Flat Bed Research Articles

A new wave height distribution for intermediate and shallow water depths

The present paper addresses the short-term distribution of zero-crossing wave heights in intermediate and shallow water depths. New physical insights are provided regarding the effects of nonlinearity, directionality, reduced effective water depth and finite spectral bandwidth. These are demonstrated through the analysis of a large database of experimental simulations of short-crested sea-states on flat bed bathymetries. A new wave height model is proposed building upon these physical insights and is calibrated using the experimental data. Independent comparisons between field measurements and the proposed model indicate that it is appropriate to a wide range of incident wave conditions and that it provides considerable improvement over existing models. • Extensive laboratory and field datasets in intermediate and shallow water depths are analysed. • The effects of nonlinearity, directionality, spectral bandwidth and effective water depth on the wave height distribution are systematically investigated. • A new wave height model for intermediate and shallow water depths is developed. • The proposed model is shown to provide accurate predictions over a broad range of sea-states.

Makrofauna Tanah Sebagai Bioindikator pada Areal Perkebunan yang diberi Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Pupuk

Research on Soil Macrofauna as Bioindicator in Plantation Areas Given Palm Oil Mill Liquid Waste as Fertilizer was conducted in 2021. Samples were taken in Long Bed, Flat Bed, and Control areas using Purposive Sampling and Squares and Hand Sorting methods. Each location is determined by 9 sampling points. Soil macrofauna samples were identified in the USU FMIPA Ecology laboratory. From the results of the study, there were 3 soil macrofauna phyla, namely the Annelida phylum, which consisted of 1 class, 1 order, 2 families, and 2 species. Phylum Arthropoda consists of 5 classes, 10 orders, 16 families, and 27 species. Phylum Mollusca consists of 1 class, 1 order, 1 family, and 1 species. The highest population density (K) was obtained from the species Macrotermes gilvus, which was 81.10 individuals/m2 in the Control area, followed by Ponthoscolex corethrurus at 78.81 individuals/m2 in the Flat Bed area. The highest relative density (KR) was found in the species Macrotermes gilvus, which was 49.1% in the control area, followed by Ponthoscolex corethrurus at 46.84% in the Long Bed area. The highest frequency of presence (FK) was found in the Ponthoscolex corethrurus species, which was 100% in the Control and Flat Bed areas, and 88.88% in the Long Bed areas. Species that can live and reproduce well as bioindicators are Ponthoscolex corethrurus in the Long Bed area, followed by the Flat Bed and Control areas. The highest diversity index value was found in the Flat Bed area, which was 3,831 with the criteria for diversity being high, the distribution of the number of individuals for each species was high, the community stability was good and the soil community had not been polluted, while the Equitabilitas value was 1,258 with the criteria for high uniformity, stable community. The application of palm oil mill effluent as fertilizer to the plantation area can increase the life of the soil macrofauna, and the physical-chemical properties of the soil.

Effect of different land configurations and spacings on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in scarce rainfall zone of Andhra Pradesh

The scarce rainfall zone of Andhra Pradesh faces problems of inadequate moisture availability and proper crop stand for successful crop production that results in partial or total failure of crop with occurrence of mild to severe drought. Therefore, adoption of proper spacings and proper land configurations are required in order to reduce yield losses. So, the purpose of this study is to find optimum spacing and suitable land configuration for maximizing the groundnut yield. A field experiment was conducted to study the performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to different land configurations and spacings on sandy loam soils at College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi during rabi, 2021-2022. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with two factors each having four treatments and replicated thrice. The results revealed that the growth parameters viz., plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and number of branches were recorded higher with the land configurations corrugation, flat bed with crop compaction, ridges and furrows and flat bed with crop compaction, respectively. Spacing 30 x 10 cm recorded higher plant height, dry matter accumulation and LAI and higher number of branches were observed with 60 x 10 cm spacing. Among different interactions treatment combination ridge and furrow with 30 x 10 cm spacing, flat bed with crop compaction with 30 x 10 cm spacing, flat bed with crop compaction with 60 x 10 cm spacing has recorded higher plant height, dry matter accumulation, LAI and number of branches, respectively. Higher pod and haulm yields were observed with the land configuration flat bed with crop compaction and 30 x 10 cm spacing. Treatment combination flat bed with crop compaction and 30 x 10 cm spacing has recorded higher pod and haulm yields.

