Flare Research Articles

Technology Focus: Data Analytics (October 2022)

Oil and gas companies are starting to invest more in the energy transition and establish emissions-reduction goals, such as an end to routine gas venting and flaring, with some going as far as setting net-zero goals by mid-century. A wide range of climate technologies with varying degrees of maturity levels are needed to pave the road to net zero. These include electrification and grid decarbonization, advances in battery technology, blue and green hydrogen fuels, bioenergy, carbon capture use and storage, and mitigating emissions of potent greenhouse gases such as methane. The COVID-19 pandemic has helped accelerate the pace of the digital transformation in the oil and gas industry. Digitalization is, in effect, a part of the broader energy transition that is occurring in the industry. This includes a move from on-premises data centers to the cloud, building digital twins of physical assets, process automation using the Internet of Things (IoT), leveraging reams of data from oil and gas operations for artificial intelligence/machine leaning (AI/ML) applications, cloud-based high-performance computing for applications such as seismic imaging for carbon capture and storage, and predictive maintenance to fix leaky equipment to reduce the environmental footprint of operations. These technologies serve to improve productivity, increase operational efficiency, reduce downtime, increase cost savings, and reduce the carbon intensity of operations. The International Energy Agency report “The Oil and Gas Industry in Energy Transitions” states that reducing methane leaks to the atmosphere is the single most important and cost-effective way for the industry to bring down these emissions. This is a domain that can benefit significantly from the use of AI/ML techniques for leak detection and remediation (LDAR) efforts. ML techniques such as computer vision and anomaly detection can be used to identify both large and localized methane leaks from remote-sensing data and data streaming in from IoT sensors in the field. A combination of data modalities, with varying spatiotemporal resolutions, together with appropriate AI/ML technologies, would be essential for an effective methane LDAR program. As companies look to reduce their Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions, breaking down data silos and establishing data standardization with common data models becomes critical in systems integration to develop an optimal emissions-reduction strategy. A seamless flow of information will enable the generation of high-fidelity data sets, which can be used to lower the operational footprint and drive business effects with AI solutions. With cloud-enabled technologies, driven by the application of ML and deep learning, companies can combine speed of implementation with scalability to accelerate their energy-transition efforts. I would like to invite readers to review the selection of papers to get an idea of various applications in the upstream oil and gas space where ML methods have been used. The highlighted papers cover the use of transformer-based models to predict oil production, the use of data analytics to study parent/child well relationships in shale plays, and the use of convolutional neural networks in core analysis. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 207744 Accelerating Subsurface Data Processing and Interpretation With Cloud-Based Full Waveform Inversion Systems by Sirivan Chaleunxay, Amazon Web Services, et al. SPE 205443 Natural-Language Processing and Text-Mining Approaches in Production-Shortfalls Analytics: Methodology, Case Study, and Value in the North Sea by Edgar Bernier, Total Denmark, et al. URTEC 208367 Real-Time Applications for Geological Operations: Repeatable AI Use Cases by Alfio Malossi, Eni, et al.

Inefficient and unlit natural gas flares both emit large quantities of methane.

Flaring is widely used by the fossil fuel industry to dispose of natural gas. Industry and governments generally assume that flares remain lit and destroy methane, the predominant component of natural gas, with 98% efficiency. Neither assumption, however, is based on real-world observations. We calculate flare efficiency using airborne sampling across three basins responsible for >80% of US flaring and combine these observations with unlit flare prevalence surveys. We find that both unlit flares and inefficient combustion contribute comparably to ineffective methane destruction, with flares effectively destroying only 91.1% (90.2, 91.8; 95% confidence interval) of methane. This represents a fivefold increase in methane emissions above present assumptions and constitutes 4 to 10% of total US oil and gas methane emissions, highlighting a previously underappreciated methane source and mitigation opportunity.

