Flat Wood Research Articles

Combined effect of grooves and nanoflower structured Co3O4 coating on bamboo wood for highly efficient solar steam generation at indoor and outdoor conditions.

Currently, interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) in desalinating water has become very popular for obtaining purified water from polluted water. However, finding an efficient evaporator with low cost is a challenging task for researchers. In this work, we introduce natural bamboo wood (BW) that acts as an interfacial evaporator for obtaining purified water. Four different wood evaporators namely, flat wood (BW-FW), two-cut grooved wood (BW-2G), four-cut grooved wood (BW-4G), and four-cut grooved with Co3O4-coated wood (BW-4G/Co3O4) are used to study the mass loss (ML), evaporation rate (ER), and evaporation efficiency (EY). From the observations, BW-4G/Co3O4 gives an admirable ML, ER, and EY of 4.4 g, 3.366 kg m-2 h-1, and 91.34% under 1 sun illumination for 60 min. Also, the BW-4G/Co3O4 evaporator is kept under natural sun illumination. It achieves 17.8 g of ML, 1.92 kg m-2 h-1 of ER, and 76% of EY respectively under 604.762 W/m2 solar illumination for 8 h. The reasons for the observed results are as follows: (i) the presence of grooves increases the exposing area for solar illuminations, (ii) super hydrophilicity nature of wood gives continuous replenishment of water from the bottom to the evaporative surface, (iii) the excellent salt rejection property of wood aids in continuous water transportation without salt accumulations. As a result of the condensed seawater samples, the ion concentrations (zinc, magnesium, cadmium, lead, copper, and sodium) come under WHO standards. Consequently, it gives better dye water separation from polluted water.

Adding Value to Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) Wood Furniture Surfaces by Different Methods of Transposing Motifs from Textile Heritage

The present paper is part of an ongoing research project carried out to find methods to transpose traditional motifs from Romanian textile heritage to furniture ornamentation, as an additional method of preserving the motifs besides conventional conservation. Modern technology, such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) routing or laser engraving can revive furniture ornamentation, eliminating manual labor and long execution time. Three methods were applied to transpose a bicolored motif from a traditional Romanian blouse from Transylvania onto the surface of maple wood furniture. The first method utilized was nitrogen laser engraving, in which ten power settings between 10 W and 150 W were applied and color measurements were carried out on the resulting engraved surfaces. Following the International Commission on Illumination (CIELab) system analysis, two laser power settings were selected to engrave the ornament on a maple wood surface for an accurate reproduction. The second method employed a staining solution applied on flat wood surface, followed by routing the model on a CNC machine and further coating with lacquer. The third method consisted of CNC routing the model on the wood surface, then coloring the engraved ornament followed by surface sanding to remove color from the flat wood surface and, finally, lacquering. The ornaments transposed onto maple wood surfaces were aesthetically assessed, the technologies were analyzed, and the details of the processed ornaments were highlighted by Stereo Microscope investigation. The conclusions showed that each method adds value to the wood surface by original ornamentation and can be applied as furniture decoration.

The effect of object to film distance (OFD) to industrial radiography image

The object to film distance (OFD) to image when using radiography testing were discussed and whether the image can be improved by IIP Console Software in Digital Radiography method were studied. The artificial defect of wooden block with different size was used as the test sample in this study. The object to film distance (OFD) to the image were capture by using XRS-4 model X-ray source and flat panel detector. The image was analyzing by using IIP Console Software. The obtained results show that irregular surface has better and sharper image compare to flat surface to 9 mm hole wooden block. Meanwhile for 15 mm hole, flat wooden block show better and sharper image compare to irregular surface

Wayang Klitik: Form and Function in the Bersih Sendang Ceremony in Wonosoco Village

