Flag Bearers Research Articles

Оpposition of historical narratives in the drama: Ukrainian optics (based on the play by Ihor Yuzyuk “There under the black forest... Banderado”)

In the article, Ihor Yuzyuk’s play “There under the black forest... Banderado” is analyzed from the standpoint of various historical and ideological narratives regarding the movement of the Ukrainian national liberation resistance. The playwright uses the conceptual metaphor “banderado” (Spanish “flag bearers”) in the title of the work, and reproduces it in the content characteristics of its individual parts (a total of 8 banderado inserts with different plots about the individual heroism of Ukrainians from the Cossacks to the first post-Soviet years). Therefore, Yuzyuk’s drama can be considered as a meaningful narrative polemic with Oles Gonchar’s novel “The Standard Bearers”, because Gonchar interprets the role of Ukrainian soldiers as an organic segment of the Soviet army, which liberated European countries from Hitler’s fascism, but brought Stalin’s socialism there with bayonets. The phonetic consonance of the concept “banderado” with the surname of one of the leaders of the Ukrainian national liberation movement unfolds the discourse of Stepan Bandera himself, who does not become a direct character of the play, but is constantly mentioned in its dialogues. Ihor Yuzyuk shows how both totalitarian regimes — both Hitler’s and Stalin’s — tried to use and compromise Bandera and his supporters, how they used the “colonial army” of Ukrainians in their interests and did not pay attention to the colossal human losses, because “they are not counted, they are counted”. Considering the Ukrainian territory as a multi-front zone, which during the Second World War was on the brink of two totalitarian regimes, the playwright seeks to create new narratives both of the war itself and of the Ukrainian national liberation resistance. Every new play about Bandera will be relevant now, because since the beginning of the full-scale Russian aggression, the very name of Stepan Bandera has become for Ukrainians a symbol of unity, joint resistance and a sign of liberation from the hypnosis of a blurred psychedelic identity.

Placard Carriers and Flag Bearers: Gender Representation in the Summer Olympics’ Parade of Nations (1908–2021)

From the inception of the Parade of Nations in London in 1908 to its latest instalment in Tokyo in 2020, billions have watched different generations of men and women entering the Olympic stadium carrying their nations’ flags as national heroes. As a product of modern Western civilisation, the Olympic movement mirrors the advances of an increasingly global society towards socially progressive agendas or otherwise. The twentieth century’s latter half was a period of profound and necessary changes in women’s rights. Gender inclusion, however, does not mean gender equality. Such an ongoing gradual process can be catalysed by more women being represented in leading roles formerly exclusively reserved for men. A multi-method longitudinal study of twenty-six summer Olympic opening ceremonies was conducted to measure the historical development of the likelihood of women being selected to be (and be represented to international audiences as) the main protagonists in the Parades of Nations. The data shows that despite the growing number of female flag bearers, since Munich 1972, women have been more likely to appear as aesthetically appealing event hostesses than the leaders of their teams.

Bijji’s Tale from Duvidha to Paheli: Journey of a Folklore


 
 
 Padam Shree Vijaydan Detha, popularly known as ‘Bijji’ is a renowned Rajasthani folklore writer, and Rajasthan is the land of colors of folklores, art, and cultural tradition. Every particle of sand tells a story of romance, bravery, and sacrifice. ‘Bijji’ has given voice to this golden sand singing in silence. ‘Duvidha’ is a story of a woman’s respect, loneliness, and desires. When a sensitive film-maker ‘Mani Kaul,’ one of the flag bearers of Indian parallel cinema, translates the story on celluloid, the story becomes a cinematic treat decorated with symbolism. Kaul’s camera reveals the layers of a woman’s heart. Thirty-two years after ‘Duvidha’ was presented on screen, ‘Bijji’ echoed again in the heart of another film-maker Amol Palekar. ‘Paheli’ is a millennial version of ‘Duvidha’ trying to comprehend a woman’s pain in a patriarchal system to a newer generation.
 