Greenhouse Gas Emission: Perception during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The period 2020/2021 was an unprecedented and historic time for industrial, economic, and societal activities all over the world with great challenges to human health, the ecosystems, and other aspects of human endeavors owing to the COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 (CV-19) pandemic which is now a topical aspect of research interest. Despite the negative impacts of the CV-19 pandemic, there are also positive reports during the CV-19 pandemic such as the reduction of gas flare, reduction in the burning of fossil fuels from automobile exhaust and a reduction in the other ensuing factors of greenhouse gases emissions (which is one of the major drives for global warming and climate change as well as other environmental effluences). Hence, this brief perspective review study is centered on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. The study employs a methodical approach to analyze some already available research studies from existing publications and databases on GHG emission using the perception during the CV-19 pandemic. The specific findings from this review show that, from the meteorological perspective, the global response to the catastrophe ensuing from the CV-19 pandemic has a great influence on the reduction of GHGs, the reduction in the burning of fossil fuels from automobiles and industrial devices, and the reduction in the other ensuing factors of GHG emission. Hence, it will not be far from the truth to conclude that there is a possible positive connection between the CV-19 pandemic and GHG emissions. The study has a direct impact on the environment owing to the negative and positive environmental consequences of the CV-19 pandemic. Suggestions and recommendations in the form of future prospects of GHG emission vis-à-vis global warming and climate change are also discussed. Furthermore, suggestions on how to improve food security and agriculture during a pandemic such as the CV-19 outbreak period are highlighted.

Soil Pollution Assessment of a Gas Flare Site in the Niger Delta Region

Aim: The aim of this research was to investigate the level of pollutants deposition on soil generated from a gas flaring site.
 Study Design: The Soil Samples for this study were picked from two sets of locations (a proposed gas flare site situated at Ogbogu Gas plant and two control sites sfrom a primary source of local farm lands). A total number of eighteen samples were collected from the five different sampling spots as designated using the global positioning system (GPs).
 A contaminated Site and three farm lands within Ogbogu and Ebocha community were mapped at 20m, 50m, 100m, 500m & 700m from the gas flare site and mapped with GPs location at two different sampling depths (0-15 & 15-30) cm.
 A Control Site and two (2) farm lands within Idu Ekpeye community were mapped outside the area of concentration from the gas flare sites. These locations were chosen to determine by comparative assessment, the impact of gas flaring on the soil properties of the contaminated sites.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State. This area was chosen for this study because of the high volume of petroleum activities. Oil and gas processing, production, transportation and utilization for power generation occur daily in the area resulting in numerous cases of environmental degradation and pollution.
 Methodology: This research explores and presents a method of analysing the environmental impact of gas flaring in the Niger Delta so as to provide the data required for the complete analysis and evaluation of the various observed and noted health and environmental effects of gas flaring in Niger Delta. Different samples at various proximities at 200m, 500m, 1000m, 5000m and 7000m from the flare site using a hand aguar equipment sampled at depths of (0-15)cm and (15–30)cm were taken and measurements and experimentations were meticulously carried out.
 Results: The results obtained in this research show a marked trend as all the parameters considered indicated a gradient away from the flare points in all the flow stations such as soil pH changing from acidic (4.0-4.2) to near neutral (6.4-6.6) away from the flare points and the average low soil moisture content of (17% - 23%) as against 40% for the (10m and 20m) and control distance. The quantity of carbon emitted by these flares are about 2,525,000.00 tonnes of carbon per day. These values portray a bad omen for the affected communities.
 Conclusion: Contamination of agricultural soils by trace metals creates a serious risk of the introduction of these xenobiotics into human food chain. The soil fertility is being reduced as this study has revealed an increase in temperature along-side an increase in gas flaring and flare distances.
 This study recommends that gas flaring should be seen as a violent action against the people and that the flared gas should be channelled to meeting the ever increasing demand for energy in the industrial sector of the economy.

Political Economy of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Human Security Threat: An Evidence from Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

The paper examined the political economy of greenhouse gas emissions and human security threats in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. Nigeria is one of the largest producers of crude oil in Africa and flares a greater percent of her gas. The Gas Flare Track indicates that from March 2012 to February 2019, the total carbon dioxide emitted in the five Niger Delta states was estimated at an average of 239.1 million tonnes. Gas flaring by the transnational oil firms is a major contributor to global warming leading to the human security threat in the region. At present, the Niger Delta ecosystem is one of the worst hit by the adverse effects of global warming. The effect of climate change in the Niger Delta region has pushed a greater percentage of its inhabitants into abject poverty. The government is rhetorical and adamant about attending to the socio-economic challenges occasioned by climate change. The continuous neglect and deprivation of access to petrodollar benefits led to the anti-thesis between the Niger Delta inhabitants and the oil companies backed by the federal government in the Region. The aftermath of this struggle is the launching of the artisanal refining of crude oil, which became another source of greenhouse gas emission in the Niger Delta Region. The artisanal refining enterprise, however, received a morale boost from the oil-bearing communities, but unbeknown to them of its environmental impact. The study adopted the externality theory and structural conflict theory as its theoretical construct. The study relied on the qualitative method of data gathering techniques, which include the internet, journals, and books. The study unraveled that gas flaring has become another source of revenue for the Nigerian government, hence cannot end it. The paper recommends amongst others the amendment of the Reinjection Act of 1979 clause that allows multinational oil companies to flare gas.

