Flat Belt Research Articles

STUDI KASUS PERHITUNGAN TEGANGAN PADA FLAT BELT DALAM APLIKASI MESIN IHR

The Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) automatic transmission system is a power transmission component widely used in various industrial sectors such as manufacturing, paper, automotive, and electric power. The decision to use this transmission is made due to its ease of maintenance, affordability, and its ability to operate within various power and speed ranges. Key components of the CVT automatic transmission system include flat belts, pulleys, rollers, CVT springs, CVT clutch linings, and clutch clutches. Calculation analysis will be conducted to determine the maximum stress of the flat belt, identify the material of the flat belt, and calculate the lifespan of the flat belt using the IHR machine. The results of the calculation show that the tight side stress is 383.3639 N, the loose side stress is 64.867 N, and the belt material stress is 3.1 N/mm2. These optimal stress and material stress values are deemed suitable for use.

Loss of efficiency in flat belt quarter-turn drive system

In the flat belt quarter-turn drive systems, the drive efficiency loss is a noteworthy problem. However, many factors can lead to a loss of efficiency, such as large load, insufficient tension, and belt misalignment, but in the flat belt quarter-turn drive system, because of its special design principles, the belt misalignment becomes a very important factor. To address this issue, a set of flat belt quarter-turn drive devices and test systems are designed and built. To further study the causes of efficiency loss, a series of tests are carried out with the slip rate as the index and the belt misalignment, braking torque, motor speed, and pre-tension as the experimental factors. In the process of research, the OFAT experimental method and quaternary quadratic rotation orthogonal test are adopted. Through response surface analysis and variance analysis, the significance of these four factors on slip rate and the complex association is proved. Using the response surface plots, it is possible to estimate the extent of the speed loss of the flat belt quarter-turn drive under the range of operating conditions considered in this study.

AN APPROACH ON THE DESCRIPTION OF A FLAT DRIVING BELT BEHAVIOUR MIRRORED IN TRANSMITTED MECHANICAL POWER

For driving belt condition monitoring, the main interest is the certification of the capacity to keep their qualities unchanged over a long period of time and secondary to detect the imminence of the catastrophic failure. This paper presents a study on the behaviour detection and description of a flat driving belt health condition, used in a rotary machine electrically driven, particularly a lathe headstock gearbox running idle. It was discovered that in the mechanical power transmitted from electromotor to gearbox via a flat belt some specific sinusoidal components (a fundamental and some harmonics) of variable power are generated. The description of these power components (by values of amplitude, frequency and phase at origin of time) is indirectly detectable in the evolution of the active electrical power absorbed by the drive electromotor. Two arguments are available for this approach. Firstly, there is a reasonable assumption that between the mechanical power and the active electrical power there is an approximated proportionality relationship through the power efficiency. Secondly, the evolution of the active electrical power (or mechanical power as well) is a deterministic signal with a low level of noise. A simple computer assisted procedure of active electrical power signal acquisition and data processing was conceived, the detection was done by computer aided curve-fitting procedures in Matlab applied on active electrical power evolution absorbed by the driving motor in stationary working regimes (the electromotor playing the role of a mechanical power sensor). Mainly two ways of graphic representation have been proposed in order to describe the variable power generated by this flat belt (in time and frequency domains). The behaviour of many other types of belts involved in rotary machines driving can be similarly described.

Analytical flat belt drive model considering bilinear elastic behaviour with residual strains

In this work an analytical model of a steady-state flat belt drive with multiple driving and driven pulleys is presented. The belt is characterised by a novel bilinear elastic constitutive description with a superposition of residual strain due to viscoelastic effects, such as relaxation, and considering inertia effects. Both prevalent tensioning methods for the drive are examined: the pretensioning of the belt to a target pre-strain, and the utilization of a tension pulley to ensure adequate tension in the drive.The model is discussed based on a case study. The enhanced accuracy in modelling the mechanical response of the belt results in more accurate estimation of the maximal transmissible power as well as the state of tensile strain of the belt. Traditionally, the maximal transmissible power and tensile strain of the belt are overestimated. Consequently, the potential for failures arising from drives operating proximate to their operational thresholds can be effectively mitigated. The more accurate description of the belt state can lead to better utilization of the belt capabilities and a larger design space when dimensioning the belt drive.Furthermore, the advantages of employing a tension pulley for belt drive tensioning are demonstrated under the assumed conditions.

