Fixed Satellite Service Earth Station Research Articles

Evaluation of 5G and Fixed-Satellite Service Earth Station (FSS-ES) Downlink Interference Based on Artificial Neural Network Learning Models (ANN-LMS).

Fifth-generation (5G) networks have been deployed alongside fourth-generation networks in high-traffic areas. The most recent 5G mobile communication access technology includes mmWave and sub-6 GHz C-bands. However, 5G signals possibly interfere with existing radio systems because they are using adjacent and co-channel frequencies. Therefore, the minimisation of the interference of 5G with other signals already deployed for other services, such as fixed-satellite service Earth stations (FSS-Ess), is urgently needed. The novelty of this paper is that it addresses issues using measurements from 5G base stations (5G-BS) and FSS-ES, simulation analysis, and prediction modelling based on artificial neural network learning models (ANN-LMs). The ANN-LMs models are used to classify interference events into two classes, namely, adjacent and co-channel interference. In particular, ANN-LMs incorporating the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and general regression neural network (GRNN) are implemented. Numerical results considering real measurements carried out in Malaysia show that RBFNN evidences better accuracy with respect to its GRNN counterpart. The outcomes of this work can be exploited in the future as a baseline for coexistence and/or mitigation techniques.

Procedure for evaluating electromagnetic compatibility of low-orbital satellite data transmission systems subscriber terminals with fixed satellite service earth stations

Procedure for evaluating electromagnetic compatibility of low-orbital satellite data transmission systems subscriber terminals with fixed satellite service earth stations

Guard band protection for coexistence of 5G base stations and satellite earth stations

In this paper, the coexistence between fifth generation (5G) network and fixed satellite service (FSS) is investigated. To reduce the interference between 5G base stations (BSs) and FSS earth station (ES), a guard band protection method is proposed. Additionally, the distance and angular protection methods are amalgamated. The performances are evaluated by simulation in realistic 3GPP. Also, the impacts of four antenna types are analysed for a 5G BS. The numerical results show that the guard band protection can solve the interference for the 5G/FSS coexistence, when the distance protection is combined. In addition, when the hybrid protection method is employed, the coexistence between 5G BS and FSS ES is guaranteed.

Compact Dual Bandpass Filter Using Dual-Split Ring Resonator for 5G Upper Microwave Flexible Use Services

A novel, compact dual bandpass filter design is proposed for 5G upper microwave flexible use services. To realize the proposed design, a dual split-ring resonator structure coupled to the microstrip transmission line is used. The output responses have been validated using vector network analyzer N5222A. The measured filter records a frequency range of 23.8 GHz–25.98 GHz for the first passband and 28.05 GHz–28.7 GHz for the second band, with fractional bandwidths of 8.8% and 2.2%, respectively. The minimum insertion loss is observed to be 4.2 dB using microstrip technology, even at higher frequencies. The proposed design occupies the area of 0.4 λg×0.27 λg, where λg is guided wavelength at the lower band central frequency. Simulated and measured results are approximately compatible with each other. The proposed design is useful for fixed satellite service earth stations, terrestrial wireless operations, and 5G mobile communications applications.

Hybrid of Angular and Distance Protection for Coexistence of 5G Base Stations and Satellite Earth Stations

In this study, we investigated the coexistence of the 5G communication network with a fixed-satellite service (FSS) in the 3.5 GHz and 26 GHz frequency bands. We analyzed an angular protection scheme for the FSS Earth station (ES) and 5G base stations (BSs). In addition, we defined the fixed BS-ES relative location, relative distance, and angular changes. The angular protection was integrated into the exclusion and restricted zones proposed by the distance protection scheme for simulation analysis to develop a transmit power control scheme based on the Citizens Broadband Radio Service. Its performances were extensively analyzed through simulations. The proposed scheme was evaluated in practical scenarios: rural macrocells, urban macrocells, and urban microcells, as defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The influence of antenna type was also researched, and BSs with 4 × 4, 8 × 8 and 16 × 16 antenna arrays, as specified by 3GPP, were considered for 5G networks. Finally, the results prove that the angular protection solution can solve the coexistence of the 5G system and the FSS. In addition, when angular protection and distance protection are used simultaneously, the coexistence effect of the two systems can be strengthened. Moreover, this work provides a quantitative perception for selecting system parameters, including an interference margin for the different scenarios and antenna types, the exclusion size, and the reduction area.