Assessing the Effects of Gas Flaring on the Growth Physiology of Tea Crop

Assam is known worldwide for its production of tea; the state contributes around 52 percent to the India’s tea production.Similar to tea, crude oil operations date back to the 19th century and accounts for about 15 percent of India’s crude output, thus making these sectors important economically. However apart from the positive effects, crude oil operations result in gas flaring, which is already recognized as an environmental problem. Taking into context the harmful effects of gas flaring the present investigation aims to study the impact of gas flaring on physiological parameters of tea plant with respect to growth adjacent to oil field in Merbil Majuli OCS 6(WEST) in Dibrugarh district of Assam during 2019-2020. The study was designed with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) accommodating five levels under distance and two levels under seasons. Plant samples were collected at random intervals and estimated for plant physiological parameters such as water saturation deficit(WSD),relative turgidity, stomatal count, polyphenol content, specific leaf weight, caffeine content, chlorophyll content, plucking point density. The present study found that gas flaring had a significant effect on the physiology of the tea crop in terms of growth. The study found a gradual decrease in relative turgidity, specific leaf weight, plucking point density, stomatal count, leaf area measurement, polyphenol content, chlorophyll content, caffeine content, but an increase in water saturation deficit of green tea leaves on plants growing closer to the flare pit.

Functional and biochemical characteristics of Oxycoccus palustris Pers. under exposure of a gas torch (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, Russia)

The study was carried out on a sphagnum swamp exposed to thermal radiation from an associated petroleum gas (APG) combustion flare at various distances from the flare stack, which has been operating continuously for more than thirty years. The study was carried out in the period from 2018 to 2019 in the territory of the Pokachevskoye field (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, Nizhnevartovsk district). Some functional and biochemical characteristics of Oxycoccus palustris Pers were studied. The Oxycoccus palustris Pers. photosynthesis and respiration intensity data analysis, the pigment composition of leaves (chlorophyll and anthocyanins content), the nitrogen balance index (NBI), non-enzymatic antioxidants (flavonoids, proline and ascorbic acid content) were studied, the biochemical composition of leaves specifics (nitrogen, carbon, soluble and non-structural sugars and metals accumulation) were determined in the conditions of exposure to the flare.

Environmental Challenges for Fragile Economies: Adaptation Opportunities on the Examples of the Arctic and Iraq

The impact of climate change in the Arctic, due to the nature of its ecosystem, the wealth of natural resources and the intensification of activities for their production, is becoming more and more significant and leads to an aggravation of environmental problems in this territory. The situation is even more complicated by the imperfection of legislation and the lack of agreement between neighboring states. Despite the special location of the Arctic zone, similar problems can be found in other states. The purpose of this work is to consider environmental challenges for unstable economies on the example of the Arctic zone and the state of Iraq, to determine the possibilities of adapting similar methods to eliminate existing problems. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved in the article: 1. The environmental problems of the Arctic were identified and their similarity with the problems of Iraq was substantiated. 2. It is demonstrated that in order to solve environmental problems related to the impact of climate change, environmental protection and resource management in fragile economy states, it is necessary to create an effective management system at the global, regional and national levels; it is proved that there is a need to improve legal provisions for effective protection of fragile states from risks associated with human activities. The research methods used in this study include a systematic analysis of economic, social, and cultural conditions, including a review of statistical data and various sources. Emerging opportunities for Arctic exploration and exploitation pose a threat to the Arctic environment. Its protection is currently based on too many, often conflicting, international agreements, the domestic legislation of the Arctic states and the recommendations of the Arctic Council. It has been shown that the risk of irreparable damage is particularly high in the case of gas flaring or oil spills from an oil rig or tanker. The problems identified in this article are applicable not only to the Arctic but also to other territories with “fragile” economies such as Iraq, where the oil and gas industry is a strategic factor. Despite the obvious differences, in particular, in climatic conditions, territorial development management has common methodological approaches. The political aspects of such research are the development of unified approaches that enable territories with challenging conditions to adopt the best-integrated practices in the field of management.

