Flat Products Research Articles

Machine learning price index forecasts of flat steel products

Machine learning price index forecasts of flat steel products

Some examples of Finsler metrics with special curvature properties

In this paper, we give a lot of new non-projectively flat Finsler warped product metrics with zero flag curvature. We also manufacture new generalized Douglas–Weyl (GDW) metrics which are nontrivial in the sense that these metrics are neither Douglas metrics nor Weyl metrics via hyperbolic spaces.

Cyclic pressing as a viable approach for dewatering and controlling shrinkage of micro-nanofabricated cellulose films

Cellulose films, predominantly consisting of micro-nanocelluloses, are a new type of product with interesting properties for functional packaging applications. However, the potentially scalable production methodology has not yet been elucidated. Poor dewatering and high web shrinkage are issues that need solutions beyond what is available in conventional paper production. This research investigates a cyclic pressing method that shows potential in cellulose film consolidation. Cyclic pressing allows the MNFC films to be dewatered to about 90% solids while yielding a smooth, flat product. The results show no inherent physical limits for mechanical dewatering these high swelling webs, even at very high solids. Cyclic pressing allows controlled restraint during consolidation, which could be adjusted in an industrial setup to produce even films with desirable product characteristics.

Dependence of metal shears consumption on technological parameters of the process of shearing flat rolled metal products

Dependence of metal shears consumption on technological parameters of the process of shearing flat rolled metal products

Algorithm, Progresses, Datasets and Validation of GLC_FCS30D: the first global 30 m land-cover dynamic product with fine classification system from 1985 to 2022

Abstract. Land cover change information plays an indispensable role in environmental monitoring, climate change research, agricultural planning, urban development, biodiversity conservation, and natural disaster risk assessment. Recently, the free access of Landsat imagery and improvement of computation capacity especially supported by Google Earth Engine platform provides great chance in time-series land-cover change monitoring. We used the stratified land-cover monitoring strategy and time-series Landsat imagery to develop a novel global 30 m land-cover dynamic product with fine classification system from 1985 to 2022 (GLC_FCS30D). Firstly, we used the multitemporal classification to generate the time-series impervious surfaces, wetlands and tidal flat products. Then, we proposed to combine the continuous change detection algorithm and local adaptive updating model to capture the land-cover changes, and to generate a new global 30 m land-cover dynamic product (impervious surfaces, wetlands and tidal flat types were excluded in this step). Next, after overlapping the three multitemporal classification products and the time-series dynamical land-cover dataset, the novel GLC_FCS30D was developed, which contained 35 fine land-cover types. Lastly, using the global 84526 validation points in 2020, the GLC_FCS30D was validated to show the great performance with an overall accuracy of 80.88%, and had obvious advantages over other global land-cover products in diversity of land-cover types and mapping accuracy.

An integrated model with interdependent water storage for optimal resource management in Energy–Water–Food Nexus

With the rapid increase in population and the industrial revolution, the demand for clean energy and water has substantially increased, underscoring their importance for sustainable economic development. Although energy and water infrastructures are often viewed as separate and uncoupled due to distinct processes in power generation and water production, they are fundamentally interlinked within their respective domains. This necessitates a strong coupling to optimally manage power and water resources simultaneously. To address this, a joint optimization algorithm has been developed to manage the supply-side resources of the Energy–Water–Food Nexus (EWFN), including the power, water, food, cogeneration, and storage networks. A mathematical model is first developed to dispatch clear power, potable water, and storage resources, considering constraints related to supply, demand, production, flow, and ramping. Additionally, the integration of a water storage facility alleviates binding constraints, enabling flat production to reduce costs and CO2 emissions. The proposed methodology also allows for the real-time quantification of production costs, energy mix, reserve and curtailed capacities, and energy imbalances. This methodological extension to EWFN includes flexible resources within the grid’s portfolio to promote cleaner production, ensuring that the required amount of water is consumed across all sectors. Finally, the proposed algorithm is tested on freely available datasets, demonstrating that the co-dispatch of energy and water resources in the presence of constraints leads to optimal generation and distribution of power and water without heavily relying on a single-product plant.