Distance Protection for Coexistence of 5G Base Station and Satellite Earth Station

In this paper, we investigate the coexistence of the 5G communication network with a fixed-satellite service (FSS) in the 3.5 GHz and 26 GHz frequency bands. We analyze a distance protection scheme for the FSS Earth station (ES) and 5G base stations (BS). Furthermore, we define the exclusion and restriction zones to develop a transmit power control scheme based on the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS). An interactive power control scheme is also devised for the restriction zone and extensively analyzed through simulations. The proposed scheme is examined for practical scenarios such as the rural macrocells (RMa), urban macrocells (UMa), and urban microcells (UMi) as defined by the 3GPP. The impact of the antenna type is also investigated, and BSs with omnidirectional, 4 × 4, 8 × 8, and 16 × 16 antenna arrays are examined, as defined by 3GPP, for the 5G networks. The results confirm that 5G systems can coexist with the FSS and provide quantitative insights into the selection of the system parameters, including interference margins, exclusion sizes, and reduction zones, for different scenarios and antenna types.

Adjacent channel compatibility between IMT and ubiquitous FSS Earth Stations in the 3.4–3.8 GHz frequency band

This study has investigated the mitigations necessary for successful compatibility between International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) services and Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) Earth Stations operating in adjacent frequency bands. We consider a problem where IMT services operate in the 3.4–3.6 GHz frequency band and FSS Earth Stations operate in the adjacent 3.6–3.8 GHz band (both bands are within the frequency range designated C-band). The results presented in this paper are applicable to other boundaries between IMT and FSS operating in C-band. This is an adjacent band compatibility problem, hence the mitigation considered is based on frequency separation. We firstly perform a co-frequency interference analysis and then determine the Net Filter Discrimination available for a range of possible frequency separations including Guard Bands. These calculations rest on some assumptions regarding the IMT transmitter and FSS receiver spectrum masks. We present some results which show that an 18 MHz Guard Band is sufficient to mitigate interference. This analysis is based on the median aggregate interference-to-noise ratio $$\Sigma I/N$$ delivered by our co-frequency analysis, using a − 10 dB threshold and covering all of the spectrum mask combinations considered in the study.

Impact of 5G New Radio Downlink Signal on Fixed-Satellite Service Earth Station

Impact of 5G New Radio Downlink Signal on Fixed-Satellite Service Earth Station

5G Cellular and Fixed Satellite Service Spectrum Coexistence in C-Band

The C-Band (3.4 - 4.2 GHz) is a cornerstone for many satellite services including Fixed Satellite Service (FSS), in particular above 3.6 GHz. The large geographic coverage of C-band satellite beams represents a cost-effective communication solution, while its robustness to weather impairments makes C-band the most suitable band to guarantee high service availability. On the other hand, C-band has long been a top candidate for the deployment of 5G-cellular systems because it is a mid-band spectrum, blending the signal reach of lower bands with the capacity of higher bands. The potential assignment of C-band to the 5G cellular systems is seen as a threat by the satellite operators, who are concerned about the interference that the 5G-cellular system may cause to their services, potentially leading to service interruption and causing a serious economic impact. This paper presents the interference studies of 5G cellular systems operating in the below 6 GHz band in both the adjacent channel and co-channel scenarios. We present a detailed analysis for both 5G-celullar downlink and uplink, considering the impact of out-of-band emissions, potential Low-Noise Block (LNB) saturation at the FSS Earth station receiver and the consequences of the deployment of Active Antenna Systems (AAS) in the terrestrial Base Stations (BSs). The outcomes of this paper aim to shed some light to spectrum regulators and other related stakeholders regarding the impact of the future deployment of 5G-cellular systems in the FSS Earth station receivers operating in C-band. The paper also propose and evaluates potential techniques that can be applied to facilitate the coexistence of both systems, e.g. switching off critical emitters or backing-off their transmit power.

밀리미터파 대역에서 5G 이동통신과 고정위성서비스간 공존 연구

In this paper, the possibility of spectrum coexistence of 5th generation mobile communications(IMT-2020) and Fixed-Satellite Service(FSS) uplink in the millimeter wave band is studied based on modeling approach and considering the parameters proposed by the international telecommunication union(ITU) for the frequency assignment of IMT-2020. First, in order to protect the existing FSS, the interference signal of IMT-2020 received by an FSS satellite is calculated and its influence on the satellite is analyzed. Then, the interference received by the IMT-2020 from the FSS earth station is calculated and the minimum separation distance required to avoid interference is presented. Finally, the feasibility of coexistence of both services is evaluated based on simulation results.