 
 
 
 This paper explores the journey of folklore, from a mystic world of words to the audio-visual expressions of an art form cinema to commercial value-added expressions. The analysis is based on socio-cultura
 
 

Reflections on emerging HCI–AI research

Human computer interaction (HCI) has grown into a mature field of research. With artificial intelligence (AI) finding ubiquitous applications, HCI research is now moving ahead towards accommodating and integrating these approaches. A part of the research community is of the opinion that HCI and AI are fundamentally opposed to each other: with AI-powered devices being demonic and humans are to lose in a race against them and HCI-oriented products being human centred being the flag bearers of the human race. In this paper, we look at and analyse this perspective of how HCI relates to AI and the potential HCI–AI integration. We suggest that humans evolve by having dynamic identities. We further discuss its implications on the AI critique and suggest some new perspectives on the possible integration of HCI and AI research which we hope would be useful for the community.

3 - Religion, Economy and the Pre-colonial Dimensions of the Jos Conflict

Contrary to the popular view that the current Jos conflict is traceable to the effort of the Islamic leaders of the nineteenth century religious movement (jihad) to proselytise the people of the Jos Plateau, this article calls for the extension of the searchlight beyond religion. Using archival documents, oral interviews and secondary materials, it identifies the basis of the nineteenth century conflict between the local groups in the location of the present day Jos and the flag bearers of the Dan Fodio Jihad from the Bauchi Emirate not in religion, but in the latter’s attempt to exploit and dominate the region and its people economically through slave raiding, amana (tribute paying) relationship and some other means using religion. The article argues that almost a century of pre-colonial resistance to the Dan Fodio Jihad in the Jos Plateau, particularly by the three ethnic groups at the location of the present day Jos, does not find explanation in the people’s aversion to Islamic religion, but in the rejection of their economic exploitation by the flag bearers of the religious movement in the area.

The Practical Significance of Zhu Ting as China's First Female Olympic Flag-bearer

On the eve of the Tokyo Olympics, Zhu Ting was appointed by the Chinese Olympic delegation as one of the flag bearers for the opening ceremony. This is the first female athlete in the history of the Chinese Olympics to serve as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony. It is of great significance. Women's volleyball is the only group event of China's three major balls that has won an Olympic championship. The spirit of women's volleyball represented by it is a full manifestation of the Chinese national sports spirit and the sports spirit of the new era. The flag bearer at the opening ceremony represented the image of the country and showed the spirit of the country. Zhu Ting became the first Chinese Olympic flag bearer, not only promote the Olympic concept of equality between men and women, but also interpret the image of the new women's volleyball team that is united and tolerant. It has also become an important history node in enhancing the voice of Chinese female athletes.

The Opening of the Monument to Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich in 1914 and One of the Last Bulgarian Attempts to Return Russian Sympathies

This article considers the attempt of the Bulgarian envoy in St. Petersburg, R. Dimitriev, to improve the attitude of Russian society to Bulgaria. The occasion was the unveiling of a monument dedicated to Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder, who commanded the Russian army in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The monument depicted flag bearers modelled on real individuals. R. Dimitriev proposed to send a Bulgarian flag bearer, and with him a delegation of representatives of the country. However, the Serbs, Romanians, and Montenegrins did the same. Nicholas II granted an audience to all the Balkan delegations and all the participants of the delegations were awarded Russian orders. In his report to Sofi a, R. Dimitriev presented everything in a winning tone and reported that the foundations had been laid to combat Serbian and Greek propaganda in Russia. However, the order of the ceremonies assigned Bulgaria a place after Romania and Serbia, which clearly indicated Russian priorities and put an end to attempts to raise the issue of revising the Bucharest Treaty of 1913. In addition, in the public space, the celebrations in connection with the unveiling of the monument were replaced by the celebration of the birth of Prince of the Imperial Blood Vsevolod Ioannovich, whose baptism was attended by his uncle, Serbian heir to the throne Alexander, as well as Prime Minister N. Pašić. World War I, which soon followed, finally ended the possibility of changing the Russian image of Bulgaria for the better, and the revolution of 1917 led to the demolition of the monument to Nikolai Nikolaevich.