Fewer Operators, Lower Volumes in View for the Prolific Permian

The $100-billion-plus wave of oil industry consolidation that swept through the Permian Basin of west Texas and southeast New Mexico in the second half of 2023 may have crested but is still showing momentum that will likely result in more deals over the remainder of this year. Need evidence? Look to February’s $50-billion combination of Diamondback Energy and rival Endeavor Energy Resources. Endeavor began as a green-shoot sole-proprietorship in 1979 to drill its first well in Midland County, Texas. By 2016, the private company had transitioned into one of the region’s top horizontal well operators—completing over 1,100 gross operated horizontal wells and producing more than 400,000 gross operated barrels of oil equivalent per day at the time of the Diamondback deal. The Diamondback/Endeavor marriage was the side salad in an otherwise grand buffet of deals that ran roughshod through the region over the past several months. Last October, ExxonMobil cut a deal to acquire Pioneer Natural Resources for around $60 billion. Chevron followed suit with its $53-billion deal to acquire rival Hess. Other smaller, but notable deals included Permian Resources’ $4.5-billion bid for Earthstone Energy, Canada’s Ovintiv’s $4.3-billion offering on a trio of regional deals, and Civitas Resources snapping up private-equity-led Tap Rock Resources and Hibernia Energy III for a combined $4.7 billion. The lion’s share of the larger deals is characterized by players with more-predominant international footprints snapping up more-focused producers in an area of established crude oil production. When deals like this occur, not only are you taking two potential drilling programs and making them one, but you are also bringing these assets into a situation of heightened competition for budget dollars due to the acquiring company’s other financial requirements. This is expected to result in less drilling and, as a result, less production coming from the prolific Permian over the course of the next several months. “We do have production growth from the Permian slowing to about 400,000 B/D in 2024 from 500,000 in 2023 and 600,000 in 2022,” said Andrew Dittmar, analyst with Enverus. “It’s hard to draw a direct correlation to the consolidation of private E&Ps, but in my view that is playing a role. There has been over $100 billion in private sales in the Permian since 2021. Privates are far more likely to target double-digit production growth versus publics managing for flat production or low single-digit growth. Privates are especially likely to ramp up production immediately before going to market to garner a higher sales price, so the wave of privates gearing up to sell then transacting was a tailwind for Permian volumes,” Dittmar said. He noted that moving forward, this will have a diminished effect since there are limited large private entities left to merge in the Permian region. The likelihood of public-public mergers, such as ExxonMobil acquiring Pioneer or APA purchasing Callon Petroleum, having a significant impact is lower, as these companies were already operating with a focus on minimal growth in their assets.

Effects of the asymmetric and oscillating turbulent melt flow on the heat transfer and solidification inside the thin slab continuous casting (TSC) mold under the applied electromagnetic brake (EMBr)

The thin slab casting (TSC) is a breakthrough near-net-shape technique for flat products accompanied by rapid casting and solidification rates. The TSC quality hinges on the turbulence, super-heat flow and growth of the solidified shell. The electromagnetic brake (EMBr) is commonly applied to control the fresh melt flow after feeding through a submerged entry nozzle (SEN). Numerical modelling is a perfect tool to investigate the multiphase phenomena in the continuous casting (CC). The presented study considers the heat transfer through the solid shell and water-cooled copper mold including the averaged thermal resistance of the slag skin and the air gap coupled with the turbulent flow and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model using an in-house code developed inside the open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package OpenFOAM®. The model is applied to investigate different undesired asymmetric melt flow issues: (i) with the misaligned or (ii) partially blocked SEN; (iii) caused by the mean flow fluctuations with the natural frequencies; (iv) related to the oscillations of the fresh melt jets for the specific SEN designs and casting regimes. The variation of the flow pattern and superheat distribution is studied and presented for different scenarios both with and without applied EMBr.

Chern flat, Chern–Ricci flat twisted product in almost Hermitian geometry

Abstract We study Chern flat, Chern–Ricci flat twisted product almost Hermitian manifolds. We extend the twisted product to almost Hermitian manifolds, and give some formulae of the Chern curvature, the Chern–Ricci curvature and the Chern scalar curvature on the twisted product almost Hermitian manifold under the quasi-Kähler condition.

Classification of flat Lorentzian nilpotent Lie algebras

AbstractWe give a complete classification of flat Lorentzian nilpotent Lie algebras, this is to say of pseudo‐Euclidean Lie algebras associated to nilpotent Lie groups endowed with a left‐invariant Lorentzian metric of vanishing curvature. We prove that every such a Lie algebra is a direct sum of an indecomposable flat Lorentzian Lie algebra and an abelian Euclidean summand and show that, if denotes the ‐dimensional Heisenberg Lie algebra, then the only non‐abelian Lie algebras admitting flat Lorentzian metrics which are indecomposable are and the semidirect products and , defined by some particular derivations . In all those cases we also find the equivalence classes of flat Lorentzian products.

