking into account modern and lost points of land surveying. The area of non-conformity areas decreases from 600–603 km2 to 419,8 km2, which, as a percentage of the total area of the Dnistrovsky district, is a decrease from almost a third of the territory to its fifth part – 19,8 %. Scientific novelty: separate thematic vectorized polygonal layers of the territories of the settlements of the districts and modern territorial communities of the Dnistrovsky district of the Chernivtsi region were created, which made it possible, thanks to GIS technologies, to quantitatively determine the area of the territories, with the inconsistency of the geodetic support regarding the requirements for the placement of DGM points when creating cartographic materials of the appropriate scale. In this way, the inconsistency of the geodetic support of the territory of the Dnistrovskyi district with regard to the requirements of regulatory documents was established. Vectorization of areas of discrepancy in the average density of DGM points made it possible to quantitatively approach the assessment of geodetic support in terms of territorial communities. Solving the specified problem is possible thanks to the design and creation of additional points of DGM. The use of geodetic points that existed in the past years and their location can improve the geodetic support of the research area. Keywords: geodetic support, GIS, decentralization.

Regionally high risk increase for precipitation extreme events under global warming

Daily precipitation extremes are projected to intensify with increasing moisture under global warming following the Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) relationship at about 7% /^circ {text{C}} . However, this increase is not spatially homogeneous. Projections in individual models exhibit regions with substantially larger increases than expected from the CC scaling. Here, we leverage theory and observations of the form of the precipitation probability distribution to substantially improve intermodel agreement in the medium to high precipitation intensity regime, and to interpret projected changes in frequency in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. Besides particular regions where models consistently display super-CC behavior, we find substantial occurrence of super-CC behavior within a given latitude band when the multi-model average does not require that the models agree point-wise on location within that band. About 13% of the globe and almost 25% of the tropics (30% for tropical land) display increases exceeding 2CC. Over 40% of tropical land points exceed 1.5CC. Risk-ratio analysis shows that even small increases above CC scaling can have disproportionately large effects in the frequency of the most extreme events. Risk due to regional enhancement of precipitation scale increase by dynamical effects must thus be included in vulnerability assessment even if locations are imprecise.

Cultivation model and deficit irrigation strategy for reducing leakage of bundle sheath cells to CO2, improve 13C carbon isotope, photosynthesis and soybean yield in semi-arid areas

A better understanding of the photosynthesis and soil water storage regulation of soybean production will be helpful to develop a water conservation strategy under a rain-fed farming system. Reducing the leakage of CO2 bundle sheath cells and improving the photosynthesis capacity and gas exchange characteristics of soybean leaves will contribute to increase yield under the dryland agricultural system and provide a scientific basis. Therefore, during 2019 and 2020, soybean exposed to different cultivation modes to analyze the response curves of photosynthesis and CO2 under different deficit irrigation strategies. In this study, we used two cultivation models: RB: ridge covered with biodegradable film and furrow area not covered; CF: conventional flat land planting under four deficit irrigation modes (R: rainwater irrigation; IB: branch stage irrigation (220 mm); IP: Irrigation during podding (220 mm); IBP: branch stage irrigation (110 mm), podding stage irrigation (110 mm). Compared with CF-IBP treatment, RB-IBP had significant effects on rainwater collection, SWS, and soybean yield. Photo-response curve analysis showed that RB-IBP treatment a significant increase in Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr, leaf WUE, and chlorophyll ab content. Under different irrigation strategies, maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), light saturation point (LSP), and apparent quantum efficiency under RB-IBP treatment (α), Pn under respiration rate and CO2 response curve were significantly higher than that under CF cultivation mode. Compared with RB culture mode under different irrigation strategies, CF cultivation mode significantly increases Δ13C and CO2 sheath cell leakage (Փ); it also led to a significant decline in the ratio of Ci/Ca concentration. This study shows that RB-IBP treatment is the best water-saving strategy because it means reducing the leakage of CO2 from the bundle sheath, thus significantly increasing soil water storage, photosynthetic capacity, and soybean yield.

Migration risk of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from North Africa to Southern Europe.

With the development of globalization and agriculture trade, as well as its own strong migratory capacity, fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) has invaded more than 70 countries, posing a serious threat to the production of major crops in these areas. FAW has now also been detected in Egypt in North Africa, putting Europe, which is separated from it only by the Mediterranean Sea, at high risk of invasion. Therefore, this study integrated multiple factors of insect source, host plant, and environment to provide a risk analysis of the potential trajectories and time periods of migration of FAW into Europe in 2016~2022. First, the CLIMEX model was used to predict the annual and seasonal suitable distribution of FAW. The HYSPLIT numerical trajectory model was then used to simulate the possibility of the FAW invasion of Europe through wind-driven dispersal. The results showed that the risk of FAW invasion between years was highly consistent (P<0.001). Coastal areas were most suitable for the expansion of the FAW, and Spain and Italy had the highest risk of invasion, with 39.08% and 32.20% of effective landing points respectively. Dynamic migration prediction based on spatio-temporal data can enable early warning of FAW, which is important for joint multinational pest management and crop protection.

近世の白山三禅定道における室の変遷と形式

By the end of the Sengoku period, accommodations known as muro had been established around the three peaks of Mt. Haku (Hakusan) by temples and shrines at the foot of the mountain. By the early Edo period, villages along the worship ascent trails to Hakusan’s three peaks had constructed their own muro. They were simple wooden huts built on flat land and near water. Although enclosed by stone walls to protect against wind, they often needed to be renovated and reconstructed. After frequent disputes over rights, Heisenji Temple seized power, leading to the decline of the ascent trails and muro.

Analisis Karakteristik Aliran Irigasi Perforasi Pada Lahan Datar

Perforation irrigation is a unidirectional beam irrigation system that can be used for crop irrigation on dry land, due to the efficient use of water and the ability to wet land with a limited area. Therefore, the perforation irrigation system needs to be studied further in relation to the area of land that can be irrigated and the distribution of discharge to each perforated pipe. By testing several variations of the water level, the perforation irrigation emission capability will be obtained in the form of irrigation distribution, uniformity, emission capability and discharge amount used in irrigation on flat land. This study aims to determine the perforation irrigation capacity on flat land, the distribution of irrigation and the amount of discharge required. The test was carried out on three perforated pipes made of ½” PVC as lateral pipes, three transmission pipe length variations, such as 0.8m, 1m, and 1.2m with a distance between the perforations of 60 cm. The source of irrigation water comes from a 3 m tall tower with a capacity of ± 200 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟. The test uses three variations of head height, namely h1 350 cm, h2 360 cm, h3 370 cm and h4 380 cm. The results showed that the perforation irrigation jet length was around 100cm -120 cm, the uniformity of CU irrigation was above 97% with a total discharge on h1 QT = 0.689 lt/s, h2 QT = 0.690 lt/s , h3 QT = 0.695 lt/s and on h4 QT = 0.701 lt/s. While the range of flow rates for perforation 1 pipe Q1 (0.42 lt/s – 0.429 lt/s), perforation 2, Q2 (0.13 -0.145 lt/s) and perforation 3, Q3 (0.129 - 0.135 lt/s)