Flat Design Research Articles

Effect of different design and surface treatment on the load-to-failure of ceramic repaired with composite.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effect of different designs and surface treatments on the load-to-failure of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic repaired with nanofilled composite. Lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic slabs (IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent) with three different designs of the top surface (flat, single plateau, or doubleplateau) (n=U) received 'no treatment', '5% HF etching', or "AI2O3 sandblasting". HF-etched and sandblasted slabs also received silane and universal one-step adhesive application. All slabs were incrementally repaired with nanofilled composite (Filtek Z350, 3M ESPE) up to6 mm above the highest ceramic top plateau. Specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C for 21 days and then subjected to 1,000 thermocycles between 5 and 55 °C. The interface composite-ceramic of each specimen was tensile tested until failure in a universal testing machine and the mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope. The ceramic surface morphology of one representative tested specimen from each subgroup (design/surface treatment) was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Regardless of ceramic design, the absence of surface treatment resulted in significantly lower load-to-failure values. No significant differences in load-to-failure values were observed between HF-etched and sandblasted specimens for the flat design; however, HF etching resulted in significantly higher load-to-failure values than sandblasting for both single plateau and double plateau designs. The majority (60%) of HF-etched specimens with single plateau or double plateau presented mixed failures. SEM photomicrographs showed that HF-etched specimens had smoother surfaces than sandblasted specimens. The surface treatment of a defective lithium disilicate glass-ceramic restoration has more influence than its macroscopic design on the retention of the composite repair. HF etching seems to provide higher bond strength to the composite repair.

A Numerical Study to Improve the Efficiency of Solar Collector used for water heating using Phase Change Material

Solar water heaters are an effective technology for harnessing renewable solar energy to provide hot water for households and businesses. However, their efficiency can be impacted by factors like intermittent sunshine, heat losses, and low radiation intensity. The aim of this study is to increase the efficiency of solar water heaters through the use of phase change materials (PCMs). PCMs have the ability to store latent heat during phase change, releasing it later when needed. This study uses numerical simulations to analyze the effect of integrating different PCMs into a flat plate solar collector design. The findings could then be validated experimentally and applied to improve the real-world performance of solar water heating systems. The PCMs are placed inside the collector to absorb heat during the day and release it after sunset to continue heating the water. The research seeks to determine the optimal PCM properties, structure, and placement within the collector to maximize heat storage and transfer. The efficiency and performance of the solar collector system with different PCM configurations have been compared to those of a conventional collector without PCM. The outcomes uncover that the use of suitable PCMs can significantly improve the efficiency and heat output of the solar collector, especially during periods of low radiation and after sunset. The optimal PCM configuration maintains higher water temperatures for longer, allowing solar water heating to continue into the evening. The results may provide valuable insights for using PCMs to boost the efficiency of solar thermal technologies

The visual content of neural networks as a return to the third-order simulacrum

This article is part of a larger study of design as a cultural phenomenon. In this part of the study, the author examines the process that is currently taking place in the semiotic structure of design, associated with the active introduction of neural networks into the creation of visual content. Artificial intelligence products stylistically take the design away from the fourth-order simulacrum (from the flat design style) and return the design to using the third-order simulacrum as the main iconic form.The object of the research is the transformation of the semiotic design system. The subject of the study is a return to the third–order simulacrum in modern design. The purpose of the study is to show and try to explain how in modern design there is a return to the use of a third-order simulacrum. The research method is a semiotic analysis of modern design based on the methodology of R. Barth's semiotic analysis. The study is also based on J. Baudrillard's theory of semiosis in hyperreality and three orders of simulacra. The author sees the philosophical justification of the art of neural networks in the concept of flat ontologies. The study of the semiotic structure of design allows us to see that the logic of design development carries this phenomenon through successive stages of semiosis associated with a decrease in meaning and a diminution of being. In its development, the design consistently uses first index signs, a second-order simulacrum, then a third-order simulacrum as the main sign form. Nowadays, the main iconic form in design has become a fourth-order simulacrum. Next, design had to either end as a profession and phenomenon, or move into a new cultural paradigm that was not related to simulation. However, unexpected transformations have begun to occur in design, due to the active involvement of non–human agents - neural networks – in the creation of visual content. Neural network products are a typical example of a third-order simulacrum. Thanks to the use of neural networks, modern design finally acquires the vector of transhumanism and closes in simulation.

