Flash Cards Research Articles

Edukasi Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat dan Pengembangan Media Flash Card pada Guru SD wilayah Kecamatan Kerjo Karanganyar

<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Teachers as role model need to encourage perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS) – meaning clean and healthy lifestyle – in schools and teach it to students, leading to a healthy environment. Several elementary school teachers in Kerjo District have not been habituated to optimally implementing PHBS. The aim of this community service is to conduct PHBS education and develop flash cards; thus, this may increase understanding of PHBS, then apply these lifestyles optimally.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The community service was carried out by counselling PHBS on Tuesday, 23<sup>rd</sup> May 2023. The target was elementary school teachers in the Kerjo District, involving 27 elementary schools with 44 participants. Data was collected from 27 schools for classifying PHBS strata, then the participants took pre-test and post-test to measure level of knowledge. Next, counselling was carried using interactive lecture and flash card. The distributed flash cards were also assessed by the teachers.</p><p><strong>Results and discussions: </strong>During the community service, three schools were recorded as sehat paripurna and 24 schools as sehat utama. The average value of pre-test and post-test results were 3.52 ± 0.66 and 4.88 ± 0.32, respectively. This indicates that there was an increase in the average value and PHBS counselling may increase participants’ understanding. Additionally, majority of participants agree that the flash cards are suitable for learning purpose.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PHBS counselling may provide an understanding of PHBS for elementary school teachers in the Kerjo District, Karanganyar, also, flash cards are applicable for learning purpose.</p>

The Development Of Flash Card Learning Media in Increasing Students' Learning Motivation in Indonesian Language Learning in Grade 1 SDN 15 Koto Baru

Based on the author's observations at SDN 15 Koto Baru, especially in class 1, the author found several factors causing students' lack of focus in learning, assumed by several factors in learning, less varied learning media, lack of interest, so that students' learning motivation to participate in the learning process is still low. and paying less attention to the material being conveyed so that students do not really understand what is being conveyed so that students do not really understand what is being conveyed by the teacher. This happens because the learning tools and media used are less attractive, only using media such as blackboards and textbooks. The aim of researchers developing flash card media is to create a learning tool that can increase student motivation through the use of visuals and interactives, facilitate understanding of complex concepts in a way that is easy to understand, and stimulate student interest and motivation in studying subject matter through a fun and interesting learning experience. It can be seen that the students' learning outcomes have reached KKM 70, namely, students' learning outcomes with an average of 80% are categorized as very effective. Meanwhile, students' incomplete learning outcomes with an average of 20% are categorized as ineffective. So that flash card learning media can be applied in the learning process. The results of the analysis included 8 students who completed and 2 who did not complete, with a total of 10 students, the number of students who completed was 8 divided by the number of 2 students multiplied by 100, the result is 80%. In the KBBI, effectiveness is defined as usability, activeness, as well as suitability and the goals to be achieved. Based on the analysis above, it can be concluded that flash card learning media is effective, meaning it can help students improve learning outcomes

Pengembangan Flash Card untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial di SMP Bustanul Ulum

Purpose – At school, students often encounter various learning challenges, with a particular issue being their lack of motivation, which makes it difficult for them to absorb lessons. This research aims to investigate the procedures for developing Flash card learning media, assess its appropriateness, and identify the development of student learning motivation after the use of Flash cards in the Social Sciences subject, specifically the economic activity material, for class VII at Bustanul Ulum Islamic Junior High School.Method – The research method employed in this study is a type of Research and Development (R&D), specifically focusing on media research and development using the ADDIE model. ADDIE stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Data collection involves the use of questionnaires from media experts, material experts, field practitioners, and student responses. Data analysis techniques incorporate both qualitative and quantitative approaches.Findings – The findings indicate that Flash card media is suitable for application and can significantly impact students, particularly in Social Studies subjects. This is evidenced by validation results from media experts, linguists, field practitioners, and the improved student scores compared to previous assessments. Research Implications – The implications of this research demonstrate that the application of Flash card learning media can enhance students' learning motivation. This research specifically focuses on the economic activity material in class VII Social Studies. The scope of the research is limited to one school and a specific set of subjects.

THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE IN THE EYES OF FOREIGNERS: ANALYSIS OF THE MOST COMMON DOUBTS OF LEARNERS ON THE SOCIAL PLATFORM REDDIT

The subject of this paper is the analysis of posts on Reddit about foreigners’ confusions related to learning Serbian as a foreign language. The aim of the research is to clarify the most common questions of foreigners who are interested in learning the Serbian language. A descriptive method and a method of theoretical analysis with the technique of content analysis have been used in the paper. The analysis of research results has shown that there has been a lot of interest among foreigners for learning Serbian as a foreign language. The most common questions related to mastering the Serbian language include: 1. issues of integration into the social community (solving administrative problems, studying and working, finding friends, finding information about the character and mentality of the Serbian people, getting to know the culture and history of the Serbian people, life in Serbia without knowing the Serbian language, etc.), 2. issues of finding language learning modalities (accredited study centers, private schools, online platforms, private lessons), 3. issues of learning Serbian as a foreign language (difficulty in learning, time needed to master the language, differences between the eastern and western variants of the language), 4. issues of finding and using appropriate teaching tools (textbooks, language learning apps, podcasts, adapted folk and art texts, music, films and TV shows with foreign language translation, flash cards, illustrations and tables) and 5. the issue of mastering certain grammatical and lexical contents (Cyrillic, cases, difference between perfective and imperfective verbs, getting to know colloquial expressions).

Promosi Kesehatan Penyakit Menular Dan Tidak Menular Pada SMPLB Menggunakan Metode Permainan Edukatif Flash Card

ABK (Children with Special Needs) are children who have physical, intellectual and emotional characteristics that are lower or higher than normal children their age. ABK can also be defined as children who have weaknesses and disabilities. Limited knowledge of crew members, especially in maintaining health, can reduce the health status of ABK. The community service carried out is one of the interventions that can be provided, the focus of the problem is regarding understanding infectious and non-infectious disease using the flash card educational game method. This health promotion aims to increase ABK knowledge about health so that they can reduce morbidity rates due to infectious and non-infectious disease. Using educational flash card games is one of innovations used in community service, adapting the learning by playing method. The level of knowledge of the 30 respondents was proven to have increased, which was measured through pre and post test questionnaires. The average post test score increased or was higher after providing health education using educational flash card games, namely from 37.7 to 65.6. There was an increase in understanding and knowledge of SMPLB students and students about infectious and non-infectious disease by 53.3% after being given health education using the flash card educational game method. The flash card educational games method is effective for use in the teaching and learning process and also as innovation in delivering material in community service to ABK respondents.

Pengaruh Media Pembelajaran Kartu Bergambar (Flash card) Terhadap Hasil Belajar Biologi Siswa Kelas X IPA MA Dakwah Islamiyah Putri Kediri Lombok Barat

This study aims to analyze the influence of flash card learning media on the biology learning outcomes of class X students at MA Dakwah Islamiyah Putri Kediri, West Lombok. This type of research is experimental research. The population in this research is class X Science students at MA Dakwah Islamiyah Putri Kediri West Lombok, totaling 234 students. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique and obtained class X IPA 2 as the experimental class which was treated with picture card media (Flash cards) and Student learning results show that the average score of experimental class students who were given flash card media treatment was higher compared to the control class who did not use learning media. The results of the hypothesis test also show the Sig value. smaller than 0.05, which means that the use of picture card learning media (Flash cards) has a real influence on the ranking of students' learning outcomes in class X Science MA Dakwah Islamiyah Putri Kediri West Lombok.