​Performance of Garlic Genotypes under Sub montane Zone of Maharashtra

Background: Knowledge about the morphological characteristics of garlic genotypes is most important for selection of the appropriate varieties for appropriate place and achievement of high yields. Besides, characterization is an important aspect for documentation of the performance of the studied cultivars, which subsequently helps for introduction, selection and improvement in existing varieties of garlic. Methods: The experimental material was comprised of 16 genotypes of garlic viz., Phule Baswant, Phule Nilima, Kalwan Local, DN-49-395, DN-49-364, Marwar Local, G-284, G-222, G-444, G-41, G-119, G-215, G-752, G-546, Satara Local and Dahiwadi Local. The collected genotypes of garlic was dibbled on flat beds of 1.5 m × 1.0 m dimensions at a spacing of 15 × 10 cm in randomized block design with three replications and a total plot size of 72.00 m2. The soil selected for present investigation was of medium texture and rich in organic matter. FYM was applied @ 25 t/ha at the time of land preparation and recommended dose of fertilizers i.e. 100:50:50 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha was applied. The observations on growth parameters at harvest, yield attributes, incidence of pests and diseases, physiological loss in weight (%) and decay percentage at the end of 90 days of storage at ambient temperature were recorded. Result: The data revealed that, the genotypes viz., Phule Nilima, Phule Baswant and G-41 had recorded the better performance with respect to growth and yield attributes with minimum disease and pest incidence and least physiological loss in weight and decay at the end of 90 days of storage at ambient temperature.

Compressive load-dominated concrete structures for customized 3D-printing fabrication

Existing approaches from design to concrete 3D-printing fabrication can customize the shapes of compression-dominated concrete arches and vaults but has limited applications due to high facility requirements such as a robotic arm and a reconfigurable print bed for fabricating overhanging geometries. Therefore, there is a need to develop an alternative design-to-fabrication approach for 3D printers without such facility requirements. In this paper, concrete blocks were designed as prismatic shapes which could be customized by a most basic, gantry-based 3D printer with a flat print bed and could be assembled to a larger 3D arch structure designed based on stability and strength analyses. The feasibility of such approach was demonstrated by lab prototyping. Reduced facility requirements in this approach allow 3D-printing to be more widely applied for customizing compression-dominated structures. With further design method innovation in the future, this design-to-fabrication approach can be extended for compression-dominated structures with more complex geometries.

Effect of the combination of biological, chemical control and agronomic technique in integrated management pea root rot and its productivity

Root rot of pea caused by Fusarium spp. is one of the important diseases of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The causal fungus of the disease isolated from naturally infected pea plants was identified as Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (Jones). Evaluation of four bio agents and nine fungicides was done in vitro against Fusarium solani. Trichoderma harzianum was the most effective bio agent in inhibiting the mycelial growth of F. solani by (82.62%). Carbendazim 50 WP was the most effective fungicide in inhibiting the mycelial growth of F. solani by (91.06%). Carbendazim at the rate of 0.1% and T. harzianum at concentration of 109 cfu when used as seed treatment under field conditions were evaluated along with three planting techniques v.i.z, raised beds, ridges and flat beds. It was found that Carbendazim at the rate of 0.1% when given as seed treatment in raised beds exhibited the lowest disease incidence (10.97%), intensity (2.89%) and the maximum pod yield (89.63 q ha−1) as compared to control.

Existence of the Periodic Peaked Solitary-Wave Solutions to the Camassa–Holm–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili Equation

Considered in this paper is the Camassa–Holm–Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (CH–KP) equation [22], which can be obtained as a model for the propagation of shallow water waves over a flat bed. It is shown that the existence of periodic peaked solitary-wave solutions to this model equation. In addition, we show that there are a multitude of solitary waves such as smooth, peakons, cuspons, stumpons, and composite like as CH equation.