Wayang klitik is one of the traditional performances that are sacred as a means of bersih sendang ceremonial which is still sustainable today in Wonosoco Village, Undaan District, Kudus Regency. The purpose of this research is to examine the form of puppets and their functions in the bersih sendang ceremony. This study uses qualitative methods with interview data collection techniques, observation and document study. The data validity technique is based on credibility criteria, using data triangulation . Analysis of data is done through data collection, data reduction , data presentation, and data verification. The results of the study, regarding the shape of the wayang klitik made of flat wood formed according to the puppet character, carved and colored with simple decorative techniques, the puppet groups can be distinguished from face color , face shape , accessories, and body position. Wayang klitik in the bersih sendang ceremony has three functions, they are a personal function, a social function and a practical physical function. Personal function as a form of expression wayang klitik maker from realize his idea, social function as a means of rituals in the bersih sendang ceremony, entertainment exciting, educational media to the public, means of communication to God and dhanyang village, and physical function wayang klitik as props/puppets that portray the characters in the story that are playing.

НОВИЙ ПОГЛЯД НА РЕКОНСТРУКЦІЮ ПОЧАТКОВОГО ВИГЛЯДУ ТРОЇЦЬКОЇ НАДБРАМНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ

Вивчення будівельної еволюції Троїцької надбрамної церкви Києво-Печерської лаври охоплює багато важливих аспектів, що потребують серйозних архітектурних, археологічних та бібліографічних досліджень. Насамперед це виявлення і аналіз фактів, які б могли відповісти на питання про час її будівництва та початкове функціональне призначення. Висновки та припущення, подані в статті, вперше ґрунтуються не тільки на матеріалах із літературних та графічних джерел, а насамперед на натурних дослідженнях та візуальному обстеженні Троїцької надбрамної церкви. Спираючись на матеріали наукових архітектурних та археологічних досліджень, аналізуючи результати візуального обстеження, автор доходить висновку, що початково Троїцька надбрамна церква будувалася у єдиній оборонній лінії Печерського монастиря, як захисна споруда. Вона поєднувала в собі дві функції: культову і оборонну. Спочатку до неї підходила оборонна стіна у вигляді стовп’я, яку у другій половині ХІІ ст. було замінено на кам’яний мур. Саме з бойового рівня цих оборонних стін початково здійснювався вихід на другий оборонний поверх захисної башти над головною проїзною монастирською брамою. Спираючись на виявлені під час натурних досліджень беззаперечні факти (залишки будівельних конструкцій, їх конфігурацію та розташування), автор стверджує, що початково Троїцька надбрамна церква будувалася як оборонна триповерхова башта. На першому поверсі башти, в її центральній частині був проїзд, а у бокових частинах – господарські приміщення та оборонні бойові настили для захисту монастиря під час облоги. Другий поверх сполучався з бойовими рівнями прилеглих захисних монастирських стін та третім бойовим поверхом башти. Перекриття над другим поверхом башти – плоскі дерев’яні по дерев’яних балках та цегляних арках. На обстеження стін із метою пошуку початкових гнізд від дерев’яного перекриття між імовірними другим і третім початковими поверхами. третьому поверсі башти розташовувалася маленька Троїцька церква. Церква мала один неф і одну апсиду. У статті представлені гіпотетичні реконструкції планів поверхів, загальних виглядів фасадів та розрізів Троїцької надбрамної церкви на початковий будівельний період. Зважаючи на неможливість застосування традиційних методів наукових архітектурних натурних досліджень безпосередньо в інтер’єрі Троїцької церкви, автор пропонує застосувати прилади георадарної зйомки для обстеження стін із метою пошуку початкових гнізд від дерев’яного перекриття між імовірними другим і третім початковими поверхами.

Compact wooden roofs with smart vapour barrier – Pilot project experiences

Compact roofs are normally built without organic materials between the vapour barrier and the roof membrane due to moisture safety risks. However, laboratory measurements indicate that organic materials could be used provided that a smart vapour barrier (SVB) is applied at the warm face of the roof construction. The aim of this study is to investigate the moisture and temperature conditions in three full-scale flat compact wooden roofs with SVB. The roofs are part of two pilot projects located in Longyearbyen, Svalbard and Malvik, Norway. The paper presents the two projects including the premises for construction of the roofs and provides preliminary measurement results. The roofs are instrumented to measure moisture content and temperature in the wooden roof beams. The initial results from Longyearbyen show that the moisture content in the wooden beams is low and indicate that compact wooden roofs with SVB may be a solution with acceptable moisture risk in the arctic climate. The initial results from Malvik show that there might be a risk of mould growth in the roof as the built-in moisture in the wooden beams was up to 24 weight-%. In both projects, the moisture content in the beams in general was higher close to the roof underlay than close to the SVB.