Flash Card Media to Improve Qur'an Literacy at Masjid Jami' Nurul Jannah Grobogan in the Era of Posth Truth

The Qur'an is a guideline for Muslims in their behavior. But at this time children's Qur'anic literacy is still low. Even though it is known that the age of children is a golden age in the developmental stage, so proper treatment is needed in learning. The purpose of this study is to describe the use of Flash Card Media to Improve Qur'an Literacy in Masjid Jami' Nurul Jannah Grobogan in the Era of posh truth. This research is qualitative research with case study deception. The data collection techniques used in this study were observation of socio-cultural conditions and learning processes in Majsi Nurul Jannah Grobogan, documentation of official mosque documents and interviews with 4 ustadz/uztadzah, 10 students and guardians of students, and community leaders. Data analysis is carried out by sorting, grouping, looking for themes that match the topic of discussion for interpretation. The results showed that flash card media can be used to improve the learning process of the Qur'an which will have an impact on the high literacy of the Qur'an students. This can be seen from the creation of effective and efficient learning systematics applied at the Jami' Nurul Jannah mosque using flash card media. The importance of increasing Qur'an literacy through increasing Qur'an learning using flash card media is the internalization of the Qur'an in the souls of students. So that with this, students will continue to grow and develop with the Qur'an as a guideline and make students have a good religious spirit.

Strategi Perkembangan, Indikasi Penerimaan, dan Publikasi Hasil Reservasi Bahasa Anak

This journal aims to identify language development strategies and indicators of success in receptive and expressive language in early childhood. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research, research using library research or library research methods. In conducting library research as part of this research, researchers used various written sources, namely books, articles, magazines and other documents related to the research problem. There are several languages that need to be developed in children, including receptive language and expressive language. Receptive language involves the ability to distinguish between meaningful and meaningless sounds, receptive language is the ability to listen and read. Children's expressive language is the ability to express verbal and nonverbal language. Based on the research results, several strategies can help develop receptive language, namely: (1) storytelling activities; (2) Flash cards; (3) Language games (word practice, listen-do, listen-guess, whisper and tell stories). And some strategies to help develop children's expressive language are: (1) Finger puppet play; (2) Role play.

Development of Flash Cards to Help Write Short Stories for 5th Grade Elementary Students

This study investigates the effectiveness of "ALICE" Flash Cards as a learning medium to assist 5th-grade students in writing short stories. Recognizing the importance of writing in fostering creativity and critical thinking, the research addresses the challenges faced by students at SDN Sidorejo Lor 03 Salatiga, such as difficulties in developing themes, plots, and organizing sentences. The study employs a Research and Development (RnD) approach, integrating Sugiyono's methodology with the ADDIE model, encompassing analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation phases. Initial needs analysis through teacher and student questionnaires identified a lack of engaging media for writing instruction. Consequently, "ALICE" Flash Cards were designed, incorporating theme, plot, and setting cards to guide story development. Expert validation rated the media as highly suitable, leading to revisions that included simplifying instructions and adding story examples. Field testing involved pre-tests, media treatments, and post-tests. Small group trials indicated high practicality with an 80/100 score, while the effectiveness was rated 78/100 based on students' writing performance. Evaluations from students and teachers confirmed the media's effectiveness, with scores of 75/100 and 84/100, respectively. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test showed a significant improvement in students' writing abilities, with a p-value < 0.05, confirming the media's positive impact. In conclusion, "ALICE" Flash Cards proved to be a highly effective educational tool, significantly enhancing 5th-grade students' ability to write short stories. This research recommends their use as a practical and engaging aid in elementary writing instruction.