Coexistence of 5G With the Incumbents in the 28 and 70 GHz Bands

A promising way of realizing the fifth generation (5G) wireless systems is to operate 5G deployments at higher frequency bands, specifically in the millimeter-wave (mmW) spectrum (30-300 GHz). Access to such spectrum bands will enable future 5G wireless systems to meet the 5G requirements of peak rate greater than 10 Gb/s, and cell edge rate of up to 1 Gb/s. However, the emerging 5G systems will need to coexist with a number of incumbent systems in these bands. This paper provides an extensive study of the co-channel coexistence of 5G in two critical mmW bands, 27.5-28.35 GHz (28 GHz) and 71-76 GHz (70 GHz) bands, where fixed satellite service (FSS) and fixed service (FS), such as wireless backhaul, are the predominant incumbent users. In the 28-GHz study, we show that interference from 5G into the FSS space stations can be kept below the FSS interference protection criterion. We also characterize the minimum separation distance between the FSS earth stations (ESs) and 5G in order to protect the 5G system from interference due to the ESs transmissions. In the 70-GHz study, we show that the 5G-to-FS interference could be a potential issue in certain scenarios, but we introduce techniques to significantly suppress this interference, while maintaining acceptable performance of the 5G systems. For each study, we suggest appropriate deployment strategies for a 5G system based on our results.

Codebook-Based Precoding for SDMA-OFDMA with Spectrum Sharing

This paper focuses on codebook-based precoding for space-division multiple access/orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (SDMA-OFDMA) systems aiming to guarantee high throughput for their users as well as to mitigate interference to fixed satellite service (FSS). A systematic design of SDMA codebook for subband-based OFDMA is proposed, which forms multiple orthogonal beams with common spatial null in the direction of a victim FSS earth station (ES). The design enables both transmitter and receiver to independently construct identical codebook by sharing only on the direction angle of an FSS ES, which takes fewer overhead bits than Gram-Schmidt process, a general method satisfying our design criterion. A system-level throughput evaluation shows that the proposed precoding provides superior performance over existing spectrum sharing method, that is, subband deactivation. The spectrum sharing analysis shows that the proposed precoding, even with an estimation error of the direction angles of an FSS ES, causes lower interference than existing precoding, knockdown precoding.

Potential penalty distance between FSS receiver and FWA for Malaysia

This paper deals with the Interference between Fixed Satellite Service Earth Station (FSS-ES) receiver and Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) in term of possible separation distance, for Malaysian environment. The study began with detailed clarification of worldwide regulatory and C-Band user history. Subsequently, detailed calculations of the current and most useful formulas for path loss effect and clutter loss by using the existing parameters of both services had been done. Thereafter, FSS axis receiving gain and radiation pattern covered in term of maximum possible separation reduction. Moreover, Site shielding, isolation, off-Axis, In-Band and out of band have been discussed in several scenarios. Calculations, analysis and simulation have been done by using Matlab software. Extracted conclusions highlighted the subsistent situation and proposals for future work.

Interference mitigation technique for the sharing between IMT-advanced and fixed satellite service

In this paper, we propose an efficient and robust interference mitigation technique based on a nullsteering multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) spatial division multiple access (SDMA) scheme for frequency sharing between IMT-advanced and fixed satellite service (FSS) in the 3400-4200 and 4500-4800 MHz bands. In the proposed scheme, the pre-existing preceding matrix for SDMA unitary preceded (UPC) MIMO proposed by the authors is modified to construct nulls in the spatial spectrum corresponding to the direction angles of the victim FSS earth station (ES). Furthermore, a numerical formula to calculate the power of the interference signal received at the FSS ES when IMT-Advanced base stations (BS) are operated with the interference mitigation technique is presented. This formula can be derived in closed form and is simply implemented with the help of simulation, resulting in significantly reduced time to obtain the solution. Finally, the frequency sharing results are analyzed in the co-channel and adjacent channel with respect to minimum separation distance and direction of FSS earth station (DOE). Simulation results indicate that the proposed mitigation scheme is highly efficient in terms of reducing the separation distance as well as robust against DOE estimation errors.