Abstract 2393: Development of a novel implantable drug-eluting product for the local treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Background Local control of non-metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a major challenge. Therapies with reduced systemic toxicity are needed as intravenous (IV) infusions are limited by patient tolerance with only small amounts reaching the tumor. PanTher created PTM-101, a novel absorbable drug formulation containing paclitaxel, designed to be locally applied via minimally invasive surgery to provide chemotherapy precisely to the peritumoral area in PDAC. Methods A study was conducted using 3 cadaveric abdomens to evaluate surgical feasibility of delivering PTM-101 via laparoscopy. Prior to insertion of PTM-101 into the peritoneum, the surgeons prepared each product by suturing a 3-0 Vicryl SH (Ethicon) at four evenly spaced locations around the edge of the flat circular product. A periumbilical 10mm Hasson port was placed to insufflate the abdomen, followed by placement of 3 additional working ports (5mm). The liver capsule was carefully surveyed to exclude metastatic disease. The surgeons opened a window into the lesser sac through the greater omentum, lifting the stomach up from the transverse colon to expose the pancreas. PTM-101 (a 1mm thick and 6cm diameter film) was rolled into a tubular shape, inserted through the cannula, and affixed to the peri-pancreatic fat with existing vicryl stitches. Results The estimated total operative time from placement of the first trocar to removal of all equipment was 45 minutes, for the 3 procedures. The operations included 25 minutes for entry, port placement, exposure of the simulated pancreatic tumor location and 20 minutes to place and suture PTM-101. PTM-101 was easy to fit through the cannula and was sutured without difficulty to the peri-pancreatic fat that surrounds the capsule of the pancreas. To simulate a tumor with hepatic artery involvement, the implant was sutured towards the hepatoduodenal ligament in one specimen, near the area of the gastroduodenal artery takeoff, proper hepatic artery, and proximal portal vein. PTM-101 covered the entire head/neck area of the simulated tumor locations without requiring disruption of the tumor area or dissection of the tunnel under the pancreatic neck. Conclusion PTM-101 is flexible and conforms easily to the underlying topography, both in a concave (i.e., with the tumor intact) and convex (i.e., after resection) scenario. Although human anatomy does not allow for PTM-101 to completely wrap around the pancreas, the size and flexibility of the product enables it to “drape” over the edges covering areas near the superior mesenteric vein and artery (SMV/SMA). This placement could hypothetically increase the amount of drug reaching the area behind the pancreas to target tumors which abut or encase the mesoportal vasculature. A decrease in the tumor-vessel interface could downsize pancreatic tumors, with the goal of increasing resection rates and post-resection local control. Citation Format: Margaret Lashof-Sullivan, Leslie S. Sloan, Michael P. Kim, Laura Indolfi, Ching-Wei D. Tzeng. Development of a novel implantable drug-eluting product for the local treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2393.

Chern Flat and Chern Ricci-Flat Twisted Product Hermitian Manifolds

Let (M1,g) and (M2,h) be two Hermitian manifolds. The twisted product Hermitian manifold (M1×M2f,G) is the product manifold M1×M2 endowed with the Hermitian metric G=g+f2h, where f is a positive smooth function on M1×M2. In this paper, the Chern curvature, Chern Ricci curvature, Chern Ricci scalar curvature and holomorphic sectional curvature of the twisted product Hermitian manifold are derived. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the compact twisted product Hermitian manifold to have constant holomorphic sectional curvature are obtained. Under the condition that the logarithm of the twisted function is pluriharmonic, it is proved that the twisted product Hermitian manifold is Chern flat or Chern Ricci-flat, if and only if M1,g and M2,h are Chern flat or Chern Ricci-flat, respectively.

Analysis of the Stability of a Flat Textiles with a Two-Parameter Deflection Curve.