POLYMER FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOER: A REVIEW

A brief description on polymer flat plat solar collector manufacturing, design, and applications are given in this work. The main obstacles that face these collectors type, and how can be processed are also discussed. It is found that polymer low thermal conductivity, and degradation are the most essential difficulties in this industry, and increase heat transfer area and additives are the best common solutions. While stabilizers can be added to increase polymer life time.

Punching performance of flat slabs with openings accounting for the influence of moment transfer and shear reinforcement

The arrangement of openings adjacent or near to slab-column connections is very common practice in flat slab design due to a number of advantages for technical installations. Such location is however conflicting with the most critical region of the slab, where punching shear failures may develop and typically govern the design at ultimate limit state. This requires in many cases arranging shear reinforcement to enhance the performance of the connections both in terms of resistance and deformation capacity. Such shear reinforcement is in addition particularly useful when unbalanced moments are transferred from the slab to the columns, which is a phenomenon typically detrimental for the punching shear resistance of inner connections. Despite the practical relevance of this case, there is currently no experimental evidence on the response of shear-reinforced slab-column connections with adjacent openings and moment transfer. Design is thus performed on the basis of simplified rules, modifying the resistance of connections without openings. In the present study, a comprehensive test programme addressed at this issue is presented in an effort to improve the current state-of-knowledge. Five slabs representing several practical cases and potential arrangements of shear reinforcement were tested. The experimental results are investigated in detail and compared to codes of practice, highlighting a number of deficiencies of current simplified rules. The phenomena is finally investigated on the basis of the mechanical model of the Critical Shear Crack Theory, showing a general frame for modelling and design of such detail.

CORRIGENDUM to “Automatic extraction of flat sketch design element from clothing images using artificial intelligence”

CORRIGENDUM to “Automatic extraction of flat sketch design element from clothing images using artificial intelligence”

Evaluation the Aerodynamic Drag Force of CC201 and CC203 Locomotives by CFD Simulation

Trains are a very important mode of transportation for freight and passengers in Indonesia. This encourages PT KAI, which is a train operator in Indonesia, to improve its performance. Currently PT KAI uses several types of locomotives. CC201 locomotives made in 1977-1978 and CC203 made in 1995 are locomotives that are still widely operated. Fuel consumption is one of the components of train operating costs, the percentage of which reaches more than 30%. Railroad fuel consumption is strongly influenced by various factors, one of which is the aerodynamic performance of the locomotive. This study presents an evaluation of the aerodynamic performance of CC201 and CC203 locomotives. The research stages include direct measurement of locomotive geometry and dimensions, CAD drawing creation using SoildWorks and aerodynamic evaluation using ANSYS software. The simulation results show that the flat front design of the CC201 locomotive has greater aerodynamic resistance. This can be seen from the pressure contours and turbulence around the locomotive body. This causes the drag force of the CC201 locomotive to be 44% greater than that of the CC203 locomotive.

Automatic extraction of flat sketch design element from clothing images using artificial intelligence

This study aims to develop a process that automatically extracts various flat sketch elements in vector format from clothing images. The approach of this study is to combine state-of-the-art image processing algorithms with the new algorithm devised in this study. First, a convolutional neural network based edge detection model trained with specially prepared fashion image data set was used to convert clothing images into edge maps. Then, a recurrent neural network based vectorization model and a rule-based image correction algorithm were used to convert the edge map into a vector image. Finally, a graph search algorithm was used to extract closed shapes from the vector image. As a result, the accuracy of edge extraction model has been improved by training with the special fashion image data set. The image correction rule was able to refine the vector images generated by the vectorization model. The graph algorithm was able to extract closed shapes from the vector image. This study is the first study to extract vector style flat sketch elements from clothing images using artificial intelligence and conventional computational geometry.

