Flat Design Research Articles

Design and On-Orbit Performance of Ku-Band Phased-Array Synthetic-Aperture Radar Payload System

The current emphasis in the advancement of space-based synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) is on lightweight payloads under 100 kg with resolutions surpassing 1 m. This focus is directed toward meeting the launch criteria for multiple satellites on a single rocket and cutting costs. This article discusses the creation and progress of a Ku-band SAR payload for the Taijing-4(03) satellite, launched on 23 January 2024 and accompanied by four other satellites. The SAR payload design was customized to meet the demands of a micro-nano satellite platform, resulting in a lightweight, flat design weighing less than 80 kg, seamlessly integrated with the plate-shaped satellite platform. The article also introduces a beam optimization strategy for the phased array SAR antenna, significantly boosting the SAR system’s performance. The SAR payload provides various operating modes like slide-spot, strip, Scan 1, Scan 2, and others, with a maximum achievable resolution exceeding 1 m. Extensive in-orbit testing of the payload produced numerous high-quality SAR images with potential uses in emergency disaster mitigation, safeguarding ecosystems, monitoring forests, managing crops, tracking sea ice, and more.

Heat transfer performance optimization of turbine blade internal cooling channel with pin-fins and recessed-extruded endwalls

This paper involves implementing and optimizing a novel recessed-extruded endwall design for a rectangular cooling channel equipped with pin-fins. The study encompasses an in-depth exploration of the flow dynamics, pondering the generation and sustenance of vortices within the channel, using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes analysis. The study delves into the evaluation of heat transfer characteristics, considering crucial parameters such as Nusselt number, friction factor, and overall heat transfer performance. These attributes are contrasted with the corresponding values observed in cases featuring flat endwalls, concerning Reynolds numbers spanning from 7400 to 36,000. A parametric study of the channel with recessed-extruded endwalls is conducted, aiming to comprehend the influence of geometric factors on channel heat transfer. A single-objective optimization process focusing on enhancing heat transfer effectiveness, quantified through the heat transfer efficiency index (HTEI), is conducted with three design variables. The results indicate that the new endwall configuration significantly enlarges the high heat transfer areas near the pin-fins compared to the flat endwall across all Reynolds numbers. This novel endwall design substantially elevates the heat transfer levels adjacent to the pin-fins, showcasing an impressive 62.4% increase in HTEI at Re = 21,500 compared to the flat endwall, with a protrusion height of 2.5% of the channel height. Furthermore, by increasing the height, the recessed-extruded endwall configuration can achieve a remarkable 91.1% increase in HTEI compared to the flat endwall. This achievement is reached with a protrusion height equivalent to 5% of the channel height at Re = 7400. Through design optimization using the radial basis neural network (RBNN) surrogate model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique, the HTEI of the recessed-extruded endwall design shows enhancements of 91.7% and 18.0% compared with the flat endwall and reference designs, respectively, at a Reynolds number of 21,500. The present work demonstrates the potential for enhancing the heat transfer of pin-fins channels by improving endwall design.

Design of Biomaterial Absorber using coconut shell charcoal for 38 GHz frequency

Abstract Activated carbon derived from coconut shells has gained significant attention as an effective and sustainable absorber material. The process involves carbonizing coconut shells to create a carbon-rich base, followed by activation through heat and steam, leading to a porous structure with a vast surface area. In this research, coconut shell charcoal is used to make an absorber for microwave application. We used relative permittivity (ε) 3.178, relative permeability, (µ) 1.215 and dielectric loss tangent (σ) 0.0719 to simulate the material based of coconut shell charcoal. We investigate the absorption in terms of design and the size of the proposed absorber in the frequency region of 26.5 GHz to 40 GHz (Ka band). The optimal absorption was achieved with a transmission factor of -29.22 dB and -52.94 dB in both simulation and measurement. The absorption percentage > 99 % for the flat design of the coconut shell charcoal design with the thickness of 16.9 mm.