Comparative analysis of phytoconstituents in commonly used vegetables in gas flaring and non-gas flaring communities in southeastern Nigeria

A comparative study to determine the impact of gas flaring (GF) on some phytoconstituents of five commonly used green leafy vegetables was done. Two locations in south-east states in Nigeria, Ibeno in Akwa Ibom State, a gas flaring (GF) community and Nsukka in Enugu State, a non-gas flaring (NGF) community, were used. Five fresh green leafy vegetable samples were used for this study (Amaranthus hybridus, Gnetum africanum, Talinum triangulare, Telfairia occidentalis, and Vernonia amygdalina) and were obtained from community farmlands during the rainy season between August and November, 2016. After collecting and identifying the green leafy vegetables from five different farmlands in GF and NGF areas and at a distance of about 2km radius from the flare site in GF communities, detailed laboratory analysis was done for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. For A. hybridus, the flavonoid and tannin contents in NGF community were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in GF community; G. africanum, the alkaloid and tannin contents were higher in NGF community; T. triangulare, the alkaloid content alone was higher in NGF community; T. occidentalis, the alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and tannin contents were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the NGF community; V. amygdalina, the tannin content alone was higher in NGF community compared to the GF community. Most green leafy vegetables from NGF community produced higher and better phytoconstituent concentrations than the GF community. This can be attributed to the non-pollution of the former environment.

The Feasibility Study, Exergy, and Exergoeconomic Analyses of a Novel Flare Gas Recovery System

One of the challenging issues that has always attracted the attention of the experts is how to control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions because of their overwhelming negative environmental impacts. Although burning the hazardous gaseous products in the flare systems boosts the safety of gas and oil fields and diminishes the internal pressure of the extraction systems, it has a catastrophic impact on the surrounding environment. In this study, a new system was designed to recover flare gas. In this system, ejectors and compressors are used in parallel to compress flare gas. One of the aims of this system is to minimize environmental disadvantages and prevent the waste of national capital. The described system is firstly simulated using the HYSYS software based on Peng–Robinson state equations. The efficiency and exergy destruction can be calculated through exergy analysis, which is the second step in the process. Finally, by considering investment and fuel cost to each exergy flow, exergoeconomic analysis was evaluated. From the exergy analysis results, it can be concluded that the ejectors have the highest exergy efficiency (99.87%) compared with other devices in the process, and their total exergy destruction rate is 8458.35 kW. Findings from exergoeconomic analysis suggest that the highest exergy destruction cost for flare system is associated with EJ-3 ejector which is 89.01 USD/h. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was applied to specify the dependency of the exergy and exergoeconomic results of this process on the flow rate of recovered gas and flare gas pressure as important input plant feed parameters. By this study, we aim to evaluate the feasibility of the implementation of this system in an industrial plant.

TECHNO-ECONOMIC STUDY OF ELECTRICITY GENERATING POTENTIALS OF FLARED GASES IN KOKORI TOWN OF DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

According to the Department of Petroleum resource (DPR) in its 2018 annual report, 11% of total gas production in Nigeria was flared that year, which translate into about 88.06 BSCF (billions standard cubic feet) of gases that could have been delivered to power plants. This work aims to study the economic benefits of utilizing flared gases for power generation in Nigeria using Kokori Island in Delta State as a case study. Data such as flare volumes and gas turbines fuel consumption were obtained from July to December 2018. The research work was carried out using a five steps methodology which include; Intensive literature review, Site visits, Data collection, Data classification and analysis using payback period. Primary data used were collected through direct measurement of related parameters, The following findings were made; (1)That about 86 % ($5, 002, 391.844) of the total annual operating and maintenance cost goes into purchasing of natural gas for fuelling the turbines to generate electricity, (2) That the average daily gas flaring volume is about 7.2 mmscf/d (Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day) which translates into about 2,625 million mmscf per year, (3) Hitachi H25 gas turbine generator requires about 3.5657 mmscf of natural gas per day to generate 22.9 Mega Watts of electricity which translates into about 1,301 mmscf per year. The following are the recommendations;(1) That the federal government through its Department of Petroleum resource (DPR) should enforce a total ban on gas flaring in Nigeria, (2) That the federal government of Nigeria should decentralize electricity generation and distribution to encourage more investors through a competitive market system, (3) That more indigenous engineers and scientists should undertake researches in electricity generation, transmission and distribution so as to make the commodity available and affordable to Nigerian citizens in the nearest future.