Analytical study of exergetic efficiency of a solar air heater with C-shape roughness element

This study analytically evaluates the exergetic efficiency of solar air heaters incorporating C-shaped rib roughened absorber plates. Compared to flat plate designs, the proposed geometry significantly enhances energy performance. Optimal roughness parameters for maximizing exergy efficiency are identified, providing design guidelines for improved solar air heater systems. The maximum value of exergy efficiency of the Solar air heater, with C-shaped ribs was obtained as 5.9%.

ANALYSIS OF PENEL DROP-OFF ON SHEAR SLIP AT FLAT SLAB IN THE ANIMAL HOSPITAL EDUCATION BUILDING OF THE FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE (RSHPFKH), UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

The Animal Hospital Education of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (RSHP-FKH) at Udayana University is located on Sesetan Main Road, Markisa Alley, No. 6, South Denpasar District, Denpasar, Bali. The building structure is planned with a modified flat slab design incorporating drop panels around the column areas. The purpose of this modification is to provide flexibility in spatial arrangement, facilitate the installation of mechanical and electrical systems, and indirectly meet the height requirements specified by the local regulations in Bali. The structural analysis of the Animal Hospital Education building at RSHP-FKH, Udayana University was conducted using the ETABS v.18 software, following the guidelines of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The analysis focused on the effect of drop panels on shear slip in the flat slab. The analysis aimed to determine the magnitude of deflection and its corresponding locations in the structure. The results of the analysis provide relevant information regarding the strength and stability of the building structure, ensuring that the RSHP-FKH building at Udayana University meets the established standards.

Developing a Performance-Based Approach to the Effect of Roof Features on Fire Safety in Buildings with Atriums

Developing technology, changing social structures, and the threat of resource depletion have changed the design of buildings. Therefore, design approaches are developed to increase user comfort and reduce energy consumption by utilizing natural ventilation and lighting. The design of the distribution of outdoor air and light into the spaces through vertical and horizontal gaps reduces the energy demand of the mechanical systems and increases occupant comfort. The atrium is the preferred vertical gap in modern buildings for distributing natural air and light to interior spaces under appropriate conditions. However, in buildings with atrium, there is a risk of fire spreading in the event of a fire due to the uninterrupted gaps between the rooms. It is necessary to ensure the operability of the design by monitoring the measures to be taken in the early stages of design using performance-based fire safety methods. This study develops design strategies for fire analysis in atrium buildings using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation technology. Atrium height, roof type, and slope characteristics are analyzed for the stack effect, which is the main factor in the movement of smoke and flames. As a result of the numerical analyses consisting of flat, unidirectional, and bidirectional sloping roof type, 10, 20, 30-degree roof slope, and one-meter rising atrium roof variables, the effect degrees for smoke dispersal and temperature control are investigated. Fire Dynamic Simulator, which uses CFD capabilities, and Smokeview software, which can visualize the results, were used for the numerical analysis. Correlation analysis was used to determine the effect of variables on temperature. The results showed that flat roofs and designs with increasing height were effective in delaying the spread of smoke and increasing the stack effect in the atrium, while the contribution of roof slope to fire safety was weak.

Performance analysis of novel dew point evaporative cooler with shell and tube design through different air-water flow configurations

The complex design of a dew point evaporative cooler (DPEC) is the largest impediment to the globalization of such a high-performance system. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a new design for the DPEC which eliminates the complexity barrier and significantly improves the system's performance. The new design consists of one shell and a bank of tubes. The single shell works as a working channel, while the tubes work as primary channels. A solid mathematical model has been developed which can predict the system's performance with high accuracy, as it was validated against three experimental studies. Throughout the analysis, the energy and thermal performances of the current model has been compared to the conventional DPEC with flat plate design for two air-water flow configurations, namely, parallel and counter air-water flow configurations. It was found that, under a wide range of operational and geometrical conditions, the new cooler consistently outperformed the flat plate type cooler by producing colder air by about 3.1 °C and improving energy efficiency by about 12.2 %. Meanwhile, the parallel air-water flow configuration produced much colder water than the counter configuration, accounting for 15.76 °C (140 %) colder.

In Vitro Assessment of Different Toothbrush Designs on Enamel Surface Abrasion: A Profilometric Study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of three different toothbrush designs on enamel surface abrasion. Sixty intact freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were considered for the study. All of the extracted teeth's surfaces were severely trimmed, leaving only the labial surface intact. In the trial, a conventional teeth-whitening dentifrice slurry was utilized. A brushing model was created to deliver uniform force in unidirectional motion. Dontrix Gauge was used to control the tension of the spring. The force was kept constant at 180 ± 20 g. The mounted enamel samples were separated into three groups (20 samples each) at random: group A: toothbrushes have a flat trim bristle design, group B: toothbrushes have a zigzag pattern, and group C: toothbrushes have a bi-level bristle design. For 2 weeks, each sample was brushed twice daily for 2 minutes. A profilometer was used to measure the average surface roughness. After toothbrushing, the maximum mean surface roughness score was found in zigzag pattern group (2.10 ± 0.23), followed by bi-level bristle design group (2.06 ± 0.12) and the least was in the flat trim bristle design group (1.96 ± 0.09). There was a significant difference between the different toothbrush bristle pattern groups (p < 0.001). On conclusion, the results of this study showed that, in comparison to toothbrushes with zigzag patterns and bi-level bristle designs, flat trim toothbrush bristle designs cause the least amount of surface abrasion and are relatively safe to use. Toothbrushing with toothpaste contributes significantly to dental abrasion. A variety of parameters, including toothpaste abrasivity and concentration, brushing frequency, brushing length, brushing force, and toothbrush bristle stiffness, have the potential to influence the abrasion process of dental hard tissue.

Thin On-Sensor Nanophotonic Array Cameras

Today's commodity camera systems rely on compound optics to map light originating from the scene to positions on the sensor where it gets recorded as an image. To record images without optical aberrations, i.e., deviations from Gauss' linear model of optics, typical lens systems introduce increasingly complex stacks of optical elements which are responsible for the height of existing commodity cameras. In this work, we investigate flat nanophotonic computational cameras as an alternative that employs an array of skewed lenslets and a learned reconstruction approach. The optical array is embedded on a metasurface that, at 700 nm height, is flat and sits on the sensor cover glass at 2.5 mm focal distance from the sensor. To tackle the highly chromatic response of a metasurface and design the array over the entire sensor, we propose a differentiable optimization method that continuously samples over the visible spectrum and factorizes the optical modulation for different incident fields into individual lenses. We reconstruct a megapixel image from our flat imager with a learned probabilistic reconstruction method that employs a generative diffusion model to sample an implicit prior. To tackle scene-dependent aberrations in broadband , we propose a method for acquiring paired captured training data in varying illumination conditions. We assess the proposed flat camera design in simulation and with an experimental prototype, validating that the method is capable of recovering images from diverse scenes in broadband with a single nanophotonic layer.

Investigation of the stress-strain state of a prismatic damping element

Problem. Among the main problems that arise when solving new problems there is the justification of choosing the calculation scheme of the object under consideration and the reliability of the obtained results. Goal. Often, the calculation of spatial prismatic structures is carried out within the framework of a flat design, which is due to the high complexity of solving a three-dimensional problem. Methodology. However, this simplification of the calculation scheme, based on the hypothesis of the constancy of the parameters of the stress-strain state along the length of the body, may lead to an incorrect assessment of the operating conditions of the structure. Results. This is especially dangerous for responsible highly loaded elements and parts, therefore, it is necessary to take into account all factors affecting the spatial nature of the stress-strain state of the structures under study. Originality. The substantiation of the reliability of solving new problems by the finite element method is carried out, first of all, by successive thickening of the calculation grid area. Practical value. It should continue until a slight change in the results begins to be observed with a significant increase in the number of elements. It should be noted that the capabilities of the traditional version of the FEM in this regard are quite limited, and when it is used, this requirement is basically not fulfilled. Practical meaning. The purpose of this study is to determine the spatial picture of the stress-strain state of the damping element during operation and to compare the spatial solution with the flat one. Comparing the parameters of the stress-strain state of the workpiece during work, obtained in flat and spatial settings, allows us to conclude that the research must be carried out on the basis of spatial calculation.