Mean flow characteristics in a flat and eroded bed curved channel

The mean flow characteristics in a curved channel are really different from those in a straight channel. The main cause is the existence of secondary flow within the flow in the curved channel. This paper will discuss the differences in mean flow characteristics due to changes in the bed topography in the curved channel. Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) measurements have helped to analyse characteristics of the mean flow on flat and eroded beds in a 180° curved channel. Sand (mean diameter d 50 = 0.001 m and specific gravity Gs = 2.65) was selected as the bed material. The condition of flow in the approach section was steady and uniform with 0.159 m depth. One of the mean flow characteristics in the curved channel is the free surface superelevation due to the presence of centrifugal force. The second is the circular motion toward the inner-bank region at the lower layer and toward the upper layer outer-bank region. The cause of the circulation is the difference in centrifugal forces between the two layers. The magnitude of velocity near the bed surface is more significant than the flow near the water surface. This causes erosion in the outer bank region and deposition in the inner bank region. In general, tangential velocity vθ in flat bed is greater than its tangential velocity in eroded bed. The maximum velocity path in a flat and eroded bed of the curved channel resembles a sinusoidal curve, where the minimum value is located at 90° and 120° of the curve.

Bifurcation structure and stability of steady gravity water waves with constant vorticity

This paper studies the local bifurcation direction, stability properties and global structure for a nonlinear pseudodifferential equation, which describes the periodic travelling gravity waves at the free surface of water in a flow of constant vorticity over a flat bed. We first obtain the precise formula of the second derivative of bifurcation parameters at the bifurcation points. In particular, their signs can be strictly judged when constant vorticity vanishes. Furthermore, we present the stability analysis for the travelling water waves that have small vorticity and amplitude. We also show that the global bifurcation curves can't form a loop. Moreover, if the total head is bounded, the existence of waves of all amplitudes from zero up to that of Stokes' highest wave has been established.

A complex-analytic approach to kinetic energy properties of irrotational traveling water waves

Relying on conformal mappings we prove the logarithmic convexity of certain flow quantities associated with irrotational periodic travelling waves that propagate at the surface of water over a flat bed. These results enable us to quantify the observation that the kinetic energy and the time-period of the particle paths are larger near the surface and reduce with increasing depth.

Mid-treatment Ultrasound Descriptors as Qualitative Imaging Biomarkers of Pathologic Complete Response in Patients with Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

This study aimed to investigate mid-treatment breast tumor ultrasound characteristics that may predict eventual pathologic complete response (pCR) in triple-negative breast cancer; specifically, we examined associations between pCR and two parameters: tumor response pattern and tumor appearance. Ultrasound was performed at mid-treatment, defined as the completion of four cycles of anthracycline-based chemotherapy and before receiving taxane-based chemotherapy. Consensus imaging review was performed while blinded to pathology results (i.e., pCR/non-pCR) from surgery. Tumor response pattern was described as "complete," "concentric," "fragmented," "stable" or "progression." Tumor appearance was designated as "mass," "architectural distortion," "flat tumor bed" or "clip only." Univariate and multivariate regression analyses of 144 participants showed significant associations between mid-treatment response pattern and pCR (p=0.0348 and p=0.0173, respectively), with complete and concentric response patterns more likely to achieve pCR than other patterns. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses further showed significant associations between mid-treatment tumor appearance and pCR (p < 0.0001 for both), with persistent appearance of mass less likely than other appearances to achieve pCR. To conclude, our study demonstrated strong associations between pCR and both tumor response pattern and tumor appearance, thereby suggesting that these parameters have potential as qualitative imaging biomarkers of pCR in triple-negative breast cancer.