Комплекс металлических изделий эпохи Первого Тюркского каганата из Бесланского могильника (Северная Осетия)

The article discusses metal finds from the burial 1 under the kurgan 876 of the Beslan kurgan catacomb burial ground which are suitable for reconstructing the appearance of the objects. The results of these kurgan excavations are presented in the same issue of the Journal by D.S. Korobov and V.Yu. Malashev; this article is an analytical appendix to their research paper. Small hollow B-shaped buckles with a fixed plate in the form of a “heraldic shield” with side notches are divided into five blocks of variants. The author has presented their catalog, map, and basis for dating. The buckles from Beslan are a synthesis of Eastern European and Byzantine traditions, their closest analogue is found in Karshi-Bair (Southwestern Crimea) and is dated from about the mid – 3rd quarter of the 6th century AD. Other close analogies are indicative mainly for the second half of the 6th – early 7th century. The flat four-petal belt mounts with beveled edges are divided into three blocks of variants. Their catalog and map are presented, the evolution in time and area are considered, taking into account mounts of similar shapes. The Beslan belt mounts belong to the block of variants 2 formed in the Lower Kama basin or in the zone that includes this region. Their emergence in the North Caucasus is connected with the establishment of the control of the First Turkic Khaganate here between 569 and 576. The distribution of similar objects in a number of regions is explained by the involvement of local troops in the military actions of the Turks. For the sedentary population, this also marks the distribution of early versions of pseudo-buckles. Three fragments from Beslan are interpreted as strap-ends imitating expensive products decorated with inserts and grains. The spring with a bowstring and a needle on a T-shaped stand belonged to a fibula, most likely double-plate characteristic of the North Caucasus in the mid-5th – 6th / first half 7th century AD. The complex 876 of the Beslan kurgan catacomb burial ground, as well as a number of other complexes from the North Caucasus, dating to about the 3rd third 6th – early 7th century, are indicators of the First Turkic Khaganate period in the history of the Alans and other peoples of the North Caucasus.

Torsional Vibrations in the Resonance of High-Speed Rotor Bearings Reduced by Dynamic Properties of Carbon Fiber Polymer Composites.

The present study deals with the harmful torsional resonance vibrations of textile rotor bearings, the amplitudes of which are reduced mainly by the use of high-capacity damping materials, characterized by an internal hierarchical structure and macroshape, added into the machine mechanical system. The additional materials are polymer matrix composites reinforced either by carbon nanofibers or carbon chopped microfibers and either aramid or carbon continuous fibers. The macroshape is based on a honeycomb with internal cavities. Torsional vibrations arise in mechanical systems as a result of fluctuations in the low-level pressing load of the flat belt driving the rotor-bearing pin and the changing of kinematic conditions within it, which, in the resonance area, leads to cage slip and unwanted impulsive torsional vibrations. Moreover, this occurs during high-frequency performance at around 2100 Hz, i.e., 126,000 min-1. The condition, before the redesign, was characterized by significantly reduced textile rotor-bearing life due to significant impulse torsional vibrations in the resonance area. The study showed a significant reduction in average and maximum torsional amplitudes in the resonance area by 33% and 43%, respectively. Furthermore, the paper provides visualization of the propagation of a stress wave at the microscale obtained by the explicit finite element method to show the dispersion of the wave and the fibers as one of the sources of high damping.

Perancangan Pembangkit Listrik Mikrohidro 30 Kw Untuk Suplai Listrik Area Wisata di Desa Girimulyo Ngargoyoso, Karang Anyar, Jawa Tengah

describe a power plant that employs the flow of water as its source of propulsion. An investigation must be 
 conducted on the subject, specifically water, in order to gain an understanding of its potential prior to 
 beginning the design process for a micro hydro producing unit. 
 The micro hydro power plant in the village of Girimulyo serves as both a source of electricity and a popular 
 tourist and educational destination for the community. Data were gathered from the observations, including the 
 water discharge (Q=0.2 m3/s) and the head/height of falling water (H=22.09 m). 
 obtaining information depending on flow rate and heightof the falling water may already be determined, 
 allowing the Pelton type Micro Hydro turbine to be selected as the drive unit. whereas the 30kW turbine is 
 intended to produce electricity. The major parts of the Pelton type turbine were constructed with wheel 
 diameter D = 448mm, number of nozzles 2, shaft diameter d = 38mm, and gearbox based on the results of the 
 data obtained. flat belt having a 1:1 transmission ratio.