OPTIMAL CONTROL OF THE AEROSOL SCATTERING MODE EMITTED FROM GAS FLARES

The problem of the best dispersion of aerosol emitted from gas flares is formulated. The problem is solved by further developing the wellknown Sky-LOSA theory developed for measuring the total amount of aerosol mass generated in flares. The optimization criterion is the possibility of detecting the minimum aerosol mass in this direction. The possibility of controlling gas combustion adaptively when the torch generates a minimum aerosol mass is shown. An algorithm for implementing the method is proposed.

Natural Gas Flaring in Nigeria, its Effects and Potential Alternatives – A Review

Natural Gas Flaring in Nigeria, its Effects and Potential Alternatives – A Review

Development of free water knock-out tank by using internal heat exchanger for heavy crude oil

Reactivation of an old oil well can be explicitly calculated to maximize crude oil production. The biggest challenge with the activation process is the crude oil content in old wells, which is not feasible to meet the specified minimum standards. In the case of the Bunian oil field, Indonesia, the crude oil produced has high water content. It causes a decrease in the quality of production and also hinders production capacity. The production scheme applied to the Bunian field has a storage tank that functions to reduce water content using the gravity method, but this is less effective. Let’s modify the storage tank into a heat exchanger tank through the engineering design process and labeled it as a free water knockout tank (FWKO). The FWKO is made of a multi-pass tube heat exchanger. The experiments are conducted through three phases’ tests before deciding the final design. From the test, the change in water content is varied with temperature differences of the working fluid and crude oil. The lowest water content is obtained at 0.5 % at final tests. After analyzing the characteristic of each test result, the final design is taken by adjusting the suitable working fluid temperature and pressure. Finally, by using suitable parameters, the average water content of crude oil is decreased up to the minimum requirement (<0.1 %). The design of FWKO is considered simple with an excellent performance and can adapted easily. The FWKO able to process crude oil with water content <20 %, where it suitable for waxy oil well. The working fluid can be processed both in liquid and gas state. Furthermore, the heating source for the working fluid is gained from the gas flare by using thermic heater. Thus, it does not require an extra heating source for the heat exchanger

Contributions of Electricity and Gas Sub-Sector to Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Linear Approach

Industrial policies were developed to stimulate and provide opportunities for prospering industrial activities following the decline of investment in the agricultural sector. This followed the discovery of crude oil in Nigeria. Electricity, gas, steam and air-conditioner, an industrial sub-sector is very crucial and requisite channel for industrial development, whether for automated, machines services or computer manufacturing processes. Failure in energy and power supply, as well as gas flaring remains a fundamental problem in Nigeria’s development. This study examined the impact of electricity and gas sub-sector of industrial sector on economic growth in Nigeria using data from 1980 to 2020. Vector error correction mechanism was used to determine the impact of the independent variables on the dependent variable. In the short run, our study shows the existence of positive, non-significant impact of electricity and gas output on economic growth. However, in the long run there was positive significant impact of electricity and gas output on economic growth in Nigeria within the period of study. The implication of the result is that adequate production and utilization of electricity and gas will spur economic activities that will generate economies of scale; since every component of the economy (industry, urbanization, modernized farming, etc) extensively demand for electricity and gas. Also, efficiency of electricity and gas would reduce energy bills for poor households, helps the nation to tackle greenhouse gas emissions. The continues gas flaring and consistent power cut in electricity in Nigeria affected industrial sector in Nigeria. This study showed that there is positive significant impact of electricity and gas on economic growth if there is intentional implementation of power policy with conscious disciplinary actions to control defaulters and make substantial investment that would stimulate industrial activities to spur economic growth.