The issue of large deflections of textiles occurs primarily when analyzing the "drape" of curtains, tablecloths and other flat textile products. The correct drape is particularly important from an aesthetic point of view. Additionally, there is a problem with the stability of the folds created during the drape process. The analysis of this problem is difficult due to the occurrence of large deflections and non-linear properties of the material. In this article, a selected fragment of the above-mentioned issue was tested, relating only to the stability of the fold formed under given loading conditions. A typical example is a fabric resting on a flat surface and loaded with compressive forces. The presented considerations lead to obtaining the deflection curve for a given self-weight and compressive force. Additionally, the obtained shape was tested for stability. Two shape parameters used in the analysis can be applied for the simulation of different shapes of the deflection curve. The analysis has been made using the energy method relating to the total potential energy of the object. The obtained results may be used in algorithms and simulation programs for fabric folding, buckling and for another applications in the area of textile mechanics.

Marteilia pararefringens infections are more frequent than revealed by the Norwegian surveillance programme, highlighting the need for its improvement.

Norway had historically been considered free of marteiliosis in bivalves since the disease surveillance programme began in 1995. However, in 2016, Marteilia pararefringens, a protistan parasite of mussels Mytilus spp., was described in a heliothermic lagoon-a poll-previously used to produce flat oyster spat. To study whether the parasite was introduced, and possibly spread, via the historical flat oyster networks on the south and west coast, we sampled aquaculture polls that were part of different networks of farmers and wild, natural polls with no aquaculture activity. Additionally, we sampled mussel banks influenced by polls and sheltered bays that could have a similar environment to that of polls. We identified 7 sites with M. pararefringens-infected mussel populations: 5 were polls used in flat oyster production and 2 were in fjord areas with no known connection to any bivalve aquaculture. Prevalence ranged between 2 and 88%. At one site, Trysfjorden, we found M. pararefringens in atypical organs, including the gills, mantle, and intestine. Marteilia-like cells were also observed in the epithelium, lumen, and surrounding connective tissue of metanephridia and in the sinus of the anterior retractor muscle. Our results demonstrate that the parasite is more widespread than previously thought and is neither isolated to polls nor connected directly to aquaculture activity. Lastly, our findings highlight the need for an improved sampling strategy in surveillance programmes to detect marteiliosis in mussels.

A Machine Learning Approach for Modelling Cold-Rolling Curves for Various Stainless Steels.

Stainless steel is a cold-work-hardened material. The degree and mechanism of hardening depend on the grade and family of the steel. This characteristic has a direct effect on the mechanical behaviour of stainless steel when it is cold-formed. Since cold rolling is one of the most widespread processes for manufacturing flat stainless steel products, the prediction of their strain-hardening mechanical properties is of great importance to materials engineering. This work uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) to forecast the mechanical properties of the stainless steel as a function of the chemical composition and the applied cold thickness reduction. Multiple linear regression (MLR) is also used as a benchmark model. To achieve this, both traditional and new-generation austenitic, ferritic, and duplex stainless steel sheets are cold-rolled at a laboratory scale with different thickness reductions after the industrial intermediate annealing stage. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of the cold-rolled sheets are determined by tensile tests, and the experimental cold-rolling curves are drawn based on those results. A database is created from these curves to generate a model applying machine learning techniques to predict the values of the tensile strength (Rm), yield strength (Rp), hardness (H), and elongation (A) based on the chemical composition and the applied cold thickness reduction. These models can be used as supporting tools for designing and developing new stainless steel grades and/or adjusting cold-forming processes.

Mechanism of self-healing behavior in rolled Cu-2Be flat product

In this research, we aimed to investigate the self-healing behavior of Cu-2Be alloy (UNS C17200), which is used as a non-magnetic high-strength material, under various loading conditions, both static and dynamic, including tension-annealing and fatigue tests. We observed crack filling in all heat-treated and tested samples, specifically those subjected to solution heat treatment at 800 °C, under-aged (UA) conditions, and aging conditions at 320 °C for 5 and 30 min.The latter two phenomena were triggered by the precipitation of γ (CuBe) and γ’ phases after straining and heat treatment. The synergistic effect of dynamic aging and dislocation recovery resulted in increased ductility in the pre-strained and UA sample, as evidenced by post-fracture elongation, compared to specimens elongated up to a certain pre-strained level followed by annealing and aging. In conclusion, uniaxial fatigue testing revealed that the lifetime of UA Cu-2Be samples surpasses that of annealed and fully aged ones due to the efficient preparation of self-healing effects brought about by the precipitation of intermediate and final age-hardening phases, dislocation rearrangement, and grain boundary reinforcement through beryllium atoms. To characterize the precipitated CuBe, we conducted XRD, XPS, and DIGE phase identification analyses, alongside relevant electron microscopy analyses. Additionally, we investigated the possibility of crack closure by integrating the findings from the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy outputs, thus validating the results of spectroscopy and diffraction.