A Well-Balanced Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Multilayer Shallow Water Equations with Non-Flat Bottom Topography

A well-balanced Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method is presented for the numerical solution of multilayer shallow water equations with mass exchange and non-flat bottom topography. The governing equations are reformulated as a nonlinear system of conservation laws with differential source forces and reaction terms. Coupling between the flow layers is accounted for in the system using a set of exchange relations. The considered well-balanced Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method is a locally conservative finite element method whose approximate solutions are discontinuous across the inter-element boundaries. The well-balanced property is achieved using a special discretization of source terms that depends on the nature of hydrostatic solutions along with the Gauss-LobattoLegendre nodes for the quadrature used in the approximation of source terms. The method can also be viewed as a high-order version of upwind finite volume solvers and it offers attractive features for the numerical solution of conservation laws for which standard finite element methods fail. To deal with the source terms we also implement a high-order splitting operator for the time integration. The accuracy of the proposed Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method is examined for several examples of multilayer free-surface flows over both flat and non-flat beds. The performance of the method is also demonstrated by comparing the results obtained using the proposed method to those obtained using the incompressible hydrostatic Navier-Stokes equations and a well-established kinetic method. The proposed method is also applied to solve a recirculation flow problem in the Strait of Gibraltar.

Quantifying the Effects of Bed Roughness on Transit Time Distributions via Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Hyporheic Exchange

AbstractWe report direct numerical simulation (DNS) results of hyporheic exchange for a flat river bed with two different particle roughness textures, at a surface flow friction Reynolds number of 395 and a bed permeability Reynolds number of 2.6. Transit time distributions (TTDs), subsurface flow patterns, and the interfacial volumetric fluxes are discussed. The transit time was quantified using a forward particle tracking method based on pure advection by three‐dimensional, pore‐resolved, time‐mean velocities. Results show that bed roughness induces deep subsurface flow paths that yield a TTD with a power‐law tail. Roughness obstructs the surface flow, creating interfacial pressure variations which induce subsurface flow. Next, the molecular diffusion is accounted for based on a random walk method and is shown to increase transit times regardless of roughness texture. This work demonstrates that particle roughness on a macroscopically flat sediment bed can induce significant hyporheic exchange that is fundamentally similar to that induced by bedforms.

Effect of various crop establishment methods on the crop performance and water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa)

With decreasing water availability for agriculture and increasing demand for rice, water use in rice production systems has to be reduced and water productivity increased. In this paper we compared the effects of two varieties on crop performance and water use under different methods of crop establishment, in the field experiments at students’ farm, Khalsa College, Amritsar during kharif season of 2016 and 2017. The field was laid out in split plot design with four replications with two cultivars i.e., PR 126 and PR 121 in main plot treatments and six methods of sowing/transplanting i.e., W-DSR (Wet-Direct Seeded Rice) on flat beds, D-DSR (Dry-Direct seeded Rice) on flat beds, PTR (puddle transplanted rice), RSR (Ridge Sown Rice), RTR (Ridge Transplanted Rice), W-DSR (Wet- Direct Seeded Rice) on ridges, D-DSR (Dry- Direct Seeded Rice) on ridges and RTR (Ridge Transplanted Rice) were kept in sub plot treatments. The experiments were conducted in irrigated lowlands where soil texture was sandy loam. The results revealed that grain yields of rice were 72.63 q/ha and 73.54 q/ha under W-DSR on flat beds, 70.07 q/ha and 71.50 q/ha under D-DSR on flat beds, 69.24 q/ha and 73.84 q/ha under PTR, 70.48 q/ha and 73.76 q/ha under W-DSR on ridges, 74.51 q/ha and 71.64 q/ha under D-DSR on ridges and 69.21 q/ha and 73.13 q/ha under RTR in both years. Yield did not significantly differ between DSR and other crop establishment technologies in both years, but water use efficiency was higher under W-DSR on flat beds as well as on ridges than under PTR and RTR in both years. Flat sowing of rice under W-DSR was economical than other treatments. Accordingly, conventional practice of rice planting is no longer able to sustain the productivity of rice cropping systems.