The Effect of Montessori Method Implementation and Classical Learning Method on Strengthening Children's Character Education (PAUD) Using Flash Cards

Education is very important for the intelligence of the nation. The education of the nation's children is referred to as one of the factors that can lead to success or setbacks for the country's future. Education in Indonesia is still not perfect, and it is not perfect to say that it has achieved progress in character education; as evidence, this time, there are still many students who have lost their sense of nationality, honesty, courtesy, and sense of responsibility. So, for that, character education absolutely must be revitalized again. This quantitative study aims to determine the effect of the differences in implementing the Montessori and Classical learning methods on strengthening character education in early childhood using flash cards. The design used in this research is in the form of a comparative quantitative approach. Questionnaires were distributed to 12 teachers from each school, with 6 teachers as respondents. The data obtained from the questionnaire distribution is then analyzed using a Likert scale, and the results of student learning scores are analyzed using an independent t-test. The research results show that the teacher's perception of implementing the Montessori Method and the Classical Learning Method towards strengthening character education using flash cards has a very effective category with an achievement of 82% for learning the Montessori Method. While the effective category with an achievement of 73% for the Classical Learning Method. Based on the Independent t-test, the value of the difference in character education shows the effect of the difference, namely 0.20. The effect of this difference is statistically categorized as not real, or there is no difference in the effect of the implementation of the Montessori Method and the Classical Learning Method on strengthening early childhood character education. The Montessori and Classical Learning Method can be good for early childhood character education.

The Impact of Flash Cards on Student Learning Outcomes in Science Education

ABSTRAK Peneltian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak penggunaan Media Flash Card pada hasil belajar IPA oleh siswa kelas V di SD Negeri 6 Jarai. Studi ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan rancangan pre-experimental, khususnya one group pretest-posttest design. Populasi meliputi seluruh murid dari kelas I hingga VI di sekolah yang sama, dengan sampel penelitian terdiri dari 25 siswa kelas V. Analisis data awal menunjukkan bahwa hanya 7 dari 25 siswa (29,16%) yang mencapai kriteria ketuntasan minimal (KKM) sebelum penerapan Flash Card, dengan nilai rata-rata klasikal 66,66%. Setelah penerapan, 20 dari 25 siswa (83,33%) berhasil memenuhi KKM dengan rata-rata nilai meningkat menjadi 83,12%. Hasil uji statistik t menghasilkan t-hitung sebesar 7,06, melebihi t-tabel 2,06, yang mengindikasikan penolakan H0 dan penerimaan Ha. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa penggunaan Media Flash Card efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA siswa tersebut. This research investigates the influence of incorporating Flash Card Media on the academic achievements in science of fifth-grade students at SD Negeri 6 Jarai. The study utilised an experimental approach with a pre-experimental design, notably the one-group pretest-posttest design. The population comprised all students enrolled in grades I to VI at the same educational institution, while the research sample consisted of 25 kids in the fifth grade. Initial data analysis revealed that prior to applying Flash Cards, only 7 out of 25 students (29.16%) achieved the minimum mastery criteria (KKM), with an average classical score of 66.66%. Following the implementation, 83.33% of the students, namely 20 out of 25, reached the KKM (minimum passing grade), resulting in an average score improvement of 83.12%. The t-test returned a t-calculated value of 7.06, which surpasses the critical t-value of 2.06 from the t-table. This indicates that we can reject the null hypothesis (H0) and accept the alternative hypothesis (Ha). This demonstrates the efficacy of utilising Flash Card Media in improving the science learning results of these pupils.

THE THE ACTS OF KUALA LANGAT COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTER MALAYSIA TEACHERS TO OVERCOME LEARNING DIFFICULTIES AMONG STUDENTS

Previous studies proved that Flash Cards is beneficial in learning English vocabulary. However, comparing the young learners’ perspectives about the implementation of this media in two different context is still limited. The research aims to explore how young learners perceived the use of Flash Cards as a learning medium in learning English in two different cultural background. The participants included 8 students from Sanggar Bimbingan in Malaysia and 41 students from an elementary school in Waru, Indonesia, spanning grades 4 through 6. Data of the research were collected through giving questionnaires and interviewing the elementary school students. The findings suggest that incorporating flashcards into the learning process is an effective strategy for improving students' English vocabulary. The study anticipates that this approach will lead to increased student engagement and activity in English learning, providing them with more opportunities to practice vocabulary and sentence structures within real-life contexts. By utilizing Flash Cards, students are expected to engage more actively in practicing various vocabulary and sentence structures, enhancing their English language skills. This research encourages teachers to integrate this medium into their classrooms, making lessons enjoyable, comprehensible, and innovative in bolstering students' vocabulary.