The visual control of locomotion when stepping onto moving surfaces: A comparison of younger and older adults

Stepping between static and moving surfaces presents a locomotor challenge associated with increased injury frequency and severity in older adults. The current study evaluates younger and older adults' behaviours when overcoming challenges sampling moving walkway and escalator environments. Twelve younger adults (18–40 years, Male = 8) and 15 older adults (60–81 years, Male = 5) were examined using an integration of optoelectronic motion capture and mobile eye-tracking. Participants were investigated approaching and stepping onto a flat conveyor belt (static or moving; with or without surface (demarcation) lines). Specifically, the four conditions were: (i) static surface without demarcation lines; (ii) static surface with demarcation lines; (iii) moving surface without demarcation lines; and (iv) moving surface with demarcation lines.A two (age group) x two (surface-condition) x two (demarcation-condition) linear mixed-model revealed no main or interaction effects (p > .05) for perturbation magnitude, indicating participants maintained successful locomotion. However, different adaptive behaviours were identified between conditions with moving and accuracy demands (e.g., moving surfaces increased step length, demarcations reduced step length). Between subject effects identified differences between age groups. Older adults utilised different behaviours, such as earlier gaze transfer from the final approach walkway step location. Overall, the current study suggests that adaptive behaviours emerge relative to the environment's specific demands and the individual's action capabilities.

Skew of Frictional Power Transmission Flat Belt Driven by Pulleys with In-Plane Angular Misalignment

Skew of Frictional Power Transmission Flat Belt Driven by Pulleys with In-Plane Angular Misalignment

Lateral motion of a flat belt in an open-end belt system with in-plane misalignment

Lateral motion of a flat belt in an open-end belt system with in-plane misalignment

A cost-effective approach after implementation of timing belt drive in the cotton ring-spinning frame

The preliminary design of this work aimed at determining whether a flat belt or timing belt drive system was the optimal operating condition for the ring frame machine. The evaluation of production speed, slippage %, and cost of the ring frame machine was performed by implementing flat and tooth-bearing timing belt drives. In addition, the six-month-long survey-based analysis included the variation in production length, doffing weight, and production speed of the process. Throughout the study, other parameters that might be affecting the production and the operating system were kept similar. The study found that the timing belt drive system is the optimal condition improves the production parameters and minimizes the operating cost. Moreover, for the same service life, on average, around $69.67 more profit can be achieved from the machine equipped with a timing belt while keeping the slippage % minimum at a value of 0.59%. The timing belt system increased the production of 1091.797 kg, doffing weight of 912.702 kg, as well as consumption of energy 2952.098 KWH in the study period of six months. As a result, the implementation of the timing belt drive in the cotton ring-spinning frame can be a sustainable approach in the textile spinning industry.

Automatically Controlled Dust Generation System Using Arduino.

A dust generator was developed to disperse and maintain a desired concentration of airborne dust in a controlled environment chamber to study poultry physiological response to sustained elevated levels of particulate matter. The goal was to maintain an indicated PM10 concentration of 50 µg/m3 of airborne dust in a 3.7 m × 4.3 m × 2.4 m (12 ft × 14 ft × 8 ft) controlled environment chamber. The chamber had a 1.5 m3/s (3200 cfm) filtered recirculation air handling system that regulated indoor temperature levels and a 0.06 m3/s (130 cfm) exhaust fan that exchanged indoor air for fresh outdoor air. Dry powdered red oak wood dust that passed through an 80-mesh screen cloth was used for the experiment. The dust generator metered dust from a rectangular feed hopper with a flat bottom belt to a 0.02 m3/s (46 cfm) centrifugal blower. A vibratory motor attached to the hopper ran only when the belt was operated to prevent bridging of powdered materials and to provide an even material feed rate. A laser particle counter was used to measure the concentration of airborne dust and provided feedback to an Arduino-based control system that operated the dust generator. The dust generator was operated using a duty cycle of one second on for every five seconds off to allow time for dispersed dust to mix with chamber air and reach the laser particle counter. The control system maintained an airborne PM10 dust concentration of 54.92 ± 6.42 µg/m3 in the controlled environment chamber during six weeks of continuous operation using red oak wood dust. An advantage of the automatically controlled dust generator was that it continued to operate to reach the setpoint concentration in response to changes in material flow due to humidity, partial blockages, and non-uniform composition of the material being dispersed. Challenges included dust being trapped by the recirculation filter and the exhaust fan removing airborne dust from the environmental chamber.