The sociocultural mechanism of obesity: The influence of gender role attitudes on obesity and the gender gap

Worldwide, women are more likely to be obese than men, but research on the mechanism of the gender gap in obesity is relatively lacking. This article uses five rounds of Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data from 2010 to 2017 to empirically test the impact of gender role attitudes on obesity and the gender gap and to explore the mechanism. The main results show that the traditional gender role attitude will improve the probability of obesity in women, but it will not positively impact obesity in men. Using the proportion of “March 8th red flag bearer” at the provincial level as an instrumental variable to alleviate the possible estimation errors caused by omitted variables, the results show that the lower the proportion of red flag bearers, the higher the probability of obesity of women, and still will not improve the probability of obesity of men. The robustness test based on the generalized propensity score method (GPSM) supports the above results. The mechanism analysis shows that economic status and market participation are two essential mechanisms of gender role attitudes and female obesity. Traditional gender role attitudes increase the risk of women's obesity by reducing their economic status and labour market participation.

Choice-less Choice in the 2019 Presidential Election: Towards the Intrigues Perfected by the Electoral System in Nigeria

Literature on election is mostly anchored on how the voting exercise was carried out successfully or rigged in favour of one candidate over another. These scholars were only interested in analyzing the outcome of election with little or no effort to understand why electorates who cast their votes during election do not choose their leaders. While we acknowledged that vote buying, snatching of ballot boxes, intimidation, and different pattern of malpractices among others contributed to these, we equally noted that scholars have not really tried to find out why the electoral system in Nigeria could not allow candidates that would not only attract massive support but become irresistible during and after election. Therefore, what is often witnessed among presidential flag bearers in Nigeria are candidates who the electorates knew would not make significant impact if elected. As a result, make them (electorates) see voting during election as a routine exercise that must be fulfilled without enthusiasm or eagerness in carrying out such obligation. Election in this situation becomes so difficult that whoever is elected is not actually chosen by the electorates but is allowed to keep the country on track. These political parties are only interested on the radical nature of candidates who can withstand the campaign strategies leaving other areas like understanding - the political terrain of the country and having the will power to transform society against other odds. Until this issue is properly addressed and handled in the political system, voting in election will remain a mere process of choosing leaders that will neither attract peoples mandate nor sustain the democratic structures

Neuroprotective Methodologies in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Current Status of Clinical and Pre-clinical Findings.

Multiple sclerosis is an idiopathic and autoimmune associated motor neuron disorder that affects myelinated neurons in specific brain regions of young people, especially females. MS is characterized by oligodendrocytes destruction further responsible for demyelination, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial abnormalities, oxidative stress and neurotransmitter deficits associated with motor and cognitive dysfunctions, vertigo and muscle weakness. The limited intervention of pharmacologically active compounds like interferon-β, mitoxantrone, fingolimod and monoclonal antibodies used clinically are majorly associated with adverse drug reactions. Pre-clinically, gliotoxin ethidium bromide mimics the behavioral and neurochemical alterations in multiple sclerosis- like in experimental animals associated with the down-regulation of adenyl cyclase/cAMP/CREB, which is further responsible for a variety of neuropathogenic factors. Despite the considerable investigation of neuroprotection in curing multiple sclerosis, some complications still remain. The available medications only provide symptomatic relief but do not stop the disease progression. In this way, the development of unused beneficial methods tends to be ignored. The limitations of the current steady treatment may be because of their activity at one of the many neurotransmitters included or their failure to up direct signaling flag bearers detailed to have a vital part in neuronal sensitivity, biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and its discharge, development, and separation of the neuron, synaptic versatility and cognitive working. Therefore, the current review strictly focused on the exploration of various clinical and pre-clinical features available for multiple sclerosis to understand the pathogenic mechanisms and to introduce pharmacological interventions associated with the upregulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase/cAMP/CREB activation to ameliorate multiple sclerosis-like features.

Civil War Monuments and the Militarization of America by Thomas J. Brown

Reviewed by: Civil War Monuments and the Militarization of America by Thomas J. Brown Robert Cook (bio) Civil War Monuments and the Militarization of America. By Thomas J. Brown. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Pp. 366. Cloth, $90.00; paper, $29.95.) Recent controversies over the removal of Confederate statues have highlighted the centrality of Civil War memory to the ongoing culture wars in the United States. In this absorbing study, Thomas J. Brown assesses [End Page 432] the construction of Civil War monuments across the country in the decades after 1865 and convincingly connects the building of a new commemorative landscape to the rapid militarization of the republic in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The result is the most important book on American Civil War commemoration to be published in several years—not only for the persuasiveness of the argument but also because it places art and architecture where they should be: at the vital center of memory studies. Brown begins by reminding readers that today’s assaults on Confederate monuments were prefigured by the demolition of King George III’s New York statue at the start of the Revolution. But such iconoclasm, he makes clear, was not the American way during the nineteenth or the twentieth century. After a slow start in the early republic, four years of mass death in the first half of the 1860s triggered a rising tide of military monument building. Brown detects two principal phases of construction. The first occurred in a period of collective mourning in which the republican ideals of the antebellum years remained resonant. It began during the war itself and continued through the Reconstruction era. Monuments in this phase generally memorialized the citizen-soldiers who had died during the conflict rather than those who had survived it and often displayed the impact of grief on those who funded them. Some, like Martin Milmore’s strange Sphinx in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts, were allegorical. Others, like Harvard Memorial Hall, were utilitarian or depicted individual soldiers in contemplative mode and at rest rather than in the heat of battle. By the 1880s, however, representations of the Civil War began to change. A second and far more active phase of monument building, lasting into the second decade of the twentieth century, witnessed a proliferation of new artistic representations of the conflict. It was fostered by the veterans’ determination to commemorate their own sacrifices as well as those of their dead comrades, by the growth of industrial capitalism, and by the United States’ emergence as a colonial power and the attendant need for a larger and more professional army. In three fine central chapters, Brown subjects these forms to expert scrutiny. He discusses the growing popularity of monuments depicting flag bearers, combat groups, and armed, muscular soldiers, identifying them as indicators of Americans’ newfound fondness for the military. He finds abundant evidence of governing elites’ determination to nurture civic ideals fit for the modern age in the building of equestrian statues of Civil War leaders like Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, and Robert E. Lee. The uncritical patriotism championed by many members of the Grand Army of the Republic and swelled by the war with Spain was [End Page 433] channeled into the construction of triumphal Union arches and columns in various cities, including Brooklyn, Indianapolis, and Cleveland, as well as into explicitly reconciliatory monuments that lauded North-South amity and helped Americans forget the ideological divisions of the 1860s. In his fifth and final chapter, Brown narrates the decline of Civil War monument building after 1914 while also making clear the impact of the second phase on Great War memorialization in the United States, evidenced by widespread commemoration of veterans’ military service (not overwhelmingly that of the fallen, as in Great Britain) and the relative absence of reminders of the terrible impact of war on families (as in France). This book has many strengths: the author’s strikingly fresh interpretations of familiar and unfamiliar Civil War monuments, his conviction that sectional differences should not obscure fundamental similarities between northern and southern commemorative practices, his awareness of the central role played by class and gender...

Puzzlement of a déjà vu: Illuminaries of the global South

The act of decentring established Euro-North American sites and flows of knowledge as longstanding geopolitical anchors of epistemological authority presents déjà vu scenarios, involved in centre-staging processes. The very position of being a messenger from the ‘North’ of knowledge and theory from the ‘South’ can reproduce the same patterns the undertaking seeks to unsettle. The context in which academic performativity is shaped is integral to both the making and taking of space in intellectual circuits of production and circulation. This article considers how centre-staging in academia performatively involves particular features. As a case in point, the focus is on the centre-staging of Boaventura de Sousa Santos (epistemology of the South) and Raewyn Connell (Southern Theory), who have become globally known for insisting on bringing knowledge from the South to the North. The wider ecology of the global circuits of academia, as well as their own performative dramaturgy, constitutes points of observation. A self-enterprising ownership of big global conceptual programmes places them high in the decentring of knowledge. There is a leap frogging over former stocks of published academic knowledge, as well as a centre-staging of knowledge projects, whereby it is they who become the flag bearers of this enterprise. Within this process it is important to recognise who is illuminated. Bibliographic tracks become traced over, in the very ways in which fields are mapped in order to produce a point of intervention.

The Representation of Military Troops in Pingcheng Tombs and the Private Household Institution of Buqu in Practice

In Northern Wei tombs of the Pingcheng period (398–494 CE), we notice a recurrence of the depiction of armed men in both mural paintings and tomb figurines, not in combat but positioned in formation. Consisting of infantry soldiers alongside light and heavy cavalry accompanied by flag bearers, such a military scene presents itself as a point of interest amidst the rest of the funerary setting. Is this supposed to be an indication that the tomb occupant had indeed commanded such an impressive set of troops in life? Or had the families commissioned this theme as part of the tomb repertoire simply in hopes of providing protection over the deceased in their life after death? If we set the examination of this type of image against textual history, the household institution of buqu retainers that began as early as the Xin (“New”) Dynasty (9–23 CE) and was codified in the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), serving as private retainer corps of armed men to powerful families, appears to be the type of social institution reified in the archaeological materials mentioned above. The large-scale appearance of these military troops inside Pingcheng period tombs might even suggest that with the “tribal policy” in place, the Han Chinese practice of keeping buqu retainers became a convenient method for the Tuoba to manage recently conquered tribal confederations, shifting clan loyalty based on bloodline to household loyalty based on the buqu institution, one with a long social tradition in Chinese history. 

‘Liberation Begins with Stating the Facts’: Framing Statistics and Information Bricolage in Geert Wilders’ Twitter Practice

Geert Wilders is internationally the most iconic politician of the Netherlands and one of the most mediagenic flag bearers of Europe’s new right. This paper presents an analysis of a fundamental aspect of Wilders’ claims, namely their apparently factual basis, by employing framing theory and contentious politics theory, and taking a mixed method approach of quantitative data analysis and qualitative critical reading of Wilders’ Twitter timeline. Our main research question is: How did Geert Wilders frame his political claims, specifically about race and ethnicity, through statistics, numbers, and ‘facts’ on Twitter in the three months leading up to the Dutch elections on 15 March 2017? Our aim is to take Geert Wilders as a case study to closely examine how politicians can frame a particular topic to suit their own purposes, and manifests itself when politicians move to the new media sphere where their views seem to be less frequently challenged and their statements less verified by the media. We will conceptualize Wilders’ Twitter practice as ‘information bricolage’ which is a consequence of the new media reality where, on his own Twitter feed, a politician appears to be the editor of his own news. We show how the Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) campaign is almost in its entirety Wilders’ media performance, and how this is, both online and offline, largely devoid of conversation but consists of one-way broadcasting instead. In addition, Wilders shows a paradoxical attitude towards statistics. On the one hand, he challenges the objectivity of numbers or the institutes that produce them, while at the times he uses these ‘facts’ to validate his statements. By way of these practices, Geert Wilders rationalizes and legitimizes discriminating claims about Dutch immigrant populations.

Bangladesh: The Changing Dynamics of Violent Extremism and the Response of the State

Bangladesh is currently facing an incremental growth of radicalization. This radicalization can be traced back to the country’s early post-Independence years. Over time, political violence, ideological clashes between secular and right-wing ideologies, and weak governance have created conditions for the growth of radical Islam. The public rhetoric on corruption, weakening of democratic institutions, inadequate law enforcement agencies, fragile justice delivery system, fledgling educational and social institutions and growing unemployment provides further space for alternative narratives by extremist ideologues. Home-grown extremist outfits have received ideological and tactical supports from transnational terrorist network such as Islamic State (IS) and Al-Qaeda in Indian Subcontinent (AQIS), but only in a limited manner. The supply and demand side of radicalization in Bangladesh has not yet been addressed by actors such as the government, private sector, civil society and media. The failures in multiple sectors in the state governance have led to a situation where IS and AQIS now see Bangladesh as a potential ground for exerting their supremacy as flag bearers of radical forms of Islam.

Voters’ Assessment of Social Media Use for 2015 Electioneering Campaigns by the two Leading Political Parties in Nigeria

This paper examined voters’ assessment of social media use for the 2015 electioneering campaigns by the two leading political parties in Nigeria. The major objectives of the study were to determine the extent to which the two leading political parties in Nigeria (and their candidates) made use of the social media for their electioneering campaign activities and to ascertain the specific activities they purveyed through the social media. The study was anchored on the Agenda-setting theory of the mass media, adopted quantitative research approach, surveyed 105 respondents purposively drawn from Awka, Onitsha and Nnewi (the three main urban towns in Anambra State), and used the questionnaire as instrument of data collection. The percentage method was also used to analyse data. Findings of the study show that the two leading political parties in Nigeria did not use the social media much in the electioneering campaigns of the 2015 elections, that the candidates of the two leading political parties utilised the social media more than candidates of other political parties in the election, and that the activities they disseminated in the social media bordered mainly on announcement of party flag bearers, accusations and counter accusations of electoral fraud being strategised by the other political party or INEC’s connivance with one party or the other to rig the election. The paper concluded that the two leading political parties scored below average in the use of the social media in the 2015 electioneering campaigns, though, their candidates performed better than candidates of the other political parties. The researchers recommended more proactive use of the social media platforms by the leading political parties and all registered parties in Nigeria. Keywords : Voters, Assessment, Social Media, Use, 2015, Electioneering. Campaigns, Political parties, Anambra State, Nigeria

The Second Dimension of the Supreme Court

Describing the justices of the Supreme Court as ‘liberals’ and ‘conservatives’ has become so standard — and the left-right division on the Court is considered so entrenched — that any deviation from that pattern is treated with surprise. Attentive Court watchers know that the justices are not just politicians in robes, deciding each case on a purely ideological basis. Yet the increasingly influential empirical legal studies literature assumes just that — that a left-right ideological dimension fully describes the Supreme Court. We show that there is a second, more legally-focused dimension of judicial decision-making. A continuum between legalism and pragmatism also divides the justices, in ways that cuts against ideological preferences. The second dimension is systematic and significant, occurring in multiple different legal areas, and in consistent patterns. Seen in this way, the justices and their decisions can be understood in more complex terms, not just as ideological flag bearers, but as jurists who regularly have to choose between legal methodology and outcome preferences. In two dimensions, different patterns of coalitions emerge: in the second dimension, it is the Chief Justice and Justice Sotomayor, not Justice Kennedy, who sit at the median of the Court, and decide the balance of power.

Visual Crypto-Steganography in Images

The advent of modern technology has provided us with a platform to exchange information on a massive scale. There is always a threat of intercepting this confidential information which ultimately calls for some sort of security measure to allow uninterrupted flow of information from the sender to the receiver. Already devised methods like cryptography and steganography have been referred to as the flag bearers in this field. Cryptography is a process where a person changes the meaning of the original data by converting it into a cipher text. And steganography, on the other hand helps in hiding the cipher text or plain text in a medium thereby obscuring its existence. Both these methods are tested methods of providing security. In today's information age, information sharing and transfer has increased exponentially. The concern around making secret information completely threat free has been a daunting problem for the experts. Cryptography combined with steganography can certainly be used to overcome this threat. The two methods of cryptography and steganography when combined help in achieving significant levels of data security thereby proving to be a better method than these processes being used as standalone ones for transmitting data over an insecure channel which is susceptible to intrusion. One of the most secure forms of steganography is Visual Steganography which is implemented commonly in image files. There might be some changes in the colour frequency of the image when the data text is embedded which would become very obvious to the person seeing it. In order to overcome the conspicuous behaviour of the image, we propose layers of data protection where the data text will first be converted to an unreadable cipher followed by embedding the cipher into an image file in an encrypted format which will then be divided into shares to achieve another layer of security. Hence, the concept of cryptography and steganography both are used to provide two layers of security followed by visual cryptography scheme to divide the image into shares for it to be transmitted over a network channel.

Technology as Work and Work as Technology

Information technology (IT) organizations are considered the flag bearers of the post-industrial society. Arguably, the IT organizations are engaging and generating new forms of work such as software development. The new forms of work do not culminate in a material or a physical product. Rather the new forms of work is processed through computers, headsets and phones. Hence, this article presents the analysis of new forms of work emerging out of IT organizations. It addresses the question about how, technology is producing a new definition of work. In doing so, the article addresses the concepts of human capital, cyber-workers and intrusion of open source learning, along with a detailed profiling of sales personnel (the new power agents of IT). Although, we come to think of technology as a mere tool, but unpacking the nature of work from an ontological perspective has made us to rethink our ideas about technology. It thus, give a complex perspective, as work and technology are entangled together with no clear-cut distinction, however this perspective generates concrete theoretical understandings while contributing to the contemporary industrial relations framework.

Composites in commercial jets

Boys who decades ago assembled scale-model aeroplanes in plastic are today doing the same for real aircraft at full scale. With composites reaching proportions of up to 50% by weight in the latest aircraft, the signs are that the age of metallic preponderance in airframes could be coming to an end. Nowhere is this more true than in commercial air transport. Here we review progress on some of the flag bearers leading the charge for composites in this sector.