Talking Stick Learning Model Assisted by Flashcard Media: Improving Mufradat Learning Outcomes

This research aimed to determine the application of the talk stick learning model assisted by flash card media and to determine the level of effectiveness of the talk stick learning model assisted by flash card media in improving mufradat learning outcomes. The study employed a quantitative approach using a one-group pretest-posttest design model. Data were gathered through three methods: (1) watching teacher and student activities during the learning process; (2) using the talking stick model to test what to do before and after; and (3) documenting by gathering research-related documents. The normalcy distribution was used to calculate the One-Sample Shapiro-Wilk Test method, paired sample tests were used to test hypotheses, and N-gain was employed for data analysis. To simplify the process, data analysis was carried out with the help of SPSS 26. This research was conducted at MI Al-Faidizn Buko Poso, Way Serdang class V, totaling 20 students. The research results showed a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted, and the N-gain percent value was 85.3492. So the use of the talking stick learning model assisted by flashcard media could improve mufradat learning outcomes.

Promoting Deep Learning In First-Year Physiology Through Structured In-class Activities: Building a Bridge for Success

The transition from high school to university is often a diffcult journey for learners. From data we have collected (unpublished), many students report successful use of surface learning strategies in secondary school, such as highlighting and memorizing their notes or rote recall using flash cards. As such, most students continue using these same techniques in first-year STEM courses1, such as physiology. Furthermore, first-year learners are often unsure how to change their study habits, even after receiving a disappointing midterm grade, as most post-secondary students report that they have not been taught how to study2. This leads to the reinforcement of surface learning, creating a larger knowledge gap as students progress into upper-year courses without having achieved deeper learning in pre-requisite courses. Although many universities offer learning strategy workshops, it has been shown that teaching students these skills within the context of their course work is the most effective3. We hypothesize that modelling deep learning strategies through a variety of weekly hands-on activities will positively influence students’ self-reported study strategies, leading to the incorporation of these active learning techniques in their personal study time. Our first-year physiology course is a pre-requisite for both Kinesiology students and those in the Foods and Nutrition program. Approximately 420 students are enrolled and includes those in science and non-science majors. We have 12 tutorial sections of approximately 40 learners each and 21 weeks of tutorials over the academic year. These tutorials serve as active learning sessions that apply lecture content from the week earlier. Each week, we have designed activities such as concept mapping, case studies, card sorting, problem set worksheets, and Play-Doh modelling, to name a few. Students complete a learning attitude survey after each activity, where quantitative and qualitative data is collected, and two test-your-knowledge exit questions on the content covered by that activity. Students experience each activity in both semester 1 and semester 2, although for different course material. We will present examples of activities used during tutorials as well as preliminary data, which is currently being collected, on the learning attitudes submitted by our students for these activities. We anticipate that as deeper learning strategies are modelled in tutorials, students will be more likely to adapt these techniques as they study. We also anticipate that repeated exposure to the same learning activity in semester 2 will positively influence their attitude toward the usefulness of that tool. Physiology educators have embraced a shift away from didactic lectures to expand the use of problem-based learning in recent years. Our study contributes concrete examples that any educator could implement in their classroom and the associated learning attitudes regarding each activity from a diverse group of students taking their first physiology course. References cited: 1Cook, A. and Leckey, L. (1999) Do expectations meet reality? A survey of changes in first-year student opinion. Journal of Further and Higher Education. 23: 157-171. 2Kornell, K. and Bjork, RA. (2007) The promise and perils of self-regulated learning. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 14: 219-224. 3Hattie, J., Biggs, J., and Purdie, N. (1996) Effects of learning skills interventions on student learning, a meta-analysis. The Journal of Experimental Education. 66: 99-136. No support or funding. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

