Flame Sensor Research Articles

Acoustic Wave Based Forest Fire Extinguisher and Detection Using Machine Learning

Worldwide, forest fires are a serious hazard to people, property, and the environment, needing creative approaches to early detection and prompt control. In order to establish an intelligent forest fire control system, this research introduces a cutting-edge methodology that blends conventional fire detection techniques with machine learning and cutting-edge technology. To find fires in a forest, we use flame sensors. The flame sensor informs a microcontroller when a fire is found. We offer a revolutionary form of fire suppression using Sonic Fire Extinguisher technology, which puts out flames by emitting high-frequency sound waves, as opposed to traditional fire suppression methods that use water or carbon dioxide. This strategy offers a safer and more environmentally friendly fire suppression technique. The technology incorporates machine learning to improve the speed and accuracy of fire detection. A SD card for sound file storage is included with the ARDUINO UNO microcontroller. In addition, the microcontroller is wired up with an amplifier and speaker. The microcontroller uses machine learning techniques to analyses the characteristics of the fire, such as size and intensity, and chooses the best sound wave frequency for suppression when the flame sensor detects a fire. This device can put out fires more effectively than conventional techniques and can adjust to various fire circumstances. The device can tailor the produced sound waves for effective fire suppression by fusing real-time data from the flame sensor with machine learning insights. This novel strategy improves the safety from forest fires while simultaneously minimizing the negative ecological effects of fire management activities. A promising approach to protecting priceless natural resources, people's lives, and property from the destructive impacts of forest fires is the combination of machine learning and Sonic Fire Extinguisher technology. This research Endeavour marks a significant advancement in the practice of finding fires and extinguishment, allowing a more environmentally responsible and sustainable method of managing forest fires.

PERANCANGAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM PENDETEKSI DAN PERINGATAN KEBAKARAN BERBASIS IOT MENGGUNAKAN NODEMCU ESP8266 DAN SENSOR API

Control and monitoring systems that use the Internet-of-Things (IoT) can be found in everyday life, for example, in smart home applications, smart transportation, and smart cities. IoT-based monitoring of environmental conditions both indoors and outdoors is generally carried out to reduce the risk of unwanted events. One example of an unwanted event is a fire. Fires can occur in houses, office buildings, rice fields, or forests. In order to help provide early warning of a flame that can cause a fire, this study aims to design and implement an IoT-based fire detection and warning system using the NodeMCU ESP8266 and a flame sensor. The sensor used is an infrared sensor that will detect infrared light radiation coming from a fire. The test results show that the system successfully detects the presence of fire up to 50 cm from the fire sensor and can be monitored via thinger.io. Additionally, notifications from thinger.io via e-mail and Telegram to users were successfully executed.

Design and Implementation of an Intelligent Safety and Security System for Vehicles Based on GSM Communication and IoT Network for Real-Time Tracking

In recent years, the surge in car theft cases, often linked to illicit activities, has become a growing concern. Simultaneously, countries grappling with oil shortages have shifted towards converting vehicles to run on liquid propane gas, presenting new safety challenges for car owners. This paper introduces a novel integrated intelligent system designed to address the challenges of car theft and safety concerns associated with gas-based vehicles. By seamlessly integrating these concerns into a single system, it aims to achieve significantly improved performance compared to traditional alarm systems. The proposed system consists of three primary parts: the car security subsystem, an Internet of Things (IoT)-based real-time car tracking subsystem, and the car safety subsystem. Utilizing key technologies such as the Arduino Microcontroller, Bluetooth module, vibration sensor, keypad, solenoid lock, GSM module, NodeMCU microcontroller, GPS module, MQ-4 gas sensor, flame sensor, temperature sensor, and Bluetooth module, the system aims to provide a comprehensive solution for the mentioned issues. Furthermore, the vibration sensor plays a crucial role in identifying unauthorized vehicle operations. Its significance lies in detecting the vibrations emanating from the running engine. Concurrently, other modules and sensors are utilized for real-time tracking and enhancing vehicle safety. These measures include safeguarding against incidents like fire outbreaks or gas leaks within the gas container. Finally, after assembling the system, a practical test was conducted, yielding favourable performance results. This paper describes a meaningful step towards improving the protection and safety for the cars, simultaneously addressing the stealing prevention and gas-related accident alleviation.

The Development of a Backup SOFC Generator at Upstart Power

Upstart Power is developing a state-of-the-art SOFC generator that provides backup power solutions for residential and industrial customers. The Upgen NXG™ fuel cell enables grid independence and pairs seamlessly with solar and/or standalone battery storage to provide extended backup power and 24/7/365 energy solutions. The system has dual fuel capability using either propane or natural gas and exports AC power via Enphase micro-inverters. Field trials are being conducted including a batch of 10 units in Puerto Rico running on propane in collaboration with Sunnova.The key technologies enabling the Upgen NXG™ system’s fast cycling and overall simplicity include:1) Integrated Hot Zone with advanced Thermal Management2) Custom dry CPOx reactor (waterless)3) Control strategy based on two thermocouple setpointsThe core of the NXG system is the Hot Zone which integrates the CPOx reactor, fuel cell stack, heat exchanger, flame sensor, spark ignitor and exhaust system. Figure 1 shows the complete subsystem layout of the NXG system, including the fuel filter, blowers, power electronics and controls. The core component of the Hot Zone is a single piece structure that comprises a thermally conductive element that conducts heat from the combustion chamber to the stack inlet. This enables both rapid start-up and enhanced performance from the stack, without the risk of cell failure due to thermal stress. Figure 2 shows a Hot Zone demonstrating 1000 rapid thermal/power cycles from operating temperature down to 200°C. The chart shows power per cycle with a heat-up time of 40 minutes. Power output was increased after 800 cycles with higher power test cycles run throughout the test.The dry CPOx reactor converts fuel gas into hydrogen and carbon monoxide for use in the fuel cell without the use of any additional water. The CPOx can operate at very low O:C ratios (< 1.2) providing stack fuel efficiencies up to 40% and is controlled by a single thermocouple in the reactor core. The other system control setpoint is the temperature in the core of the hot zone which provides a simple system control scheme with minimal yet reliable sensors.Figure 3 shows real time cycle data from the Upgen NXG™ system, with a start-up time of less than 60 minutes with 9 hours of steady state AC power exporting to the grid via Enphase micro-inverters. The cathode air flow is controlled by the thermocouple in the core of the Hot Zone (Radiated).In summary, the Upgen backup power systems outperform ICE generators and battery-only backup by providing unlimited backup solar + storage systems that are more robust, cost-effective and have lower emissions. The single wall mounted unit minimizes connections and simplifies installation over an ICE generator that typically sits on an outdoor concrete pad. With near silent operation and the absence of deadly CO emissions, the Upgen NXG™ is a safe and environmentally friendly backup power solution for residential solar and industrial customers. Figure 1

Design an IoT Based Pratima Monitoring System

Pratima is usually kept in temples or kept in sacred rooms. Lack of care and supervision causes easy cases of theft and damage due to fire. An Internet of Things-based pratima monitoring system is needed to avoid some of the threats that occur. Devices that are made connected to the internet for monitoring, and controlling monitoring devices so that Pratima remains safe. The Internet of Things-based pratima monitoring system is expected to be an early prevention system for acts of theft and damage due to fire. The results obtained are all the features successfully run. The measurement values of the ultrasonic sensor are 11CM and 16CM, while the ruler measurements are 10.5CM and 16CM. The temperature on the DHT22 is 70.50°C, and the flame sensor value is 123. The microwave sensor detects movement, and the image capture is stored on firebase and SD Card.

Influence of initial gas concentration on methane–air mixtures explosion characteristics and implications for safety management

Gas explosions, particularly those involving methane–air mixtures, present considerable hazards in confined spaces, such as coal mines. Comprehending the explosion characteristics and their correlations with initial gas concentrations is vital for devising effective safety measures. This study examines the influence of initial gas concentration on explosion temperature, overpressure, and flame evolution in methane–air premixed gas explosions, utilizing a custom-built 20-L spherical explosion experimental apparatus. The explosion temperatures display an oscillatory pattern, reaching maximum values at 6.5%, 9.5%, and 12% initial gas concentrations, with corresponding temperatures of 995 K, 932 K, and 1153 K. The maximum overpressure exhibits an initial rise and fall trend, modeled by an exponential function. Notably, in proximity to the 9.5% concentration, the pressure wave fosters the reverse propagation of the flame wave, leading to a secondary temperature increase. Flame sensors were employed to investigate the presence, absence, and duration of flames, demonstrating that elevated initial gas concentrations resulted in more prolonged flame durations and increased harm. At an initial gas concentration of 9.5%, a persistent flame is generated instantaneously during the explosion. Furthermore, the study analyzes the interplay between temperature and overpressure, underscoring the significance of mitigating high-temperature burns near tunnel walls and enclosed spaces. These findings advance the understanding of gas explosion dynamics and hold substantial implications for safety measures in coal mines.

Portable Air Quality Monitoring and Controlling System Using Vacuum Draw-Off

Air pollution is one of the most concerning facts of today’s world. Among all air pollution poses a serious threat for health. It affects human body through breathing and since this pollution is barely visible in eye, a monitoring system is necessary to stay cautious. This is the motivation behind our work so that in hospital all people can stay aware of the toxic gas (CO) they are breathing. Our objective is to provide a system to measure continuous Air Quality in hospital environment and AQI level using gas sensors and also an inbuilt fire detector is present to determine fire out broken. We proposed a portable model in which monitoring sensors are connected through IoT technology. From previous dataset we got high accuracy. In this model our aim to detect the toxic gas and fire outbreak by using the gas sensor MQ2, MQ7, MQ135 and flame sensor. When the toxic gas is detected, the vacuum can automatically run and suck the toxic gas. In addition to this, it provides alert to the main device which is connected through IOT and buzzer. we included fire detector, DHT11-temperature and moisture to maintain the environment in hospital. Whenever the temperature and moisture are crossed the normal range, it gives alert to the device (mobile) by Bluetooth. Also, we're going to use the air purifier model to reduce the problems.

Monitoring of Cloud-based Air Quality using NodeMCU

Abstract: Air pollution has received a lot of attention in the modern world and has subsequently grown to pose a serious hazard to society. This research focuses on a device that can monitor air quality, ground vibration levels, and a form of fire safety alarm system for employees working in an industrial environment due to the urgency and quantity of air pollution. A WIFI-enabled ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller is used to implement this, and it is connected to air quality monitoring sensors MQ135 and DHT11 (Humidity and Temperature), as well as a geophone sensor to measure vibration levels in industrial settings and a flame sensor to protect workers from fire accidents. An alarm module is used with the buzzer. The sensor data is stored in NodeMCU and the data is analyzed and stored in the cloud platform and monitored on the BLYNK (an IoT platform) by interfacing the app with NodeMCU

Investigation of an Atmospheric Gas Turbine Model Combustor with Large-Eddy Simulation Using Finite-Rate Chemistry

ABSTRACT A large-eddy simulation (LES) of an atmospheric confined jet flame test case is presented, which represents a model gas turbine combustor and for which detailed experimental data is available. A genetic algorithm approach is used to develop a new, cost-effective reduced mechanism for lifted lean premixed methane-air flames at atmospheric conditions. For the mechanism development, auto-ignition-delay time of mixtures of reactants and cooled down combustion products has been introduced as an optimization criterion. The new mechanism consists of 11 species and 12 reactions. The developed mechanism is validated by comparing the results of zero-dimensional (0D) reactor and one-dimensional (1D) flame simulations against results from the well-known reaction mechanism, GRI-3.0 and Lu19. The three-dimensional (3D) LES are carried out using a finite-rate chemistry (FRC) approach combined with the dynamic thickened flame (DTF) model. In the simulations, the developed mechanism is compared against the Lu19 mechanism and experimental data. Simulations using Lu19 show that the flame is predicted accurately. The new mechanism predicts the flame liftoff and position well, while slightly underpredicting the flame length and showing deviation in quenching behavior but achieves a very significant speedup factor of approximately 2.9 for the entire 3D simulation. For the DTF model, two flame sensor functions are compared, the first based on the progress variable and the second on the local heat release rate. The heat release based formulation is found to be preferable, as it detects the reaction region well, as opposed to the progress variable based formulation which additionally senses zones where reaction products are mixed with reactants, i.e. zones where no classical premixed flame propagation is observed.

Ultraviolet pulse pattern for different types of insulator material during surface discharge activities

In the past, there were several different types of discharge detection methods that have been employed for the detection and monitoring of surface discharge activities at transmission line insulators. However, the existing detection system does not work well when the discharge activity is weak and sensitive to surrounding temperature and environmental conditions. The recent development of surface discharge detection devices that have been employed currently are ultraviolet (UV) imaging and UV pulse devices but the former is known to be expensive. In this paper, a UV pulse sensor which is known as the R2868 UVTRON Flame Sensor has been employed to assess the effectiveness of the sensor for detecting the electrical discharge activity of the insulator surface. The samples used for the electrical discharge generation testing and measurement are the 11 kV glass and porcelain pin-type insulators. The tests have been conducted by exposing both the insulations to dry and wet conditions with each of them subjected to a variety of applied voltages across the samples. It was concluded that the experimental works had been successfully conducted and the sensor was sensitive and effective in detecting the electrical discharge activities on both two samples.

Fabrication of Mini Fire Fighting Robot

Abstract: Fire Incident is a disaster that can potentially cause the loss of life, property damage and permanent disability to the affected victim. The Victim of Fire Incident can also suffer from prolonged psychological and trauma. Fire fighters are primarily tasked to handle fire incidents, but they are often exposed to higher risks when extinguishing fire, especially in hazardous environments such as in nuclear power plant, petroleum refineries and gas tanks. They are also faced with other difficulties, particularly if fire occurs in narrow and restricted places, as it is necessary to explore the ruins of buildings and obstacles to extinguish the fire and save the victim. With high barriers and risks in fire extinguishment operations, technological innovations can be utilized to assist firefighting. Therefore, this paper presents the design of a firefighting robot dubbed that can extinguish fire without the need for fire fighters to be exposed to unnecessary danger. It is designed to be compact in size than other conventional fire-fighting robot to ease small location entry for deeper reach of extinguishing fire in narrow space. It is also equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to avoid it from hitting any obstacle and surrounding objects, while a flame sensor is attached for fire detection. This resulted in It demonstrating capabilities of identifying fire locations automatically and ability to extinguish fire remotely at distance

Development of an IOT Based Industrial Fault Detection and Diagnosis System

This paper has proposed an IoT based industrial fault detection and diagnosis system. The IoT (Internet of things) based industry protection system employing Arduino is intended to safeguard industries from losses brought on by accidents and monitoring the faults. Industrial accidents such as gas leakage causes fire resulting in significant industrial setbacks. Due to furnace explosions, electrical short circuits, or other circumstances, quick fire detection is also required. The proposed system uses flame sensor along with gas sensor to detect fire as well as gas leakage to avoid any industrial mishaps and prevent economic damage. The system consists of temperature detector to detect the high/low temperature, the phase fault detector (either single or three phases), voltage controller (high/low), and frequency monitoring. Flame and Gas sensors are also interfaced with arduino and LCD screen. The sensor data is constantly scanned to record values and check for fire, gas leakage and then this data is transmitted to online. The wifi module is used to achieve internet functionality. GSM module is sent message to specific numbers in case human operators aren’t present in online always. IP camera monitor the whole system from anywhere in the world.

Third Eye for the Blind using Ultrasonic Sensor

The "Third Eye for Blind with Ultrasonic Glove" is made up of parts such as an Ultrasonic sensor, Water sensor, switch, GSM, buzzer, and vibration motors and is intended to help the blind overcome their lack of vision by employing other senses like sound and touch. It alerts the user of impending obstacles using audio and vibration cues. The frequency of the auditory and vibration messages rises as the distance between the glove and the obstruction decreases. Consequently, the technology aids in making navigating easier for those in need. The sensor module uses ultrasonic waves to calculate an object's length to estimate distance using the SONAR or RADAR principle. The fire is thus discovered by the Flame sensor. The system has a buzzer as well to produce an alarm sound. The system also includes a GPS and camera for locating and gathering photos and videos of those who are blind

Rancang Bangun Sistem Deteksi Kebakaran pada Ruangan Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)

Indoor fire is usually contained by calling the fire department. However, firefighters sometimes arrive at the location when the fire burns . Room s afe ty usually only uses APAR and has not implemented a detection system to detect fire. Therefore , a system is needed to minimize the fire. The research is conducted to design and manufacture an Internet of Things (IoT) - based indoor fire detection system and to look at the characteristics of the system using methods of problem analysis, design, system assembly, characteristic test and test data analysis. The system consists of smartphone monitoring and alert by utilizing IR flame , MQ-2 and MLX90614 sensors to detect fire indications and of NodeMCU ESP8266 as a microcontroller. The results obtained a re an average error of 1.04% and accuracy of 98.92% on temperature readings , an average system precision of 93% on smoke readings and 98.8% on temperature readings. T he warning received on the smartphone is less than 2 seconds. Monitoring results in the Electronics, Robotics and Automation Laboratory room do not detect any indication of fire.

Development OFA Smart Sustainable Free Flywheel Base Energy System

Burning of markets places and petroleum products tank cars especially PMS (Premium Motor Spirit) is alarming. These havocs are not only because the fire fighters do not arrive early at such scenes but the fire had grown into inferno that denies accessibility. The design, development and implementation of an unmanned firefighting robot are done to achieve a tool that will eliminate risk for fire fighters and extinguish fire perfectly to save lives and property. Development of automation systems, mobile, fire resistant, and unmanned robot to fight fire is aimed at assisting fire fighters in fighting inaccessible inferno like burning fuel tank cars, malls, petroleum products filling stations and houses. The robot will extinguish fire by water surf solution with the aid of control for its movement and up and down of the water nozzle .It is equipped with accessories that enable it for the controller to be able to manipulate and see the robot condition- MZ80 flame sensor ,and cameras controlled with an aduino microcontroller and two geared DC motors to aid movement and maneuvering .The design and development of the mechanıcal system, the electronic system, and the preparation of the necessary software are implemented with the use of CAE and FEA knowledge based software –Solidworks and Proteus for mechanical and electronic system respectively.

Design and Development of an Unmanned Fire Fighting Robot

Burning of markets places and petroleum products tank cars especially PMS (Premium Motor Spirit) is alarming. These havocs are not only because the fire fighters do not arrive early at such scenes but the fire had grown into inferno that denies accessibility. The design, development and implementation of an unmanned firefighting robot are done to achieve a tool that will eliminate risk for fire fighters and extinguish fire perfectly to save lives and property. Development of automation systems, mobile, fire resistant, and unmanned robot to fight fire is aimed at assisting fire fighters in fighting inaccessible inferno like burning fuel tank cars, malls, petroleum products filling stations and houses. The robot will extinguish fire by water surf solution with the aid of control for its movement and up and down of the water nozzle .It is equipped with accessories that enable it for the controller to be able to manipulate and see the robot condition- MZ80 flame sensor ,and cameras controlled with an aduino microcontroller and two geared DC motors to aid movement and maneuvering .The design and development of the mechanıcal system, the electronic system, and the preparation of the necessary software are implemented with the use of CAE and FEA knowledge based software –Solidworks and Proteus for mechanical and electronic system respectively.

A SMART FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM USING GSM TECHNOLOGY WITH AUTOMATIC WATER SPRINKLER

Fire is one of mankind’s greatest discoveries but can also be a great source of danger in accidents. Fire in any occupancy has the potential to cause harm to its occupants and severe damage to the property. As a solution a smart fire detection system is designed using GSM technology, smoke/Flame sensors, and Arduino technology, water sprinkler system, LCD display, buzzer,. A smoke sensor is used to detect the smoke from the fire and Flame sensor. In a event of a The microcontroller is used to process the sensor circuitry input, and also used to turn on the LCD, exhaust fan, water pump motor and the main supply switch will be switched off (switch open). It turns on the GSM modem after that, it continues to send SMS to mobile number for alerting danger to the people. This system helps users to respond immediately to the situation and so improve their safety by protecting their lives and the properties from fire hazards. Key Words: : Fire Safety, water Sprinklers system, Exhaust fan, GSM, Arduino uno, low cost.

AUTOMATIC BEACH CLEANING ROBOT

“It is a massive problem that affects everybody around the world,” said Alex Schulze, co-founder of 4ocean, a marine clean up company that removes a pound of trash from the beach for every product they sell, which includes apparel and accessories, so we are trying to solve this problem through our "Automatic ROBOT" which helps us to clean our beach and provide us healthy nature and also used for clean marine life, aquatic animals because they also deserve a better life. This robot is portable through this “AUTOMATIC ROBOT” there is no need for manpower use in beach cleaning. The Automatic ROBOT developed by 4ocean is a significant step towards addressing the issue of ocean pollution, as it offers several advantages over traditional manual beach cleaning methods. In addition to being portable, the robot is equipped with advanced sensors and technology that enable it to identify and collect different types of waste, including microplastics and other small debris that can be difficult to spot with the naked eye. This not only helps to ensure a more thorough and effective cleaning process but also minimizes the risk of human error and injury, as well as reducing the time and cost required for beach cleaning. Furthermore, by keeping our beaches and oceans clean, we can protect and preserve the natural habitats of marine life and aquatic animals, which are essential to the health and well-being of our planet. The purpose of this paper is to present the development of a cutting-edge beach cleaning robot that utilizes advanced components, including an Arduino Uno board, flame sensor, GSM, wiper motor, DC clamp motor, cycle chain sprocket, 60rpm DC gear motor, L298 DC motor driver, Pedestal bearing UCP 204(20MM ID), and solar panel. Through the integration of these innovative technologies, the beach cleaning robot can function autonomously and effectively identify and remove various types of waste materials, such as plastics and metals, from the beach environment. This project is an essential step towards improving environmental sustainability and promoting eco-friendly practices in beach cleaning operations. Keywords – Automatic Beach Cleaning Robot (ABCR), Internet of Things (IoT), Arduino Uno (AU).

Pembuatan Sistem Kebakaran Ruang Server Berbasis Web pada DISKOMINFO Kota Makassar

Development of Web-Based Fire Alarm System in Server Room at Diskominfo Makassar City. Diskominfo Makassar City is an institution that carries out some of the regional government affairs of Makassar City in the field of communication and informatics. Makassar City Diskominfo has a server room to handle services in the communications and informatics sector for sub-districts and villages in Makassar City. Making a web-based fire alarm is intended as a form of meeting server room security standards in terms of fire threats that can occur at any time and helping to supervise or monitor the server room. The working method or procedure for making this tool goes through the stages of analysis, design, implementation, and testing. The main components needed consist of a KY026 fire sensor, MQ2 sensor, ESP8266 microcontroller, and Laravel 7. This fire alarm tool utilizes Internet of Things (IoT) technology so that the tool can be connected to web applications. This tool detects indications of fire based on the flame wave indicator and carbon monoxide gas through the KY026 flame sensor and MQ2 sensor. Users of this tool will receive email notifications if there is a fire in the server room. It is easy for users to monitor server rooms by accessing web applications built using Laravel 7. This website is still local and can be accessed via a search engine with the address 192.168.43.244. This tool is expected to minimize damage and accelerate the handling of fire incidents in the server room. Testing of this tool was carried out on two components, namely the KY026 fire sensor and the MQ2 sensor. Based on the results of the tests that have been carried out, both components are able to detect fire indicators at certain distances. This is proven by the user receiving a fire notification when the component detects a wave of fire or carbon monoxide gas and the user can monitor the condition of the server room in real time.

Smart Multipurpose Surveillance Robot

The various sensors, mechanical arms, wheel system, wireless communication mechanism and remote controlling mechanism are used to design the proposed robot that can be used in military and civil fields. The coordination of smart robot various parts to perform different fields are discussed in this project. Our project deals with a multi-purpose robot that has been designed in such a way that it can fulfil the needs of the military, police, spy teams and armed forces. It has numerous applications and can be used in different environments and for different situations. This robotic vehicle uses a specific set of sensors for performing various tasks such as the PIR (passive infrared) sensor that detect the alive humans by emitting the infrared rays, as an alive human (body) emits thermal radiation, this thermal radiation is detected by the PIR sensor in order to detect alive humans, the bomb (metal) sensor is used for the detection of bombs, the fire or flame sensor is used for fire detection and the gas sensor, which is used to detect harmful gases. The robot is designed in such a way that it can perform multiple operations which is achieved by embedding different features into a single prototype.