Root Distribution Pattern, Growth and Yield Attributes Of Guava (Psidium Guajava L.) As Influenced by Raised Bed And Mulching Under High Density Planting System

The root distribution pattern, growth and yield of guava were studied on the trees planted at 3 m × 3 m spacing on raised bed whose basin area was covered with black polythene mulch (RBM), raised bed without mulch (RBUM) and flat bed (FB). Findings showed that the root density varied in horizontal and vertical position. Maximum feeding roots (&lt; 2mm thickness) were recorded up to 20 cm radial distance from tree trunk at 0-15 cm depth under raised bed with mulch (RBM) and without mulch (RBUM) conditions. However, at 16-30 cm depth, fibrous roots (&lt; 2mm thickness) were found uniform in all the growing conditions of the tree. Root mass of 2-5 mm thick were found significantly higher (1.84 g) in 0-15 cm depth at 20 cm radial distance from trunk. Maximum (1.62g) root mass (2-5 mm thick roots) was noted in 16-30 cm depth at 40 cm radial distance from trunk in RBM, while the lowest in flat bed. Root mass of 2-5 mm thick roots were found similar in 0-15 and 16-30 cm depth at 60 and 80 cm radial distance. Canopy spread, collar diameter and yield per tree were recorded maximum in the tree grown at RBM condition. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(1): 131-138, 2022 (March)

The influence of onion (Allium cepa L.) mother bulb production conditions on subsequent plant growth and seed quality

The late planting of onions practiced by farmers has decreased the yield and quality of onion seed. This experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 at agricultural research farm of Kabul University to study the effect of mother bulb production conditions on subsequent plant growth and seed yield and quality. The study was designed in Randomized Complete Block Design and data for different agronomic traits, flowering habits, seed yield and seed quality were recorded. The recorded data were statistically analyzed with STAR software. The highest leaf area per plant (994.38 cm2) and leaf area index (0.83) were recorded for the plants obtained from mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The highest number of flowering stalks per plant (3.83) was recorded for the plants produced from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in shallow ploughed double row raised beds, it was on far with the plants obtained from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The highest seed yield (737.27 Kg/Ha) was recorded for the plants obtained from mother bulbs grown on 10th March in shallow ploughed flat beds. This was on far with the seed yield of the plants obtained from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The results reveal that, mother bulbs produced under early planting dates and deep ploughed flat-bed conditions are more appropriate to produce vigorous plants and higher seed yield of onion. Keywords: Flowering stalks, Growth response, Seed germination, Seed yield &nbsp;

Studies on Earliness of Bt Cotton Influenced by Moisture Conservation and Fertilizer Levels under Rainfed Condition

A field experiment was conducted at Cotton Research Station, Nanded (M.S.) India during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 to study effect of moisture conservation practices and fertilizer levels on earliness of Bt cotton under rainfed condition. The trial was conducted with Bt cotton hybrid NHH 44 (BG II) in split plot design and was replicated thrice. Four moisture conservation treatments (M1- flat bed, M2- opening of furrow at 60 DAS, M3- application of superabsorbent @ 12.5 kg ha-1 and M4- broad bed and furrow) were evaluated in main plot along with four NPK levels (F1- 80:40:40 kg ha-1, F2 - 100:50:50 kg ha-1, F3 -120:60:60 kg ha-1 and F4 - 140:70:70 kg ha-1) in sub plot. The broad bed and furrow (BBF) practice of moisture conservation was found to have significantly higher seed cotton yield (1369 kg ha-1) and per cent share to the total seed cotton yield was 58.58 per cent in first picking over control. However, opening of furrow recorded more seed cotton yield (1125 kg ha-1) and its share to total yield was 47.97 per cent at second picking. Seed cotton yield in second picking was significantly increased in moisture conservation practices. The BBF was found to have earliness with respect to various indices (Bartlett’s index, combined picking and day index, fraction of first picking index, mean maturity date index and production rate index) followed by other moisture conservation practices over flat bed.&#x0D; Fertilizer levels didn’t affect seed cotton yield in first picking. Higher fertilizer levels of F3 and F4 being significant over lower levels for seed cotton yield in second picking; showed delayed crop maturity based on various earliness indices.