Thermal management performance of a novel elliptically grooved flat heat pipe system embedded with internally cooled condenser

Flat heat pipes (FHPs) with rectangular groove wick structures fail to sufficiently uplift the working fluid’s liquid meniscus to cover the upper sides of the groove walls due to the vertically flat wall design. This results in the formation of non-evaporative zones, particularly in the evaporator region, leading to elevated wall temperatures at high heat loads. To address this issue, a novel FHP with elliptical grooves as wick is designed and tested across heat loads ranging from 30 to 360 W. Elliptical groove depths of 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm are evaluated and compared to FHPs with rectangular grooves. Results showed that at 360 W, the 0.7 mm depth elliptical grooves resulted in 6.5 % reduction in evaporator wall temperature and 27.8 % reduction in thermal resistance, along with 31.5 % enhancement in effective thermal conductivity compared to rectangular grooves. The curvature of the elliptical grooves, combined with enhanced surface tension effects of the working fluid, efficiently uplifted the liquid meniscus to cover the upper wall of the groove, minimizing non-evaporative zones. Additionally, FHPs with elliptical grooves demonstrated lower entropy generation, indicating higher thermal efficiency. Consequently, FHPs with elliptical groove designs are concluded to be an efficient and suitable solution for the thermal management of miniaturized electronic devices.

Generation of dual‐mode PS‐OAM beams using a Vivaldi antenna array

AbstractThe paper proposes a single antenna that can generate dual‐mode plane spiral orbital angular momentum (PS‐OAM) beams. Six Vivaldi antennas placed in a tangential circular array make up the antenna, and the antenna is etched onto a substrate material and has a flat design, allowing for easy integration with other system components. The neighbouring ports of the antenna elements have phase differences, so phase‐shifting in the feeding network is unnecessary. When fed with the same phase and amplitude, the antenna can produce PS‐OAM beams with mode +1 at 7 GHz and mode +2 at 14 GHz, and the measured purity is 80.6% and 63%, respectively. The method may provide a new way to produce multi‐mode orbital angular momentum.

Development of a flat jet delivery system for soft X-ray spectroscopy at MAX IV.

One of the most challenging aspects of X-ray research is the delivery of liquid sample flows into the soft X-ray beam. Currently, cylindrical microjets are the most commonly used sample injection systems for soft X-ray liquid spectroscopy. However, they suffer from several drawbacks, such as complicated geometry due to their curved surface. In this study, we propose a novel 3D-printed nozzle design by introducing microscopic flat sheet jets that provide micrometre-thick liquid sheets with high stability, intending to make this technology more widely available to users. Our research is a collaboration between the EuXFEL and MAX IV research facilities. This collaboration aims to develop and refine a 3D-printed flat sheet nozzle design and a versatile jetting platform that is compatible with multiple endstations and measurement techniques. Our flat sheet jet platform improves the stability of the jet and increases its surface area, enabling more precise scanning and differential measurements in X-ray absorption, scattering, and imaging applications. Here, we demonstrate the performance of this new arrangement for a flat sheet jet setup with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, photoelectron angular distribution, and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments performed at the photoemission endstation of the FlexPES beamline at MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden.

Skeuomorphic or flat? The effects of icon style on visual search and recognition performance

Although there have been many previous studies on icon visual search and recognition performance, only a few have considered the effects of both the internal and external characteristics of icons. In this behavioral study, we employed a visual search task and a semantic recognition task to explore the effects of icon style, semantic distance (SD), and task difficulty on users’ performance in perceiving and identifying icons. First, we created and filtered 64 new icons, which were divided into four different groups (flat design & close SD, flat design & far SD, skeuomorphic design & close SD, skeuomorphic design & far SD) through expert evaluation. A total of 40 participants (13 men and 27 women, ages ranging from 19 to 25 years, mean age = 21.9 years, SD=1.93) were asked to perform an icon visual search task and an icon recognition task after a round of learning. Participants’ accuracy and response time were measured as a function of the following independent variables: two icon styles (flat or skeuomorphic style), two levels of SD (close or far), and two levels of task difficulty (easy or difficult). The results showed that flat icons had better visual search performance than skeuomorphic icons; this beneficial effect increased as the task difficulty increased. However, in the icon recognition task, participants’ performance in recalling skeuomorphic icons was significantly better than that in recalling flat icons. Furthermore, a strong interaction effect between icon style and task difficulty was observed for response time. As the task difficulty decreased, the difference in recognition performance between these two different icon styles increased significantly. These findings provide valuable guidance for the design of icons in human–computer interaction interfaces.