TEACHING VOCABULARY USING FLASHCARDS IN EFL CLASSROOM IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA


 
 
 
 The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of Flash Cards as a learning medium in enhancing English language acquisition among students in a Guidance Centre in Malaysia and an elementary school in Waru. The participants included 8 students from a Malaysian Guidance Studio and 41 students from an elementary school in Waru, spanning grades 4 through 6. The use of Flash Cards proved to be beneficial for both teachers and students in teaching and comprehending English vocabulary, fostering a more interactive learning environment. Data for the research were collected through student perception tables and interviews. The findings suggest that incorporating flashcards into the learning process is an effective strategy for improving students' English vocabulary. The study anticipates that this approach will lead to increased student engagement and activity in English learning, providing them with more opportunities to practice vocabulary and sentence structures within real-life contexts. By utilizing Flash Cards, students are expected to engage more actively in practicing various vocabulary and sentence structures, enhancing their English language skills. This research encourages teachers to integrate this medium into their classrooms, making lessons enjoyable, comprehensible, and innovative in bolstering students' vocabulary.
 
 
 

The Effect of Flash Card Media on Student Learning Outcomes in Social Studies Subjects

This study is to apply the experimental method which has two variables, X and Y. The population is all students who attend SD Negeri 20 Palembang. The research sample is using two classes as experimental classes and control classes by applying pretest posttest. The way researchers collect data is with tests and documentation. Researchers carried out validity tests and reliability tests. Data analysis applies normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis testing. If the tcount value is smaller than the ttable value, then Ho will be rejected and Ha will be accepted. However, if the tcount value is equal to or greater than the ttable, then Ho will be accepted and Ha will be rejected. The results in this study are after the test obtained a significant (2-tailed) of 0.001 which is smaller than the significance level of 0.05 (5%). After being treated in the form of flash card media there was an increase in student learning outcomes in social studies subjects. It can be concluded that there is a significant effect when applying flash card media on student learning outcomes in social studies subjects. Then the alternative hypothesis is accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected.

The Development of Augmented Reality As English Learning Media in Junior High School

The existence of learning media on various platforms provides variety and assistance for teachers in delivering learning materials. Not much has been developed in educational media compared to entertainment media such as gaming, films, songs, dance, and music. Educational media need to be packaged in a simple, effective, and efficient manner and respond to the needs of today’s students. In the context of the world of learning English at the junior high school level, learning media is needed as an effort to provide real experience in terms of honing English communication skills. Augmented Reality is one of the media that is able to bridge the needs of students, namely making abstract learning experiences feel concrete. Therefore, this research aims to design learning media for junior high school English on the basis of Augmented Reality with content containing stories from North Sumatra. The research method applied in this study is Research & Development. Data acquisition techniques used were documentation, questionnaires, interviews, and tests which were applied in accordance with nine research stages, namely: (1) identification and analysis of media needs; (2) collection of media materials and tools; (3) development of media prototype designs; (4) implementation media prototype; (5) media prototype validation; (6) media prototype revision; (7) media trial on junior high school students; (8) final revision; and (9) media prototype that has been tested. The final result of this study contains AR in the form of flash cards. AR markers are printed on cards and students only focus their smartphone cameras on markers that have been printed in card form. After the camera has successfully scanned the marker, a learning video will appear. There are five cards (markers) in this study, and each card will play a different learning video.
 Keywords: augmented reality, media, English, junior high school

Formation of the foreign language competence of future physical education teachers when working with digital didactic flash cards