Reactions with Wood Carbohydrates and Lignin of Citric Acid as a Bond Promoter of Wood Veneer Panels.

The reaction of citric acid with wood veneers was studied by Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CP MAS 13C NMR) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectrometry. The analysis showed that reactions of citric acid occurred with both lignin and carbohydrate constituents of wood. The reactions occurring are esterifications between the carboxylic acid functions of citric acid and the numerous aromatic and aliphatic hydroxyl groups of the main wood constituents. Reaction of citric acid with glucose as a simple model compound of carbohydrates hydroxyl groups also yielded reactions leading to linear and branched oligomers by esterification. The result indicate that the reactions of esterification are accompanied in parallel by some internal rearrangements of lignin. The applied results on bonding wide flat wood surfaces such as veneers to obtain LVL panels yielded excellent strength results even if the conditions of pressing were more drastic than what is usual for this application. The applied bonding results have shown that citric acid has great potential to be used as a bio-binder for wood veneers.

Modeling and Energy Consumption of Unilateral Heating Process of Flat Wood Details

Modeling and Energy Consumption of Unilateral Heating Process of Flat Wood Details

A New Practical Method for Grafting: The Use of Bactigras Paper

Grafting is one of the most frequently used procedures in plastic surgery. It is of critically important to secure the graft in the most desirable way on the recipient area following graft harvesting.1-3 In case of hematoma and seroma formation, perforation meshing the graft to prevent accumulation under the graft surface constitutes one of the basic measures in ensuring graft fixation. A method proposed by many authors in traditional medical literature related to this procedure involves spreading the graft on a flat wooden or plastic apparatus, grafting using a saline solution, and then meshing the graft in several spots using a scalpel. 4 However, this procedure presents challenges because of the thin and fragile structure of the graft tissue.

Numerical Approach for Computation of the Heat and Heat Flux for Covering of the Emission in the Surrounding Air of Subjected to Unilateral Heating Flat Wood Details before their Bending

A numerical approach for the computation of the specific (for 1 m2) energy consumption, qe, and the specific heat flux, dqe/dτ, needed for covering of the emission in the surrounding environment of the subjected to unilateral heating flat wood details aimed at their plasticizing and following bending has been suggested. The approach is based on the integration and differentiation of the solutions of a linear model for the calculation of the non-stationary 1D temperature distribution along the thickness of subjected to unilateral heating flat wood details, suggested by the authors earlier.For the numerical solution of the model aimed at the determination of qe and dqe/dτ software program has been prepared, which was input in the calculation environment of Visual Fortran. Using the program, computations have been carried out for the determination of the change in the energy qe and in the flux dqe/dτ, which are consumed by spruce details with an initial temperature of 20 °C, moisture content of 0.15 kg·kg-1, and thicknesses of 6 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm during their 10 min unilateral heating at temperatures of the heating metal band of 100 °C, 120 °C, and 140 °C and of the surrounding air of 20 °C. The obtained results are graphically presented and analyzed.

Ignition of Wood Fencing Assemblies Exposed to Continuous Wind-Driven Firebrand Showers