Next-Generation Batteries through Advanced 3D Electrode and Material Concepts

With the rise of renewable energy sources, energy storage solutions become increasingly important as they represent a key feature for secure and constant power supply. In this regard, battery systems play a crucial role in accelerating the transition towards sustainable and green energy sources. To meet the rising global demand, further advancement of the battery technology is imperative. One optimization pathway is to use battery materials that are more sustainable while also yielding improved electrochemical performance, contributing to both environmental and functional advancements. However, innovation must go beyond the material level, and new electrode design approaches for an efficient combination of high power and high energy systems are necessary.In this context, the three-dimensional (3D) battery concept with its increased exposed electrode surface, shows a great promise for enhanced electrochemical performance compared to the conventional flat designs of state-of-the-art electrodes. Targeting at the bottleneck of high power/high energy density systems, the incorporation of micro-structured channels within the electrodes improves lithium-ion diffusion pathways and minimize strain from volume expansion during electrochemical cycling.Our focus is the investigation of 3D electrode architectures generated by laser-processing techniques such as ultrafast laser ablation and laser-assisted printing. Working with ultrafast lasers offers the possibility to process materials while reducing thermal impact and allows the creation of well-designed and controllable electrode surface topographies. The adoption of this concept has already shown great impact in enhancing the high-rate capability and lifetime of conventional electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.[1-3] Expanding the scope, this work explores the applicability of laser-generated 3D electrode architectures to next-generation battery active materials such as high-voltage lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) composites. On anode side, silicon/graphite and amorphous carbon is extensively investigated for lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries, respectively. To understand the impact of the manufacturing process, electrochemical evaluations are complemented by findings from laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, Raman measurements, and Auger electron spectroscopy.In conclusion, this contribution highlights the promising advancements achieved by applying laser-generated 3D electrode architectures to next-generation battery materials and aims to provide valuable insights into this exciting frontier of battery research.[1] W. Pfleging, Nanophotonics 7 (2018) 549–573.[2] W. Pfleging, Int. J. Extrem. Manuf. 3 (2021) 012002.[3] M. Zaeh, Appl. Energy 303 (2021), 117693.

Design optimization of floor plan for public housing buildings in Hong Kong with consideration of natural ventilation, noise, and daylighting

Indoor environmental quality plays a crucial role in determining the overall quality of life. This study aims to develop a design optimization approach for the floor plan of public housing buildings with modular flat design in Hong Kong, with focus on enhancing natural ventilation, reducing noise levels, and improve daylighting conditions. The evaluation of these environmental factors was conducted using deep neural network models and a mathematically based Calculation of Road Traffic Noise model. A general floor plan representation was developed for three- and four-winged structures of public housing buildings. An optimization approach utilizing Bayesian optimization was applied to three studied cases: Hung Shing House, Hung Hei House, and Cheung Tai House. The optimization process resulted in an average 41.5 % improvement in average natural ventilation rate. The optimized building shapes effectively served as noise barriers, leading to an average reduction of 20 % in average noise levels. The existing window configurations of each unit type under the modular flat design already provided sufficient daylighting, resulting in only a minor improvement from the optimization process.