Optimization and Development of Pulverization Machine

Abstract: A Pulverizer is a machine whose purpose is to shred or crush total material into lower pieces by the repeated blows of number of plates. These machines have multitudinous feathers of operations in multitudinous industriousness A pulverizer or grinder is a mechanical device used for the grinding of multitudinous different types of paraphernalia. the pulverization is a machine which is used for the combine operation The pulverizer is a machine that pulverizes large-sized solid raw paraphernalia to the demanded size. the capper is composed of coarse crushing, fine crushing, wind conveying and other bias, and achieves the purpose of the capper in the form of highspeed impact. using wind energy to form cream at one time, barring the traditional netting process. mainly used in mining, erecting paraphernalia and other industriousness. Prolusion Husbandry is now one of the most important sectors it plays a part Indian economy. In order to further develop this sector technology has come one of the main components. The farmers on the field burn ultimate of these wastes after the harvesting of crops. Thus the agricultural waste burning sensations is being repeated every year. In order to use these wastes for some profitable benefits, like power shops, industries. So the necessary of analogous machine was felt to use all kinds of agricultural waste after shredding, which could be provident and practicable. The design is developed and manufactures a machine which will be used for producing tattered organic wastes for farmers without any use of electricity, these organic wastes will increase the effectiveness than any other conventional means, which are obviously dangerous for mortal health, terrain, landetc. Corridor used for manufacturing such a machine are agitator, hopper, collector tank, bevel gear couples, pulleys flat belt drive and oaring medium. Keywords- Pulverizer, vertical Impactcrusher, blades

Automatic Liquid Filling Unit Using PLC

Abstract: An Automation is the utilization of different control techniques for operating equipment’s such as operations in factories, aircraft and other applications with reduced human power. The filling process is a mission performed by a machine that fills liquid products such as water or cold drinks. Traditional bottling method include placing bottles on a conveyor belt and filling only one bottle at a time. In this paper, it has been designed and implement water filling machine system for different types of bottles by using PLC. Where the water filling machine system includes design and implement prototype of a flat belt conveyor with dimensions (300*40) mm and automatic process for water filling machine using the water pump and sensors which gives the appropriate information to control unit then design the controller using PLC. The PLC plays important role to implement automatic filling process by using PLC programing software and ladder diagram language. It was found that the water filling machine using PLC is less operational cost and less power consumption than the traditional control systems, in addition more flexible and time saving Keyword: PLC, conveyor, DC motor, inductive sensor, water pump, Relay, etc,,

Review on Pulverization Machine

Abstract: A Pulverizer is a machine whose purpose is to shred or crush total material into lower pieces by the repeated blows of number of plates. These machines have multitudinous feathers of operations in multitudinous industriousness A pulverizer or grinder is a mechanical device used for the grinding of multitudinous different types of paraphernalia. The pulverization is a machine which is used for the combine operation The pulverizer is a machine that pulverizes large-sized solid raw paraphernalia to the demanded size. the capper is composed of coarse crushing, fine crushing, wind conveying and other bias, and achieves the purpose of the capper in the form of high- speed impact. using wind energy to form cream at one time, barring the traditional netting process. mainly used in mining, erecting paraphernalia and other industriousness. Prolusion Husbandry is now one of the most important sectors it plays a part Indian economy. In order to further develop this sector technology has come one of the main components. The farmers on the field burn ultimate of these wastes after the harvesting of crops. Thus the agricultural waste burning sensations is being repeated every year. In order to use these wastes for some profitable benefits, like power shops, industries. So the necessary of analogous machine was felt to use all kinds of agricultural waste after shredding, which could be provident and practicable. The design is developed and manufactures a machine which will be used for producing tattered organic wastes for farmers without any use of electricity, these organic wastes will increase the effectiveness than any other conventional means, which are obviously dangerous for mortal health, terrain, landetc. corridor used for manufacturing such a machine are agitator, hopper, collector tank, bevel gear couples, pulleys flat belt drive and oaring medium

Design and Analysis of Flat Belt Conveyor for Segregation of Defective Products

Design and Analysis of Flat Belt Conveyor for Segregation of Defective Products by Yash Patil * , Shivraj Patil, Suhas Gawade, Vaishnav Shinde and Samidha Jawade 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT World Peace University, Pune, 411029, India * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, Volume 1, Issue

Selecting a Flat Belts for the Model of Coupling with Flat Belts

Mechanical gears with flat belts are currently the most intensively developing group of mechanical transmissions. This is due to the need to increase the speed of moving elements of machines and to transfer torque over considerable distances. This intensive development has enabled the development of materials engineering and the emergence of modern materials in the production of belts. An example would be the use of Kevlar and modern Carbon fibers. Analysis of the latest flat belt designs against the background of the whole group of these gears allows to indicate how to choose a belt for the gear so that coupling with the wheel is optimal. For this purpose, the model of coupling was analyzed again for modern drive. Modeling of this process is a solution to the age-old problem of choosing the right belt for a belt transmission.

金属平ベルトによる摩擦伝動時の張力分布とスリップ率の変化

The objective of this study is to investigate the changes of tension distributions and slip ratios of metal flat belt driven by frictional force. In this study, thin flat belt made of metal was driven between 2 shafts in lab scale. The power generated by the motor was transmitted from the drive pulley to the driven pulley through a belt and absorbed by an electromagnetic brake. Tension distributions of belt were obtained by strain gauges attached to the belt surface. Slip ratio was also obtained by measuring the difference of rotational speeds of the drive and driven pulleys. The results showed that tension distributions during winding on the pulley were explained by Euler model. In contrast, the slip ratios were not well expressed by Euler model. Experimental data of the slip ratio were about three times larger than those predicted by Euler model. In other words, as opposed to the assumptions of the Euler model, entire area of wound metal belt was contributed to transmit the power throughout slip. In this study, the Euler model was modified where the change of frictional coefficient was assumed to be depended on sliding velocity between belt and pulley. The predicted results by the modified model were almost agreed with the experimental results. The modified model was also effective in predicting slip ratios even if the surface properties of the pulleys were changed.

Biodiversity of oribatid mites in the ecosystems of Dagestan and their infection with Moniezia sp. procercoids

The purpose of the research is studying the oribatid mite biodiversity on the Dagestan pastures in terms of altitudinal zonation and their infection with Moniezia sp. procercoids.Materials and methods. Oribatid mites were collected in different seasons of 1990–2020 on different types of pastures of the plain, foothill, and mountain belts of Dagestan. A total of 16,000 specimens of oribatid mites were collected. 120 sets of lamb intestines were dissected. Oribatid mites were collected using the Tulgren funnel. The method of complete helminthological dissection according to K. I. Skrjabin was used in the work.Results and discussion. On low-lying wet pastures of the flat belt, up to 5800 oribatid specimens were recorded per 1 m² with 38.0% prevalence of infection (PI) with moniezia cysticercoids; 675 specimens were collected on the steppe lands with the PI of 12.5%, up to 140 specimens were collected on salt marshes with the PI 0.9%, and 52 specimens were collected in the semi-deserts with the PI 0.4%. In the foothill steppes, 1,300 oribatids specimens were found per 1 m² with their procercoid infeсtion up to 18.0%, 2100 specimens with 16.0% were collected along river valleys, and 120 specimens with the PI of 0.5% on mountain plateaus. Lambs on low-lying wetlands of the lowland belt were infected with Moniezia sp. by 72.0% with the infection intensity (II) of 8-116 specimens, on steppe pastures by 67.5% at the II of 5–36 specimens, on salt marshes by 18.0% with the II of 2–8 specimens, and in semi-deserts by 12.0% with the II of 2–5 specimens. In the foothill steppes, lambs were infected with Moniezia sp. by 68.0% with the II of 9–64 specimens, along river valleys by 69.0% with the II of 11–62 specimens, and on mountain plateaus by 12.0% with the II of 2–4 specimens.

Validation of the brush model for the analysis of flat belt transmissions in steady-state conditions by finite element simulation

In this paper a finite element (FE) model for the analysis of the contact stresses in flat belt transmissions was developed, with the intent of comparing the numerical with the theoretical results of the brush model and those of the classical Euler–Grashof (creep) model. The FE model consists of two pulleys and a belt composed of a thin layer of inextensible reinforcement fibers and a rubber matrix in contact with the pulley. The analysis is performed incrementally, under quasi-static conditions; as a consequence, any inertia effect is not accounted for. In the paper, the capabilities of the analyzed models are discussed. The brush model is generally better correlated with the FE results, both in terms of tangential stress along the winding arc and belt tension and it is capable of estimating the power losses due to friction with low computational and time effort. In addition, the effect of the belt thickness on the tangential stress at the entrance and the exit from the pulley, which are generally neglected by simplified model, are highlighted by the FE analysis.