Two-peg versus flat tibial tray design in cemented unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Two-peg versus flat tibial tray design in cemented unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

On the Flexibility of a Sliding Vertical Support of a Flat Design

On the Flexibility of a Sliding Vertical Support of a Flat Design

The problem of design as a metalanguage of the information space

The object of the study is modern design as a cultural phenomenon. The subject of the study is design as a metalanguage of the modern information space – hyperreality. The relevance of the research is determined by the globalization of communication, characteristic of the modern socio–cultural situation: today communication takes place in hyperreality, which makes national languages a special case of communication - the whole world begins to communicate in a metalanguage understandable anywhere in the world, and today design becomes such a universal language. The novelty of the research is due to the very formulation of the question: until now, design has not been considered as a metalanguage of hyperreality. In addition, the study reveals the problems of modern design associated with the modern stage of its functioning in hyperreality.The purpose of the study is to show that in the conditions of globalized hyperreality, design becomes a metalanguage, a semiotic system built on top of the semiotic system, which is the modern information and communication space. The main method of research is the semiotic analysis of the design environment. The research is mainly based on the material of modern flat design, which is the most representative form of the existence of design at the present time. The main conclusions of the study: the socio-cultural environment of modern man is hyperreality. Hyperreality is a metalanguage in relation to primary reality. But hyperreality itself uses a metalanguage as the main language, this metalanguage is design. Design builds a system of images and connotations over the world of things, thus creating a metalanguage, or semiotic system of design. Modern design uses simulacra signs as the main sign form, since hyperreality in its development tends to distance itself from the primary reality, and develops its syntactic and paradigmatic structure, which is fundamentally different from the primary reality. The uniqueness of design as a metalanguage lies in the use of simulacra, signs that are fundamentally not expressive, not adapted for adequate transmission of information.

Exploration of motif patterns using the space-time-plane system and flat design stylization with La Galigo epic inspiration

The development of storytelling motifs is enhanced through the Space-Time-Plane (STP) system, a drawing technique that integrates Image Way and Grammar principles. This system adeptly represents spatial and temporal dimensions, facilitating the creation of illustrative storytelling. Its application extends to translating images into meaning and vice versa, showcasing its impact on the textile sector. Notably, it drives the evolution of non-repetitive motif compositions embodying story concepts presented with flat design styling. Despite its successes, applying the STP system to motif development poses challenges, particularly when incorporating motifs into product patterns, leading to story truncation. Conversely, the non-repetitive motif composition using the STP system ensures the entire narrative is encapsulated in a single image, preventing any intersection of motifs. Motif development with the STP system draws inspiration mainly from modern sources despite its closer connection to traditional Indonesian art, particularly heroic stories like the epic La Galigo. While developments inspired by heroic narratives, including La Galigo, exist, their visualization remains confined to single-image models. The primary aim of this research is to generate an inspirational motif rooted in Indonesian traditional art, specifically the La Galigo epic. This is achieved through the utilization of the STP system, flat design styling, and repetitive composition or repeated illustration models. Employing an exploratory method, the research culminates in a repetitive motif composition, providing an alternative resolution to the issue of truncated motifs in non-repetitive composition models. The study aspires to contribute significantly to research focused on enriching the application of the STP system in visualizing stories through the manipulation of textile motif compositions.

Co-Design Methods for Non-Standard Multi-Storey Timber Buildings

To meet climate change goals and respond to increased global urbanisation, the building industry needs to improve both its building technology and its design methods. Constrained urban environments and building stock extensions are challenges for standard timber construction. Co-design promises to better integrate disciplines and processes, promising smaller feedback loops for design iteration and building verification. This article describes the integrated design, fabrication, and construction processes of a timber building prototype as a case study for the application of co-design methods. Emphasis is placed on the development of design and engineering methods, fabrication and construction processes, and materials and building systems. The development of the building prototype builds on previous research in robotic fabrication (including prefabrication, task distribution, and augmented reality integration), agent-based modelling (ABM) for the design and optimisation of structural components, and the systematisation of timber buildings and their components. The results presented in this article include a functional example of co-design from which best practises may be extrapolated as part of an inductive approach to design research. The prototype, with its co-designed process and resultant flat ceilings, integrated services, wide spans, and design adaptability for irregular column locations, has the potential to expand the design potential of multi-storey timber buildings.