Design and performance analysis of different cambered wings for flapping-wing aerial vehicles based on wind tunnel test

PurposeBionic flapping-wing aerial vehicles (FWAVs) mimic natural flyers to generate the lift and thrust, such as birds, bats and insects. As an important component of the FWAVs, the flapping wings are crucial for the flight performance. The aim of this paper is to study the effects of different wings on aerodynamic performance.Design/methodology/approachInspired by the wings structure of birds, the authors design four cambered wings to analyze the effect of airfoils on the FWAVs aerodynamic performance. The authors design the motor-driven mechanism of flapping wings, and realize the control of flapping frequency. Combined with the wind tunnel equipment, the authors build the FWAVs force test platform to test the static and dynamic aerodynamic performance of different flapping wings under the state variables of flapping frequency, wind speed and inclined angle.FindingsThe results show that the aerodynamic performance of flapping wing with a camber of 20 mm is the best. Compared with flat wing, the average lift can be improved by 59.5%.Originality/valueDifferent from the traditional flat wing design of FWAVs, different cambered flapping wings are given in this paper. The influence of airfoils on aerodynamic performance of FWAVs is analyzed and the optimal flapping wing is obtained.

Sensor platform for periodic integrity inspection of subsea structures with a permanently installed measuring system

Offshore structures are inspected with high costs and risks. In order to reduce both, the Fraunhofer IKTS has developed a sensor platform for automated periodic inspection by underwater vehicles like Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV). The monitoring tasks are numerous. Temperature or pressure measurements are widely needed to ensure safe operation. Welded seams are a critical element of offshore infrastructure. If they fail due to high wave loads, extraordinary ice collision or due to fatigue behaviour, the entire structure becomes critical regarding the stability and safety. The Fraunhofer IKTS developed a technique for the permanent installation on subsea structures in order to enable a periodic inspection. The communication and energy supply are realized wireless by WiFi and inductive energy supply. The sensors used differ from application to application. For the welded seam inspection, shear wave laminable transducers ensure a flat design to prevent damage due to current or waves. Shear waves give a relative independency from fouling to make the interpretation of the data more comprehensive. The device has been tested in maritime environment for 2,5 years to ensure reliability. Furthermore, a modular setup with integrated transducers into the circuit board provide market relevant potential low prices on the long term. The connection unit has been designed in a way that also small ROV/AUV can operate the light-weight unit to ensure a broad applicability by almost any vehicle on the market.

Performance Evaluation of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Air Collector Based on Energy and Exergy Analysis

This work presents a comprehensive parametric study of thermal and electrical performance of four different designs of photovoltaic/ thermal air heaters (PV/T) based on energy and exergy analysis. The results are compared to that from the conventional design of flat duct PV/T. The main goal of these designs is to enhance the heat transfer inside the air duct and consequently to increase the system's electrical power output. A computer simulation program has been developed in order to calculate the electrical and thermal PV/T collector parameters. The results indicate that an increase of 52, 52.4, and 68.25 % in the total system efficiency has been achieved from the corrugated duct, double pass design and finned duct respectively. Furthermore, at a low mass flow rates the electrical efficiency has also been improved for the three types by 9.8, 14.6 and 12.6 % respectively compared to that of flat duct design. The temperature of the PV arrays has a major effect on the exergy efficiency and removing heat from the PV module keeps the net power output at satisfactory level.

Osteotomy wedge angle - Aiming to achieve perfection with new device: Pre-clinical stage