The problem and the aim of the study. Modernization of higher education opens up new prospects for the use of electronic resources in ensuring the quality of foreign language education. The use of interactive tools (simulators, flash cards, virtual boards) meets the requirements for training programs of physical education teachers and the challenges of the international sports movement. The purpose of the work is to study the possibilities of using digital flash cards in training future physical education teachers to develop their foreign language communicative competence. Research methods. The study involved 54 first- and second-year students of Vyatka State University (Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology) (Russian Federation). Training program: 44.03.01 Pedagogical education, Physical education and sports (bachelor's degree level). The Quizlet online platform was used to work with digital flash cards. The test contains questions grouped into the blocks “Digital educational technologies” and “Foreign language in communication (physical education and sports)”. For statistical processing of data, the Pearson's chi-squared test was used. Results. The system of working with flash cards in foreign language professional communication of physical education teachers is described: studying the functionality, working with ready-made sets of cards, automating and improving lexical units, developing thematic sets. A special feature of the program is the adaptation of its content to the specifics of the field of study. In independent work and online collaboration, students of the experimental group used Flashcards, Speller, Scatter, Quizlet Live modes. Statistically significant differences in the qualitative changes that occurred in the level of foreign language training were determined (χ2 = 8.179; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the possibilities of including flash cards in the training of physical education teachers are formulated: competition and receiving positive emotions; resources for self-development, etc. Difficulties are also highlighted: low initial level of language qualification and digital skills; different motivation; dependence of the learning process on sports specialization.

Strategies of Teaching English as A Second Language in Multilingual Classrooms in Meheba Refugee Settlement in Kalumbila District of Zambia

This study investigated the strategies of teaching English as a Second Language in multilingual classrooms at Lower Grades in primary schools in Meheba Refugee Settlement in Kalumbila District of Zambia. The objectives were to establish the strategies employed in teaching of English as a second language in multilingual classrooms; analyze how the strategies are used and investigate materials used with the strategies. To address these objectives, a phenomenological qualitative descriptive design was employed. The study was guided by Vygotsky’s Social Learning Theory. Data were collected through interview guide and lesson observation protocol; on a sample of 18 teachers drawn from five selected primary schools. Narrative analysis was employed. The findings indicated that translation, code switching, look and say, group work, class discussions, question and answer, body language and phonemic awareness were the strategies teachers employed in the teaching of English as a Second Language in multilingual classrooms. The study further found that the strategies were used in the teaching of different components of English Language such as vocabulary, prepositions, dialogue and comprehension in the multilingual classrooms. The data also revealed that Chalkboard, English Readers (Textbooks) and Flash cards were the most commonly used teaching and learning materials in the multilingual classrooms that were studied. The findings revealed there was over reliance on the use of chalkboard and question and answer in the lessons. The study concludes that variety of strategies and teaching and learning materials are employed in teaching English as a Second Language in multilingual classrooms. The study recommends that teaching English as a Second Language in multilingual classrooms should involve the use of different strategies that enhance learning among learners. Teachers should think out of the box when deciding on what teaching and learning materials to use besides depending on the usual common chalkboard, textbooks and flash cards.

Effectiveness of Flash Card Media To Improve Early Childhood English Letter and Vocabulary Recognition in Reading

This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of Flash Card media to improve early childhood Alphabet and Spelling Vocabulary recognition in reading English at PAUD ADIAN Jaya Karang Sari. This study used qualitative method. The participants in this study were all students of “Class A” PAUD ADIAN Jaya Karang Sari. The result of study on Effectiveness of Flash Card Media to improve the early childhood English Letter and vocabulary recognition in reading English show the implementation of Flash Card. The researcher showed some vocabulary in front of the student by the Flash Card. First, the researcher showed some picture in Flash card, then the researcher mention some vocabulary spell it in the flash card in English. Data was collected by interview and observation sheet. In interview, the researcher invited all the students to mention some vocabulary and student spell it in front of the class. In observation, the researcher makes some quiz about the vocabulary. The researcher showed the flash card. Then make a score for the students that can answer the words and spell it. This research give the implication how to important media learning for early childhood to study English.