Post-fire studies conducted by NIST on the Waldo Canyon Fire in Colorado (2012) determined that wood fencing assemblies are believed to be vulnerable to ignition from firebrand showers in Wildland–Urban Interface fires, but again there has never been any experimental verification of this ignition mechanism. As a result, a series of experiments were conducted to examine ignition of wood fencing assemblies subjected to continuous, wind-driven firebrand showers. Western Red Cedar and Redwood fencing assemblies were exposed to continuous, wind-driven firebrands generated by the NIST full-scale Continuous Feed Firebrand Generator installed in the Fire Research Wind Tunnel Facility at the Building Research Institute in Japan. To simulate fine fuels that may be present near fencing assemblies, dried shredded hardwood mulch beds were placed adjacent to the fencing assemblies. The fencing assemblies were varied in length and in orientation to the applied wind field to simulate a range of configurations that may be encountered in realistic situations. Both flat and corner sections of fencing assemblies were used in these experiments. The dimensions of the flat wood fencing assemblies sections were varied from 0.91 m wide, 1.83 m in height to 1.83 m wide, 1.83 m in height. With respect to the corner sections, the dimensions used were 0.91 m by 0.91 m by 1.83 m in height. All configurations considered resulted in flaming ignition (FI) of the mulch beds, and subsequent FI of the wood fencing assemblies. Finally, experiments were also completed to determine if wind-driven firebrand showers could produce FI of fencing assemblies without the presence of fine fuels adjacent to the fence sections. Firebrands produced smoldering ignition (SI) of the fencing assemblies without fine fuels present, and SI transitioned to FI under the applied wind field. These experiments have demonstrated that wood fencing assemblies are vulnerable to ignition by wind-driven firebrand showers.

Exploring forest ‘fringescapes’: urban growth, society and swimming pools as a sprawl landmark in coastal Rome

The present study analyses the spatial distribution of urban settlements and residential swimming pools on the southern fringe of a large Mediterranean city (Rome, Italy) characterized by a mixed urban–rural landscape dominated by the forest of Castelporziano, one of the best preserved example of coastal flat oak wood in central Italy. Pool density was considered as a proxy for dispersed urbanization negatively impacting natural ecosystems at the local scale. We assess occurrence, frequency and dispersion of residential swimming pools as an indicator of urban sprawl around relict forest patches. A total of 6,336 swimming pools (29.4 % of total swimming pools found in Rome’s province concentrated in 19.6 % of the total surface area) were surveyed in coastal Rome (1,048 km2). The distribution of pools is spatially heterogeneous and reflects a mixed landscape structure alternating forests, cropland and human settlements with different density and compactness degree. Swimming pools concentrated in a few hotspots, especially in the western side of Castelporziano forest (Casalpalocco and Castelfusano districts) and along the coast (in Pomezia and Ardea municipalities), with a potentially higher pressure on forest ecosystem. The proposed approach based on spatial analysis proved to be effective in the study of latent landscape changes at the urban–wildland interface. Swimming pools are considered a reliable ‘sprawl’ landmark identifying dispersed settlements and indirectly quantifying the anthropogenic impact on fringe forests.

A Volumetric Contact Model to Study the Effect of Lane Friction and the Radii of Gyration on the “Hook Shot” in Indoor Bowling

Bowling refers to a series of sports in which a player rolls a spherical “bowling ball” towards a set of vertical targets or “pins”; where the objective is to knock down as many pins as possible, Werner (1995). In indoor bowling the game is played on a flat wooden or synthetic surface. To increase the probability of hitting the maximum number of pins, players often impart an initial spin that makes the ball curve and hit the target at an angle. For a right-handed player, the usual curve goes from right to left and is known as a “hook shot”. In this paper, a volumetric contact model has been used to simulate the “hook shot” by modeling the interaction between the ball and the lane. The principal objective is to study the effectiveness of the modeling framework towards the study of the effects of the lane friction and the initial kinematic conditions on the trajectory of the shot. The construction of the core of the ball and the variation of its radii of gyration will also be investigated for their contributions towards the “hook”.

Determination of sex by exfoliative cytology using acridine orange confocal microscopy: A short study