IntroductionThe surgical execution of osteotomy requires precision in measuring the wedge angle. The pre-operative planning methods are plenty and so are few devices for high tibial osteotomy. But struggle happens for those bony areas other than proximal tibia where alignment correction is needed. The new device is proposed to address this surgical problem. The ease of measuring angle for bony wedge angle, in any bone, independent of its width and in any plane, is the question being solved with the proposed devices. MethodsTwo jig instruments have been shown in the study. First one the curved with direct angle measuring marking in degrees on the body. K wire is accepted through the tower exactly showing the desired angle. The second jig instrument is flat design with marking in millimeters. This device works on trigonometric principle of sum of angles of any triangle is equal to 180°. The jig can be removed leaving the k wires in place to complete the final osteotomy once confirmed. ResultsIt's a pre-clinical stage study. The saw bone models show encouraging measurements and perfect execution of angle at the osteotomy site. DiscussionHTO has been researched a lot with many options of surgical devices. The criticism of using known devices is the variable accuracy, especially for the smaller width of tibial metaphysis. One major limitation of these available instruments is they can be used only for proximal tibial metaphysis. For any other surgical sites like distal femur, distal tibia, distal humerus or tibial slope correction neither these HTO jigs will work nor there is any available universal instrument as such. The common misconception of one degree equal to 1 mm does not stand true at all bony sites. Hence there was a need to solve this problem with universal jig. I have designed two new devices which are currently at pre-clinical stage. The curve device has limitations which get corrected in straight device. The philosophy changes from one direct measurement with two tips of wires forming the angle in a curved device to indirect measurement by simple trigonometric calculation in a straight device. The proposed new device would work in any bone, for any trapezoidal wedge shape osteotomy using simple user-friendly k wires.

Analysis on battery thermal management system based on flat heat pipe at high discharging rate

Power batteries are the core power source for electric vehicles. However, battery thermal management technology for electric vehicles will face more severe challenges in the future. Flat heat pipe has gradually received much attention in the field of battery thermal management due to its high heat conduction coefficient and lightweight structure. This paper focuses on the influence of flat heat pipe structural parameters on battery thermo-electrical performance by establishing simulation model of the battery cooling system, which makes contribution to the flat heat pipe structure design on optimizing battery overall performance. Based on the mechanism of working medium flow effect of flat heat pipe on the battery electrochemical heat generation, a coupled model of flat heat pipe-based battery system is established according to the relationship between battery electrochemical heat generation performance and flat heat pipe heat transfer characteristics. The accuracy of system model is further verified by experiment, and the battery thermo-electrical characteristics under different discharging conditions is simulated. The flat heat pipe-based battery thermal management system can effectively reduce the battery maximum temperature while improving the uniformity of battery temperature and state of charge (SOC). The reduction of the vapor chamber thickness causes the uneven distribution of vapor thermal resistance, so the battery maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference will become larger, which will further cause the uneven distribution of battery internal resistance, and this will finally increase the non-uniformity of battery module discharging current distribution. A structural design method of the flat heat pipe-based battery thermal management system is developed with the battery thermo-electrical coupling performance as the design objective and the flat heat pipe structural parameters (total thickness, vapor chamber thickness, total length) as the optimization variables. Compared with the original scheme, the battery maximum temperature can be reduced by 6.4% under transient high-rate discharging conditions with the modified flat heat pipe based on the proposed design method, while the battery maximum temperature and SOC difference can also be reduced by 18.4% and 16.3%, respectively.

Round and flat zygomatic implants: effectiveness after a 3‑year follow‑up non‑interventional study

PurposeThis non-interventional study investigates variations in the type and frequency of late complications linked to novel zygomatic implant designs, installed adhering to the Zygoma Anatomy-Guided Approach (ZAGA) concept, over an extended follow-up period of at least 3 years.MethodsConsecutive patients presenting indications for treatment with ZIs were treated according to ZAGA recommendations. Implants were immediately loaded. The ORIS success criteria for prosthetic offset, stability, sinus changes and soft-tissue status were used to evaluate the outcome.ResultsTwenty patients were treated. Ten patients received two ZIs and regular implants; one received three ZIs plus regular implants, and nine received four ZIs. Fifty-nine ZIs were placed: thirty-six (61%) Straumann ZAGA-Flat implants and twenty-three (39%) Straumann ZAGA-Round implants. Four patients (20%) presented earlier sinus floor discontinuities. Fifteen patients (75%) had prior sinus opacities. Nineteen patients were followed for between 38 and 53 months (mean 46.5 months). One patient dropped out after 20 months. When comparing pre-surgical CBCT with post-surgical CBCT, 84.7% of the sites presented identical or less sinus opacity; nine locations (15%) showed decreased, and another nine increased (15%) post-surgical sinus opacity. Fifty-three ZIs (89.8%) maintained stable soft tissue. Six ZIs had recessions with no signs of infection. ZIs and prosthesis survival rate was 100%.ConclusionsThe study highlights the effectiveness of ZAGA-based zygomatic implant rehabilitations using Round and Flat designs. Despite patient number constraints, minimal changes in the frequency of late complications from the 1-year follow-up were observed. 100% implant and prosthesis survival rate over a mean follow-up of 46.5 months is reported.Graphical

Design of Picture Book "Petualangan Onding" Containing Bugis Values for Early Childhood Character Education

The rise of moral degradation caused by the waning of knowledge and application of human values ​​contained in Bugis culture (Sipakatau, Sipakakainge’, Sipakalebbi) continues to increase. Seeing this condition, the design of picture storybooks as a medium for visual communication and introduction of cultural values ​​as educational materials were carried out with characters and increasing segmented visual literacy for early children. The title of the picture storybook is "Petualangan Onding". Contains 14 pages and tells the story of a Bugis child named Onding and a monkey endemic to South Sulawesi named Upe who invites readers on an adventure to get to know the three ancestral values ​​of the Bugis tribe: Sipakatau, Sipakainge', and Sipakalebbi. The work creation method is carried out in stages from data collection to the execution process. Data was collected by obtaining primary data from people closely related to the book "Petualangan Onding", and then secondary data from literature studies. The book design process uses visual elements such as colors with a refreshing color mood, typography from the font named “Amalia”, and the concept of flat design illustrations. These elements are mixed in such a way as to create a culture-based visual communication medium for early childhood learning and character education.

Experimental, computational, and analytical investigation of cooktop thermosyphon heat transport device for its feasibility in indoor solar cooking system

Cooking is a key contributor to worldwide energy usage and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. Given this, clean and green energy-based cooking technologies are being explored globally. Though many solar cooker designs are being researched, the social acceptance rate is low due to operational, financial, and accessibility aspects. Hence in the present study, an indoor solar cooking system has been proposed, which has a cooktop Thermosyphon heat transport device (THTD) as an integral part. It transports heat from the outdoor receiver to the indoor kitchen through natural circulation (buoyancy-driven flow) of a heat transfer fluid (HTF). For the first time, different aspects of cooktop THTD are explored through experimental, analytical, and computational approaches. Based on the recommendations from a previous study, the flat design of cooktop THTD was constructed and tested with Therminol-VP1 as the HTF for both steady-state and transient performance. The steady-state results predicted by analytical and computational models were in good agreement with the experimental outcome. The HTF flow in the system is unidirectional, except in the cooktop region, where a combination of radial flow maldistribution and localized recirculation loops are seen (from velcoty contours and vectors) due to a larger flow passage. However, such flow anomalies vanish once the flow gap is reduced. Further, the transient tests witnessed a longer time for boiling (41–68 min) one litre of water in the first trial, which was reduced to 18–27 min with subsequent refills. An important observation is the increment in boiling time with increase in hot leg length. The rise in HTF flow rate (due to increased center-line elevation) and subsequent reduction in the bulk average temperature of HTF in the THTD was the reason for it. Further, the cooktop THTD could cook 315 g of rice in 40–45 min against 35–40 min using an electric induction stove, which justifies the proposed system’s efficacy. The study also demonstrated the criticality of thermal contact resistance between the cooktop surface and the surface of the cooking vessel. Hence devising an efficient and practically viable method (other than thermal paste) is essential. Also, due diligence is required while selecting the HTF as viscous fluid leads to a poor transient performance due to reduced flow rate. Hence, the transient behavior (practically the boiling time) of cooktop THTD is a trade-off between the bulk average temperature of the HTF and its flow rate.

Ultra-narrowband and rainbow-free mid-infrared thermal emitters enabled by a flat band design in distorted photonic lattices

Most reported thermal emitters to date employing photonic nanostructures to achieve narrow bandwidth feature the rainbow effect due to the steep dispersion of the involved high-Q resonances. In this work, we propose to realize thermal emissions with high temporal coherence but free from rainbow effect, by harnessing a novel flat band design within a large range of wavevectors. This feature is achieved by introducing geometric perturbations into a square lattice of high-index disks to double the period along one direction. As a result of the first Brillouin zone halving, the guided modes will be folded to the Γ point and interact with originally existing guided-mode resonances to form a flat band of dispersion with overall high Q. Despite the use of evaporated amorphous materials, we experimentally demonstrate a thermal emission with the linewidth of 23 nm at 5.144 μm within a wide range of output angles (from −17.5° to 17.5°).

The impact of base design and restoration type on the resin consumption, trueness, and dimensional stability of dental casts additively manufactured from liquid crystal display 3D printers.

To evaluate the effects of two base types and three restoration designs on the resin consumption and trueness of the 3D-printed dental casts. Additionally, the study explored the dimensional stability of these 3D-printed dental casts after 1 year of storage. Various types of reference dental casts were specifically designed to represent three types of dental restoration fabrications, including full-arch (FA), long-span (LS), and single-unit (SU) prostheses. The reference casts were digitized with a dental laboratory scanner and used to create flat and hollow base designs (N = 18) for the 3D-printed study casts. The 3D-printed study casts were digitized and evaluated against their corresponding references immediately after 3D printing and again after 1 year of storage, with the trueness quantified using the root mean square error (RMSE) at both time points. Volumes of resin used were recorded to measure resin consumption, and the weights of the 3D-printed study casts were also measured. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and a Tukey post hoc test, α = 0.05. Volumetric analysis showed the flat-base design had significantly higher resin consumption with weights for the FA group at 42.51 ± 0.16g, the LS group at 31.64 ± 0.07g, and the SU group at 27.67 ± 0.31g, as opposed to 26.22 ± 1.01g, 22.86± 0.93g, and 20.10 ± 0.19g for the hollow designs respectively (p < 0.001). Trueness, assessed through two-way ANOVA, revealed that the flat-base design had lower RMSE values indicating better trueness in the LS (54 ± 6 µm) and SU (59 ± 7 µm) groups compared to the hollow-base design (LS: 73 ± 5, SU: 99 ± 11 µm, both p < 0.001), with no significant difference in the FA group (flat-base: 50 ± 3, hollow: 47 ± 5 µm, p= 0.398). After 1 year, the flat-base design demonstrated superior dimensional stability in the LS (flat base: 56 ± 6 µm, hollow base: 149 ±45 µm, p < 0.001) and SU groups (flat base: 95 ± 8 µm, hollow base: 183 ±27 µm, p < 0.001), with the FA group showing no significant difference in the base design (flat base: 47 ± 9, hollow base: 62 ± 12 µm, p = 0.428). The hollow-base design group showed lower resin consumption than the flat-base design group. However, the flat-base designs exhibited superior trueness and less distortion after 1 year of storage. These findings indicate that despite the higher material usage, flat-base designs provide better initial accuracy and maintain their dimensional stability over time for most groups.

Jump Hurdlers: an Adventure game based on 2D using Gdevelop 5

The more advanced technological developments in this modern era are, the more new games emerge with graphic quality that is closer to real life. The newest games which make the game graphics more real are indeed increasingly interesting and make the players switch to these more modern games and start to forget. 2-dimensional games that are flat or flat are only 2 dimensions. The 2-dimensional games that used to be a favorite in the 90s are starting to be abandoned, so this 2-dimensional based adventure game has been brought back to popularize the less interesting 2-dimensional based games into 2-dimensional games with a more modern appearance and graphic design with a flat design as the base. so that games like this will develop in the modern market and can compete with 3-dimensional based games. Adventure games can also be said to be games that give players the opportunity to analyze the game arena visually. This game also does not require players to have special abilities in completing a mission, but simply by defeating enemies, avoiding obstacles, and following the storyline in a game. game.