Technoeconomical, environmental, and reliability assessment of different flare gas recovery technologies

Flaring of gas from oil wells is one of the most critical resources of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere in Iran. In addition to environmental impacts, burning flare gases having high heating value results in considerable economic losses. In the current study, flare gas recovery technology assessment was employed, and its downstream installation's reliability was investigated. Using the Markov approach to consider the system's reliability, a new model was created to assess eleven technologies. Technical, economic, and environmental investigation of these eleven technologies was done. Finally, by considering two objective functions, i.e., the return payback period and the carbon dioxide emission reduction, the best technology was selected using TOPSIS decision-making method. It was indicated that the system's reliability could affect the optimal selected flare gas recovery system. Accordingly, a combination of a natural gas liquid plant and an enhanced oil recovery system at the cost of investment of 119.43 M$ and a profit of 112.16 M$ per year, with a return payback period of 1.12 years, was chosen as the final technology. Accordingly, this selected technology could reduce 1.3 million tons of carbon dioxide in the sample oil field.

INSTALASI OFFSHORE DERICK FLARE STACK DENGAN METODE SEGMENTAL

One of the problems in the construction work of the offshore derick flare stack is the difficulty of lifting and installing the steel structure derick flare installation due to the limited length of the boom crane arm. This study aims to provide an overview of working methods to overcome these difficulties. The working method of handling the problem is dividing structural components segmentally, lifting and installing structural segments with roller-based lifting aids and steel ropes. The results showed that the work method was proven to be able to overcome problems and prevent potential delays in completing work. The results of this study also recommend that this work method can be replicated to overcome problems in other work units that experience similar problems.

Atmospheric odor dispersion from oil refinery flare system: a case study.

A flare stack is an indispensable device in the oil and gas industry for allowing the safe combustion of gases into the atmosphere, especially during emergencies. However, it is not ideal for the routine disposal of gaseous waste, as it is subject to meteorological influences and poor operational control. In addition, it can be affected by toxic currents and thus pose a potential risk of odors; in view of this, an assessment must be made of the implications of burning on the environment and health. Atmospheric dispersion modelling has proved to be a very useful tool for this purpose. In light of this, an attempt has been made in this work to evaluate the impact of H2S on the well-being (odor perception) of the community in the surrounding area of an oil refinery, where the temporary burning of rich gas in H2S occurs in a chemical flare, and operational factors have an influence on atmospheric dispersion. The odor assessment was carried out with the aid of AERMOD which was adapted to estimate the maximum odor concentration for very short periods by means of peak-to-mean ratios. The results showed that H2S detection can reach a probability rate of 42% at 3.5km distance from the flare (in a time interval of 5s) with a relatively high degree of annoyance (3.0 AU). However, some operational procedures can reduce the probability of odor detection to 29% and the degree of annoyance to 2.6 AU.

Persistence exposure to toxic oil and gas flaring pollutants-mediated insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia among populations in the Niger Delta

Environmental pollutants of oil and gas flaring are fast emerging major threats to the global health communities and environmental authorities; and also, an important source of morbidity and mortality. From purposively selected 94 volunteers exposed to toxic oil and gas flared pollutants in Ogoni land, Niger Delta, Nigeria, serum samples were used to evaluate possible association between non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and insulin resistance using C-peptide and Insulin kits. Volunteer’s age ranged 18 to 50 years, and were exclusively females resident consistently, in the various communities, in the order of 10 years and above. When compared to control, the outcomes of this study indicated high levels of insulin resistance, insulin, beta cell function, blood glucose of 78%, 76.2%, 71.6%, 52.5%with corresponding decrease in connecting peptide value of 43.2% was associated within creases in various physio-metabolic risk factors including low density lipoprotein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and body mass index of 64.9%, 62.4%, 60.6%, 52.5% and 52% respectively in the exposed population to oil and gas flaring pollutants. Meanwhile, the prevalence of cardio-metabolic risk factor ratio (TG/HDL-C) was higher for the exposed population (63.6 %.) than the control (36.4%); while the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance showed age and time dependent increase of exposure. This study validates both insulin resistance and toxic pollutions of oil and gas flaring as sensitive indicators of multiple metabolic abnormalities. Further, the inherent capacity of toxic oil and gas flared pollutants to elicit detectable pathologies in various tissues and organ induced-insulin resistance, might plausibly be the mechanist-link, in metabolic derangements, in the development and progression of a number of chronic non-communicable diseases, including diabetes, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, obesity and complications and disabilities and even death.

Prevalence of respiratory-related ailment among residents of gas flaring states in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of respiratory-related ailment among residents of gas flaring states in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis