Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectrometry Research Articles

Alevli Atomik Absorpsiyon Spektroskopisi ile Manyetik Katı Faz Ekstraksiyonu Kullanılarak Cd(II) ve Pb(II) İyonlarının Tayini ve Türlendirilmesi

In this study, Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions were determined by Fe3O4@G2/Npht magnetic dendrimers using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) method by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). The morphological and chemical properties of magnetic dendrimers were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The magnetic characteristics of the ferromagnetic features of the magnetic nanocomposites were validated by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The heavy metal ion recovery was assessed via flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy (FAAS). To ascertain the ideal adsorption system conditions, the effects of various parameters, including pH, adsorbent dose, adsorbent time, eluent type and amount, etc., were examined. Optimum conditions for heavy metal recovery using Fe3O4@G2/Npht magnetic dendrimer were determined as pH 6.5, 1M HNO3 and 100 mg for Pb(II) and pH 7.5, 1 M HNO3 and 100 mg for Cd(II). The novel material of Fe3O4@G2/Npht magnetic dendrimer for separation and pre-concentration of Pb(II) and Cd(II) was used to natural water.

Use of Rice Husk Ash for Copper, Chromium, Zinc, and Lead Bioremediation in Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil

In this study, 1kg soil sample was artificially contaminated with 250ml crude oil and incubated for 4-day; and heavy metals-copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) concentrations were measured by flame atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS) to be 11.68mg/kg, 38.96mg/kg, 59.34mg/kg, and 28.56mg/kg, respectively. Fresh rice hush ash (RHA = 0.5kg) was prepared from rice husk (RH) and used for the bioremediation of these metals in a 2-month experiment. The RHA reduced the Cu, Cr, Zn, and Pb concentrations by 33%, 29%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. Considering the quantity of RHA to the contaminated soil mass ratio (0.5:1.0), and the short period of the experiment (i.e., 2-month), RHA amendment is promising for the bioremediation of heavy metals polluted soils. This study provides the first reference point on the effectiveness of RHA for the remediation of heavy metals in polluted soils in the Niger Delta,Nigeria. Thus, we recommend field-trials and longer-term study to better assess the long-term applicability of this option for bioremediation of polluted soils.

Sonochemical removal of Pb (II) ions from the water medium using Bi2S3 nanostructres

ABSTRACT Removal of heavy metals becomes increasingly crucial for public health and the environment. In this regard, Bi2S3 nanoflowers were produced for heavy metal ion removal applications. Nanoflowers are fabricated using hydrothermal synthesis, and then tested as adsorbents for the removal of lead (Pb2+) ions from aqueous systems. To assess the morphological and chemical characteristics, Bi2S3 nanoflowers were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy (FAAS) was used in the assessment of heavy metal ion recovery. To determine the optimum conditions of the adsorption system, the effect of different parameters such as pH, eluent type and amount, adsorbent dose, adsorbent time, etc. were investigated. For lead removal, the optimum pH value was determined as 5.0, eluent dose and type were found 1 M HNO3. For 20 mL, the optimum adsorbent dose and time were found 50.0 mg, and 30 min, respectively. The adsorption capacity of the Bi2S3 nanoflowers was found to be quite higher than the results reported in similar works. It was illustrated that Bi2S3 nanoflowers have great potential to be used in water remediation applications as sorbent material.

Adsorption Thermodynamics of Fe2+ and Pb2+ in Industrial Wastewater Treatment using Melon Husk Activated Carbon

Melon husks obtained from a local market were washed with distilled water to remove impurities, oven-dried at 1050C, and carbonized in a furnace at 5500C. H2SO4 and NaOH were used to modify the carbonized melon husk to catalyze the adsorption rate. The initial and final concentrations of Fe2+ and Pb2+ in the wastewater were determined with the Flame atomic adsorption spectrometry technique. The industrial wastewater was treated with the adsorbent at various grams, reaction time, and a constant speed of 0.2-1.0 g, 10-100 min, and 150 rpm, respectively. The obtained data were fitted into isotherm models. The adsorption isotherm, Langmuir, and Freundlich R2” values were between 0.888 and 1.000. The adsorption of both metals suits pseudo second-order kinetics with the coefficient of determination values ranges between 0.203 to 0.923. This study established that melon husk-activated carbon adsorbent is more efficient in the adsorption of Pb2+ than Fe2+ in industrial wastewater. Melon husk activated carbon modified with H2SO4 is, therefore, recommended for the removal of lead in electroplating industrial wastewater.

Biodiesel soot combustion: Analysis of the soot-catalyst contact in different experimental conditions

To simulate the oxidation of Biodiesel soot in a catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter, oxidation experiments of undoped or Na-doped model soot were performed in the presence of Pt-Pd/Al2O3 under Temperature Programmed Oxidation and different carbon-catalyst configurations. Loose or tight contact was simulated by mixing soot and catalyst either with a spatula or in a mortar. Samples were characterized by Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy, N2-physisorption, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray. The results showed that reducing the carbon granulometry led to an enhancement of the reactivity under NO2, due to the external combustion mechanism of carbon crystallite. In the absence of catalysts, no impact of the granulometry was observed under a flue gas containing NO and O2. A better catalyst efficiency was obtained when the carbon-catalyst contact was increased. In tight contact, a mechanism where NO2 can react adsorbed on a metallic site with a carbon site was proposed. In the presence of water, a simple addition of the catalytic activity of both water and Pt-Pd/Al2O3 catalyst impact on carbon oxidation was observed. The use of Biodiesel, simulated by Na-doped model soot, led to a significant increase in the catalyst efficiency in loose contact. Thus, a second mechanism was proposed, assuming that the doped sites play the role of NO2-reservoir and carrier between catalyst and carbon sites.

Determination of heavy metals concentration in waste water of Warri Refining and Petrochemicals Company (WRPC)

Waste water from some industries contain high levels of contaminant such as colloid, suspended and dissolved minerals. Heavy metals have negative impact on all forms of life in the environment. Crude oil refining makes use of large volume of water, whence generate large quantities of waste water which must comply with stringent environmental guidelines. To this end, several treatment methods have been explored in order to keep contaminants levels within limits. This study investigated the presence of heavy metals in discharged waste water effluents from the premises of Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company LTD into the Ubeji creek. The analysis was carried out using the Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectrometry method. Standard solution used for calibration were prepared for the five heavy metals analysed. Results showed average concentrations of chromium was within the acceptable limit. The overall results show that effluent water from WRPC has concentrations of heavy metals that is within the prescribed acceptable limits for discharge into the environment.

Multivariate optimisation of a novel green microextraction method for Fe (III) determination in environmental samples by FAAS

ABSTRACT Industrial development has led to increased heavy metal pollution in bodies of water all over the world. Numerous methods are being developed with the aim of detecting and subsequently removing heavy metal ions from water with hopes of reversing pollution. Here, we present a novel and ecological switchable solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (SS-LPME) method that detects Fe (III) in water samples before they can be tested on flame atomic adsorption spectrometry. In this method, 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(diethylamino) phenol was selected as a complexing agent and switchable polarity solvent was formulated with N, N-dimethyl-n-octylamine. Box–Behnken response surface design was used to investigate and optimise factors associated with the extraction recovery. When the optimal conditions were reached, a linear calibration curve was achieved at 0.05–400 µg L−1. The preconcentration factor was 200, the detection limit was 0.015 µg L−1 with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.2% (at 30 µg L−1; n = 8). Water samples and wastewater reference material (SPSWW1) were used to test the applicability and success of the method.

Metal concentrations in fillet and gill of parrotfish (Scarus ghobban) from the Persian Gulf and implications for human health

Despite the benefits of seafood's consumption, the bioaccumulation of metals in fish can endanger consumers' health. This study analyzed lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in fillet and gill of parrotfish (Scarus ghobban) using flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks due to consumption of Scarus ghobban fillet were assessed by estimating average target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk cancer risk (ILCR) of the analyzed metals. This study indicated that Cd, Pb, As and Hg concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and national standard limits. The meal concentrations (μg/kg dry weight) in both fillet and gill were ranked as follows Pb > Cd > As > Hg. THQ and TTHQ were lower than 1 for adults and children, indicating that consumers were not at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. However, ILCR value for As was greater than 10−4, indicating that consumers are at carcinogenic risk. Overall, this research highlighted that although the consumption of parrotfish from the Persian Gulf does not pose non-carcinogenic health risks, carcinogenic risks derived from toxic As can be detrimental for local consumers.

Immobilization of the Thenoyltrifluoroacetone on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles for Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction of Pb (II) from Water Samples

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were synthesized by co-precipitating method under optimized condition. The Fe3O4 NPs coated with sodium dodecyl sulfate-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (Fe3O4 NPs-SDS-TTFA) were then exerted as the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the extraction process prior to introducing to a flame atomic adsorption spectrometry (FAAS). The synthesized Fe3O4 NPs-SDS-TTFA were applied for the extraction of Pb(II) ions from different water samples. The characterization studies of nanoparticles were performed via scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive micro-analysis (SEM-EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. The substantial parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were surveyed and optimized. A dynamic linear range (DLR) of 10-400 μg L-1 was obtained and the limit of detection (LOD, n=7) and relative standard deviation (RSD%, n= 6, C=20 μg L-1) were found to be 2.3 μg L-1 and 1.9%, respectively. According to the results, the proposed method successfully applied for the extraction of Pb(II) ions from different environmental water samples and satisfactory results achieved.

Removal of heavy metals and bacteria from aqueous solution by novel hydroxyapatite/zeolite nanocomposite, preparation, and characterization

In this study, a HAp/NaP nanocomposite was prepared by adding a synthesized nano-hydroxyapatite to zeolite NaP gel in the hydrothermal condition and used for the removal of lead(II) and cadmium(II) ions from aqueous solution. HAp/zeolite nanocomposite was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Rietveld method, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and surface area and thermal analyses. Results suggested that the nanocomposite crystals of HAp were dispersed onto the zeolite external surface and/or encapsulated within the zeolite channels and pores. The potential of the composite in adsorption of heavy metals was investigated by using batch experiment. The metal concentration in the equilibrium C e (mg/g) after adsorption with nanocomposite of HAp/NaP was analyzed using flame atomic adsorption spectrometry. The adsorption experiments were carried out at pH of 3–9. The influences of contact time, initial concentration, dose, and temperature on the adsorption of lead and cadmium ions were also studied. Results show that these nanocomposites have further adsorption related to NaP and HAp. They have great potential (about 95 %) for Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption at room temperature. The equilibrium process was described by Frendlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) models. The kinetics data were successfully fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. The in vitro antibacterial activity of these composites was evaluated against Bacillus subtilis (as Gram-positive bacteria) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (as Gram-negative bacteria) and compared with standard drugs that show inhibition on bacterial growth.

Production of PVC/α-MnO2-KH550 nanocomposite films: Morphology, thermal, mechanical and Pb (II) adsorption properties

α-MnO2 nanorods have been synthesized through a simple method without the presence of catalysts and templates. The prepared nanorods were employed as fillers to retrofit and increase the mechanical strength, thermal stability and adsorption properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as one of the most important thermoplastics. To prevent accumulation and increase compatibility of α-MnO2 with the organic PVC matrix, the nanorods were modified with γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (KH550). Nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared with different amounts of modified α-MnO2 nanorods (1, 3 and 5wt%). FE-SEM and TEM characterization revealed that the α-MnO2 nanorods are in rod-like morphology with diameter of 40nm and uniformly dispersed in the PVC matrix. Optical behavior, thermal stability, tensile and self-extinguishing properties of the obtained NCs was studied, respectively. Removal of Pb(II) ion from aqueous solution by NCs was also performed through the flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy analysis. The results indicated that PVC/α-MnO2-KH550 NCs exhibit better thermal stability, tensile and self-extinguishing properties than pure PVC in three weight percent. The obtained results of adsorption revealed that the NC films could be used for the removal of Pb(II) ions from the aqueous medium.

Tailor-made ion-imprinted polymer based on functionalized graphene oxide for the preconcentration and determination of trace copper in food samples.

A tailor-made Cu(II) ion-imprinted polymer based on large-surface-area graphene oxide sheets has been synthesized for the preconcentration and determination of trace copper from food samples by solid-phase extraction. Attributed to the ultrahigh surface area and hydrophilicity of graphene oxide, the Cu(II) ion-imprinted polymer prepared by the surface ion-imprinting technique exhibited a high binding capacity and a fast adsorption rate under the optimized experimental conditions. In the static adsorption experiments, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) ion-imprinted polymer is 109.38 mg/g at 25°C, which is much higher than that of the nonimprinted polymer (32.12 mg/g). Meanwhile, the adsorption is very rapid and equilibrium is reached after approximately 30 min. The adsorption mechanism is found to follow Langmuir adsorption model and the pseudo-second-order adsorption process. The Cu(II) ion-imprinted polymer was used for extracting and detecting Cu(II) in food samples combined with graphite flame atomic adsorption spectrometry with high recoveries in the range of 97.6-103.3%. The relative standard deviation and limit of detection of the method were evaluated as 1.2% and 0.37 μg/L, respectively. The results showed that the novel absorbent can be utilized as an effective material for the selective enrichment and determination of Cu(II) from food samples.

Comparison between sequential and single extraction procedures for metal speciation in fresh and dried Sedum Plumbizincicola

Sequential and single extraction procedures were applied to both fresh and dried Sedum Plumbizincicola leaves and stems. The extractants, different from those of soil, sediment or sewage sludge metal fractions, were water, 80% (v/v) ethanol, 1 mol/L NaCl, 2% HAc and 0.6 mol/L HCl. Zn, Cd and Cu in the extracts and samples were measured by flame atomic adsorption spectrometry. In sequential extraction procedures, water soluble form and ethanol soluble form are the main fractions for Zn, while water soluble form and NaCl soluble form for Cd, and comparatively uniform distribution for Cu with the residue form most and HCl soluble form second. Single extraction procedures are used to compare the extraction efficiencies of the five reagents to screen appropriate extractants and operating conditions for liquid extraction to deal with large amount of harvested metal-contained biomass, which will pose a threat to the environment if treated improperly. The sequences of extraction efficiencies are HCl>NaCl≈HAc>Water≈Ethanol for Zn and HCl≈NaCl≈HAc>Water>Ethanol for Cd. As for Cu, all the five extractants cannot effectively extract Cu, but HCl achieves a higher efficiency (>70% in fresh samples, and 45%–60% in dried samples). Besides, extraction efficiencies for most extractants in fresh samples are higher than those in dried samples, and extraction efficiencies of stems and leaves for the five extractants are close. The two extraction procedures can obtain high degree of accuracy with the relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 10%, and metal recoveries are controlled between 80%–120% with most of 90%–110%.

Geochemical Control of Acid Mine Drainage in Abandoned Mines: The Case of Ermioni Mine, Greece

Acid mine drainage is an extensively documented environmental issue, commonly originated by the weathering of sulfide ores both in active and abandoned mining sites. Even though national and international regulations obliged mining companies to handle this problem in active mines, in the abandoned ones it is usually regarded as a major environmental thread. Natural attenuation is a term that is used to describe a combination of in situ physical, chemical and biological processes that under some specific conditions, act without human interventions in order to reduce the mass, toxicity, mobility and concentration of metals in soil or groundwater” (USEPA, 1999). For those processes, the local lithology may plays a key role, when contributing to an alkaline environment, consequent the precipitation of metals in the form of hydroxides. Despite of the fact that in Ermioni, Greece, a mixed sulfide ore mine had been operational since 1928, it has been abandoned after 1978 and no restoration actions have been implemented. Dispersed ore tailings have been deposited near the galleries, being exposed to atmospheric conditions. Soil and mine-water samples were collected from the region of that abandoned mine. The soil was collected from tailings at superficial points near the mining galleries, while water was sampled from canals, which drain from the mining galleries to the nearby Roros River. The mineralogical composition of the soil samples was studied by X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy, while Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy was applied for the determination of the Fe, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and Hg concentrations in the water samples.

Preparation and adsorption characters of Cu(II)-imprinted chitosan/attapulgite polymer

Using attapulgite (ATP) as matrix, chitosan (CS) as functional monomer, and introducing the surface ion- imprinting concept, a new Cu(II)-IIP was prepared, and characterized by SEM, XRD and FT-IR. The adsorption of Cu(II) aqueous solution with Cu(II)-IIP was investigated by flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The polymer has good selectivity for Cu(II) from competitive metal ions, and the selectivity coefficient of Cu(II) relation to Pb(II), Cd(II) was 78.45 and 82.44, respectively. Sorption equilibrium isotherms could be described by Langmuir and Freundlich models; the Freundlich isotherm has shown the best agreement with experimental data, and experimental value of max- imum adsorption capacity for Cu(II) was 35.20 mg/g. The obtained thermodynamic parameter (∆G o , ∆H o , ∆S o ) showed that the Cu(II) adsorption process is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The kinetic data showed that pseudo- second-order kinetic model agrees very well with the dynamic behavior for the sorption of Cu(II) onto Cu(II)-IIP.

Heavy Metal Contents of some Wild Edible Mushrooms from Miyi, China &lt;sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Two heavy metals (nickel and cadmium ) in 15 specis of wild mushrooms were determined using flame atomic adsorption spectrometry (VARIAN, SpectrAA-220Fs). The mushrooms were collected from Miyi, China. The study explored the accumulation of heavy metals in different macrofung. It is found that the range of Nickel and Cadmium in mushrooms were 1.78-21.22 mg/kg and 0.47-21.84 mg/kg. Minimal and maximal concentrations of heavy metals were determined in Lentinus edodes and Boletus edulis for nickel, Russula alutacea and Russula delica for cadmium,respectively. The order of the levels of heavy metals in the mushrooms samples was found to be as Ni&gt;Cd. Cadmium values in wild mushrooms collected from Miyi were generally higher than the previous studies. Nickel contents were in agreement with the literature value.

Evaluation of Copper, Zinc and Chromium Contents of Some Wild Edible Mushrooms in Miyi

The aim of the present study was to analyze and compare contents of copper, zinc and chromium in 15 kinds of wild mushrooms. heavy metals were determined using flame atomic adsorption spectrometry (VARIAN, SpectrAA-220Fs). The mushrooms were collected from Miyi, China. The study explored the accumulation of heavy metals in different macrofung. Minimal and maximal concentrations of heavy metals were determined in Termitomyces microcarpus and Amanita esculenta for copper, Ramaria flava and Termitomyces for zinc, Hygrophorus eburnesus and Boletus aereus for chromium ,respectively. chromium values in wild mushrooms collected from Miyi were generally higher than the previous studies. Copper and zinc contents were in agreement with the literature value.

Organically modified silica with pyrazole-3-carbaldehyde as a new sorbent for solid-liquid extraction of heavy metals.

A new chelating matrix, SiNP, has been prepared by immobilizing 1.5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carbaldehyde on silica gel modified with 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane. This new chelating material was well characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, cross polarization magic angle spinning solid state 13C-NMR, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, BET surface area, BJH pore size, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The new product exhibits good chemical and thermal stability as determined by thermogravimetry curves (TGA). The new prepared material was used as an adsorbent for the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions using a batch method, prior to their determination by flame atomic adsorption spectrometry. The adsorption capacity was investigated using kinetics and pH effects. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with separation and determination.

Heavy metals concentration relationship with Perna viridis physical properties in Mengkabong Lagoon, Sabah, Malaysia.

Perna viridis (P. viridis) has been identified as a good biological indicator in identifying environmental pollution, especially when there are various types of Heavy Metals Accumulations (HMA) inside its tissue. Based on the potential of P. viridis to accumulate heavy metals and the data on its physical properties, this study proffers to determine the relationships between both properties. The similarities of the physical properties are used to mathematical model their relationships, which included the size (length, width, height) and weight (wet and dry) of P. viridis, whilst the heavy metals are focused on concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd and Zn. The concentrations of metal elements are detected by using Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectrometry. Results show that the mean concentration of Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, Zn, length, width, height, wet weight and dry weight are: 1.12 +/- 1.00, 2.36 +/- 1.65, 2.12 +/- 2.74, 0.44 +/- 0.41 and 16.52 +/- 10.64 mg kg(-1) (dry weight), 105.08 +/- 14.35, 41.64 +/- 4.64, 28.75 +/- 3.92 mm, 14.56 +/- 3.30 and 2.37 +/- 0.86 g, respectively. It is also found out that the relationships between the Heavy Metals Concentrations (HMA) and the physical properties can be represented using Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR) models, relating that the HMA of Zinc has affected significantly the physical growth properties of P. viridis.

Novel ion imprinted polymer magnetic mesoporous silica nano-particles for selective separation and determination of lead ions in food samples

A novel Pb(II) ion imprinted polymer coated on magnetic mesoporous silica was synthesised and characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), elemental analysis (CHN) and low angle X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The application of this sorbent was investigated in preconcentration and determination of low concentrations of lead ions. Through this study, various effective factors on determination, such as pH of the sample solution, eluent including type, concentration and volume, adsorption and desorption time which are effective on the method efficiency, were appraised. In order to investigate the selectivity of this sorbent toward Pb(II) ions, the effect of variety of ions on preconcentration and recovery of Pb(II) ions were also investigated. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be lower than 1.3μgL−1 and the recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the method were higher than 97.3% and lower than 2.9%, respectively. The application of this sorbent was investigated in separation and determination of lead-contaminated food with concentration below the detection limit of flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy. Validation of the presented method was performed by analysing several standard reference materials with certified lead concentrations.