Context:Establishing individuality is an imperative aspect in any investigation procedure. Sometimes, in identifying an individual, it becomes necessary to determine the sex of that particular individual. Combining rapidity with reliability, an innovative idea has been put forward using a confocal microscope in exfoliative cytology. In the present study, we have determined the sex of the individual from buccal mucosal scrapings. The exfoliative cells were observed for Barr bodies under a confocal microscope, and the percentage of Barr-body-positive cells was determined.Aims:The main objective of this study is to assess confocal microscopy for the determination of sex by observing Barr bodies in the exfoliative cells of both men and women.Settings and Design:Samples of buccal mucosa smears were made followed by acridine orange staining. The stained slides were observed under a confocal microscope and the data obtained was subjected for statistical analysis, especially for mean and standard deviation.Materials and Methods:Samples of buccal mucosa smears from 20 men and 20 women were obtained by scraping with flat wooden sticks (exfoliative cytology). The smears were fixed in 100% alcohol for 15 min, followed by acridine orange (AO) staining as described by Von Bertalanffy et al. Smears stained with AO were examined under a confocal microscope and the percentage of Barr-body-positive cells was determined.Statistical Analysis Used:Data obtained was subjected for statistical analysis, especially for mean and standard deviation.Results:Two non-overlapping ranges for the percentage of Barr-body-positive cells have been obtained for men and women. It was observed that in the male samples, the percentage of Barr-body-positive cells ranged from 0-3%. In the female samples, the percentage of Barr-body-positive cells ranged from 18-72%, and all the females showed the presence of Barr bodies.Conclusion:The study showed that the presence of Barr body in buccal mucosal cells can be demonstrated with a fair degree of accuracy using acridine orange confocal microscopy. The sex of the individual can be determined accurately with other advantages offered, such as the rapidity of processing and screening a specimen that results in saving of time.

신갈나무 정상재와 인장이상재의 전단 및 휨 파면해석

인장이상재를 갖는 활엽수재의 파괴특성을 이해하기 위해 신갈나무재의 전단시험 및 휨시험을 통하여 파괴단면을 관찰하였다. 육안적으로 관찰한 결과 전단시편의 경우 정상재보다 인장이상재 시편에서 더 많은 섬유의 보풀이 관찰되었고, 함수율 30% 시편의 전단면이 10%보다 거칠고 많은 섬유의 보풀이 관찰되었다. 휨시험에 의해 파괴된 인장이상재는 정상재에 비해 목섬유가 굵고 길게 드러나 있는 것이 관찰되었다. SEM 관찰 결과 방사면 전단파괴시 정상재와 인장이상재의 목섬유는 벽내파괴에 의한 파괴형태를 보여주고 있으며, 방사유세포는 벽절단파괴에 가까운 형태로 파괴되었다. 접선면 전단파괴시 목섬유는 벽내파괴에 의한 파괴형태를 보여주고 있고 인장이상재의 목섬유의 파괴부분이 더 거칠었다. 방사유세포는 양 시편 모두 벽절단파괴에 의한 파괴 형태를 보여주었으며, 인장이상재의 방사유세포에서 절단면이 비교적 깨끗한 것으로 나타났다. 휨시험에 의한 목섬유 파면의 형태는 정상재의 목섬유에 비하여 인장이상재가 파괴 시 끝이 무디고 깨끗하게 끊어진 모습을 보여주었다. This study has been carried out to understand the fracture characteristics of the tension wood of Quercus mongolica under the shear and bending stress. Macroscopically, the wood fluff in the shear surface appeared more frequently in tension wood than sound wood, and more coarse wood fluffs were observed in 30% than 10% moistured shear surface. In the fractured tension wood from bending stress, more thick and long wood fiber appeared than sound wood. The observation using scanning electron microscope indicated that both sound and tension wood samples from radial shear surface showed the intrawall dominated failure and the fracture surface of the ray parenchyma cell showed the transwall dominated failure. In tangential shear surface, wood fiber surface showed the intrawall failure and short and coarse wood fiber was observed in tension wood. Ray parenchyma cell of sound and tension wood samples showed the transwall failure. The surfaces of tension wood’s ray parenchyma cell were relatively clean. The fractured tension wood from bending stress showed unsharp and flat wood fiber compared with sound wood.