The softening effect of welding on the mechanical properties of cold-worked stainless steel

Cold-working can occur during production of flat sheet products and during fabrication of structural cross-sections. In both cases, when the material is cold-worked, plastic deformations result in material strength enhancements. These strength enhancements are particularly significant for materials such as stainless steel, which exhibit rounded stress-strain behaviour and pronounced strain hardening, and for hollow structural sections, where the strength increases arise in both the corner and flat regions of the cross-sections. Numerous studies have shown the importance of utilising this strength enhancement for efficient structural design, and predictive models have been derived for harnessing these enhancements. However, if cold-worked material is welded, some of the enhanced strength can be lost due to partial softening in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The extent of this strength loss is investigated experimentally in the present study. The experimental programme comprised ten tensile coupon tests on 1 mm thick austenitic (Grade 1.4301) stainless steel sheet material, with central welds parallel and transverse to the direction of cold-rolling, as well as twelve full cross-section tensile tests on 80×60 mm and 60×60 mm hollow sections with thicknesses varying between 2 and 4 mm. Digital image correlation was utilised to determine the local constitutive properties of the base metal, the heat affected zone, and the weld metal of each specimen. The hardness and microstructure of the welded samples, along with the widths of the weld and heat affected zone, were also characterised.

Pitting corrosion behaviour in sodium chloride solution of intermetallic centreline stringers in super duplex stainless steels

Although manufacturers have optimized metallurgical routes to deliver super duplex stainless steels free from intermetallic phases, a segregated zone is generally formed close to mid-thickness for flat products. This zone may contain a small amount of sigma phase particles in the form of centerline intermetallic stringers. In this paper, their corrosion behaviour is investigated in sodium chloride solution, by coupling non-electrochemical and electrochemical techniques at the global and local scales. Corrosion mechanisms at centerline intermetallic stringers is then discussed and weak points in the sample are identified.

Effect of Ni content on the corrosion behavior of Mo2NiB2–Ni cermet in H2SO4 solution

To promote the utilization of Mo2NiB2–Ni cermet under sulfuric acid drew corrosion conditions, it is essential to elucidate the resistance mechanism of these cermets to sulfuric acid corrosion. In this study, the corrosion behavior of Mo2NiB2–Ni cermets with different Ni content in 90 wt % H2SO4 solution at 110 °C was investigated, and the corrosion resistance mechanism was analyzed. The results reveal that the corrosion weight losses and corrosion rates of the cermets decreased with increasing Ni content. Mo2NiB2–Ni cermets with higher Ni contents exhibited improved corrosion resistance. This improvement can be attributed to the generation of a considerable amount of NiSO4 corrosion products from the Ni binder phase corroded by H2SO4, which led to the subsequent formation of a large-scale, flat, and dense corrosion products layer with a certain thickness. This effectively prevented further erosion of the inner matrix and improved the corrosion resistance of the cermet. Additionally, the electrochemical results indicate that the corrosion product layer hindered the passage of electric charges through the layer, which inhibited the corrosion reaction.

Numerical assessment of interstand tensions in continuous hot rolling processes of flat and long products

The paper deals with the calculation of interstand tensions in continuous rolling mills.In the rolling mill industry, continuous measurement and data collection of roll forces, roll torques, temperatures and roll velocities is possible. However, the important process parameter of interstand tensions is not directly measurable and no direct calculation of the interstand tensions is possible. The interstand tensions couple the effects of subsequent roll gaps and should therefore by known for a holistic recalculation of the process. It is straightforward to calculate the effects of the tensions on roll forces, torques and the stock velocity. The inverse problem of calculating the acting interstand tensions including their effects from the process parameters is of greater interest but also of a higher complexity, because the interactions between all the stands in the rolling mill must be regarded. The present paper aims at filling this research gap by presenting a mathematical model to solve the inverse problem by a linearization of the tensions influences in the rolling mill. The present model does not require measured roll forces or torques to find the interstand tensions, only the rotational velocities of the rolls and the rolling parameters (material, temperature, pass schedule or pass design) must be known. Tension-dependent spread is considered by an empirical sub-model. Results are shown for the tension distributions in strip and rod mills. The results indicate that the present friction conditions and the entry size of the rolled stock have a high impact on the tension distributions.