Fluid-particle interaction regimes during the evolution of turbidity currents from a coupled LES/DEM model

In this paper, fluid-particle interactions in lock-exchange turbidity currents (TCs) over a flat bed are investigated using a model combining LES and DEM (Large-Eddy Simulation and Discrete Element Method). The reliability of this model is demonstrated via comparing the numerical solutions with measurements of the front positions, fluid velocity profile, and particle concentration profile of lock-exchange TCs. The following physical understandings are obtained. The vorticity field plays an important role for the current evolution by affecting the fluid lift force (i.e., in the direction normal to the fluid-particle slip velocity) acting on the particles. At the very beginning, a longitudinal positive lift force due to strong positive vorticity promotes longitudinal particle transport. Afterwards, the longitudinal lift force decreases and eventually becomes negative, with a magnitude that even exceeds that of the positive longitudinal drag force, because more and more of the settling particles are affected by the negative vorticity near the bottom wall caused by surface friction. Interestingly, in spite of the complex behavior of the fluid-particle interaction forces and their role in TC evolution, only a very small fraction of the initial particle gravitational potential energy is actually transformed into TC kinetic energy (both particle and fluid).

Effect of Raised Bed, Mulching and Training System on Soil Temperature and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Background: The use of crop improvement practices in vegetable cultivation has increased during the last years. Methods: A field experiment was conducted on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at Research Farm of Vegetable Science, Dr YSP UHF Nauni, Solan in the year 2018-2019 in a randomized complete block design with three replications in order to evaluate the effects of planting methods, mulching and training system on soil temperature and yield of tomato. Treatments consisted of planting methods (raised bed, flat bed), mulching treatments (black mulch, silver/black mulch and no mulch) and training systems (two stem training and three stem training). Result: Results of the study indicated highest values of plant height, fruit weight,yield and soil temperature were observed under raised bed planting methods, black mulch along with two stem trained plants. Also black coloured mulch had significantly higher values of marketable yield. The highest soil temperature was found to be higher by about 1 to 10oC as compared to no mulch plot. It can be concluded that use of black colour mulch significantly increased the growth, yield and yield contributing characters of tomato under the open field conditions.

Effect of Different Land Configuration, Superabsorbent and Nutrient Management on Yield and Economics of Soybean (Glycine max L.) -Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Cropping System

Background: Oilseed crops are sources of fats and oils, which are essential for human diet, comprising about 40% of the calories in the diet of the average person safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a major rabi oilseed crop in the country. Like soybean its productivity is also very low as compared to the global average. Horizontal expansion to augment the food production is limited and the alternative way is to move on vertical growth by enhancing the productivity of the area. Therefore, production technology and management practices should be developed keeping in view all the above point, for efficient use of costly inputs, beside reduction in production cost, for instance residual effect of manures and fertilizers applied and nitrogen fixed by legumes can considerably bring down the production cost. Methods: A field experiment was carried out to study the performance of soybean-safflower cropping sequence under different land configuration and nutrient management. Treatment consists of eighteen treatment combinations comprising three land configuration (L1- flat beds, L2- ridges and furrow and L3- Broad bed furrow) and three superabsorbent levels (S1- 0 kg ha-1, S2- 2.5 kg ha-1 and S3- 5.0 kg ha-1) in main plot, two nutrient levels i.e., N1- 30:60:30 NPK kg ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 and N2- 30:60:30:30 NPKS kg ha-1 + 20 kg ZnSO4 + 5 t FYM ha-1 to soybean and N1- 40:20:0 NPK kg ha-1 and N2- 30:15:0 NPK kg ha-1 to safflower during kharif and rabi seasons, respectively as sub plot treatments were assigned in a split plot design with three replications. Result: Broad bed furrows planting method with the application of 30:60:30:30 NPKS kg ha-1 + 20 kg ZnSO4 + 5 t FYM ha-1 to soybean and 40:20:0 NPK kg ha-1 to safflower during kharif and rabi seasons, respectively recorded significantly higher yield and yield attributes as well as net monetary returns but the applications of superabsorbent reordered non-significant effect during both the year of study.