A preliminary study on the preparation of wood-plastic composites from urban wastes generated in Merida, Mexico with potential applications as building materials

A preliminary study on the use of wood and plastic wastes generated in Merida, Mexico to assess their potential for the development of building materials is reported. Composites based on recycled, high-density polyethylene (R-HDPE) loaded with wood particles were prepared. The R-HDPE was collected from Merida's Separation Plant, where it was sorted from other residues, either organic or inorganic. Composites based on virgin, high-density polyethylene (V-HDPE) were also prepared to assess the effect of the R-HDPE on the composite's mechanical properties. The wood came from the trims of different varieties of the city's trees that are periodically pruned as part of the cleaning and urbanising programmes implemented by the City Council. A batch of this material was selected at random to incorporate into both the R-HDPE and V-HDPE. Different wood particle sizes were experimented with to obtain extruded composites with contents of 50% and 60% by weight of wood that were characterized under tension and impact. Flat wood-plastic extrudates with reasonable good appearance were also produced at the laboratory level as a first step to find an adequate route to scale-up the process to a pilot level to evaluate the feasibility of producing alternative building materials.

Dez estudos visando assimilar a técnica construtiva em madeira laminada

O texto se refere a dez estudos preliminares visando compreender e assimilar a técnica de curvatura de folhas planas de madeira e conformá-las em estruturas espaciais. A descrição contempla a forma de construção de moldes para essas conformações. As experiências descritas são as primeiras executadas no início do estudo de um sistema estrutural para módulos habitáveis, tema de minha pesquisa Produção seriada e projeto arquitetônico: A escola secundária financiada pela Fapesp, CNPq e USP. Essas experiências acabaram conduzindo ao registro de dois pedidos de patentes no INPI, com os números P.I.0.106.476-2 e P.I. 0.106.807-5.

Moisture Accumulation in Cellulose Insulation Caused by Air Leakage in Flat Wood Frame Roofs

The hygrothermal performance of assemblies can be assessed by testing and monitoring large-scale specimens exposed to realistic conditions under controlled laboratory settings. Moisture transfer cannot be measured directly, but moisture content can be monitored. A large-scale test of two flat roof assemblies filled with cellulose insulation is performed. The six-and-a-half-month test simulated a complete wetting and drying cycle from winter to summer. The wood structure and the cellulose insulation are the object of an extensive moisture content monitoring which included 102 resistance-type electronic moisture probes and 120 gravimetric specimens. The objective of this paper is to report on the changes in moisture content in the cellulose insulation as a function of the different air leakage paths.

MECHANICALLY-INDUCED WOOD WELDING

Mechanically-induced vibration welding of flat wood surfaces and rotation welding of wood dowels, without any adhesives, gave strength values comparable to those obtained with adhesive bonded joints. The joints obtained have strength up to structural level but can only be used for interior joinery and furniture. The reasons of the welding effect are presented and explained both at the wood anatomical and molecular level

UV‐B Biodosimetry in Turfgrass Canopies

Phylloplane microorganisms are affected by ultraviolet (UV) radiation penetrating into plant canopies, but data as to the relationships between microorganism activity and canopy UV levels is lacking. Current instrumentation and modeling systems are inadequate to analyze canopy radiation environments at scales relevant to microorganisms. A biological dosimeter system was developed for measuring UV‐B in turfgrass and other compact canopies. Cell suspensions of a DNA repair‐deficient strain of Escherichia coli (CSRO6) were enclosed in packets (0.2‐mL volume) of UV‐transmissible polyethylene. After the packets were exposed to sunlight, numbers of surviving bacteria were determined. The log percent survival was found to be linearly related to accumulative UV‐B dosage, as measured with a broad‐band UV‐B radiometer, but was not related to UV‐A dosage. In one experiment, the performance of the biodosimeter system was compared with that of a miniature UV‐B radiometer mounted in soil‐level tracks in eight plots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) that varied in leaf area index (LAI). The two methods yielded similar mean transmittance values that decreased with increasing LAI, closely fitting Beer's law. A similar relationship was found in a second experiment, in which biodosimeter packets were placed at the base of undisturbed tall fescue canopies. The packets also revealed considerable variation in transmittance possibly because of localized shading and sun flecks in the natural canopies. In a third experiment, direct and diffuse UV‐B at different heights within a tall fescue canopy was measured by packets attached to narrow, flat wooden sticks simulating grass leaves. This method has potential as a tool to capture the variability in UV levels related to nonuniformity in canopy structure, depth in a canopy, and leaf orientation.