Five Times Sit-to-stand Test Research Articles

Effectiveness of Gait Training Using Dynamic Bodyweight Support System on Locomotor Abilities of Ambulatory Children With Different Neural Disorders

Background: In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of dynamic bodyweight-supported training on the gait quality of children with different neural disorders. Methods: Seventeen ambulatory children, aged 3 to 11 years, experiencing gait limitations, were selected to participate in the designed gait training program. Each child participated in 10 practice sessions held three days a week, with each training session using the dynamic body weight support system, comprising three stages, and lasting 20 minutes. Clinical assessments were conducted using four functional tests: "Five Time Sit to Stand Test (FSST)", "Modified Time Up and Go (MTUG)", "Time Up and Down Stairs (TUDS)", and "Pediatric Berg Balance Scale" (BBS). Results: Statistical tests demonstrated a significant increase in the post-values of the BBS after gait training. Notably, children with higher relative cognitive abilities showed more improvement. Additionally, there was a significant enhancement in the assigned score for the level of independence. As all participants had received conventional physical therapies for more than three years, reaching their maximum obtainable improvements with conventional training methods, the observed improvements could be attributed to the designed training protocol even without a control group. Conclusion: Designed gait training protocol using a dynamic weight support system proved effective in enhancing balance, improving gait quality, and increasing the level of independence during performing functional tests in ambulatory children suffering from different locomotor disabilities.

Preoperative Motor Function Associated with Short-Term Gain of Health-Related Quality of Life after Surgery for Lumbar Degenerative Disease: A Pilot Prospective Cohort Study in Japan.

This study aimed to estimate the relationship between preoperative motor function and short-term recovery of health-related quality of life after lumbar surgery in patients with lumbar degenerative disease. This prospective cohort study involved 50 patients with lumbar degenerative disease at a general hospital in Japan. The primary outcome was the achievement of minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for EuroQOL 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) at discharge. Preoperative demographic, medication, surgical, and physical function data were collected. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the achievement of MCID for EQ-5D as the dependent variable and preoperative characteristics, including the Five Times Sit to Stand test (FTSTS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), as the independent variables. The logistic regression analysis showed that Model 1 had a moderate predictive accuracy (Nagelkerke R2: 0.20; Hosmer-Lemeshow test: p = 0.19; predictive accuracy: 70.0%). Among the independent variables in the logistic regression model, the FTSTS was the only independent variable related to the achievement of MCID for EQ-5D at discharge (odds ratio: 0.03; 95% CI: 1.79 × 10-3, 0.18). Our results highlighted the importance of baseline motor function in the postoperative recovery of health-related quality of life in individuals with lumbar degenerative disease.

Changes in Lower Extremity Muscle Quantity and Quality in Patients with Subacute Stroke.

To analyze the changes in muscle mass and quality with time on the paretic and non-paretic sides in subacute stroke patients and identify correlations between the variation of muscle mass and quality and lower limb functions. Thirty hemiplegia patients diagnosed with stroke participated in this study. To evaluate poststroke muscle changes, longitudinal measurement of muscle mass and quality was conducted with bilateral lower limbs. The elastic shear modulus was measured using shear wave elastography and muscle thickness (MT) of rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius (GCM) muscles. Functional evaluation was performed using Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST). Follow-up was performed at discharge. The muscle mass and quality were compared according to time. We analyzed whether muscle quantity and quality were related to function. MT demonstrated no significant change with time. The elastic shear modulus increased significantly in the paretic VL and GCM muscles and did not change significantly in the muscles on the non-paretic side. Correlation analysis detected that elastic shear modulus in the VL has a cross-sectional negative relationship between BBS and positive relationship between FTSST. There were significant correlation between variation of FTSST and the variation of the elastic shear modulus in VL. Only paretic VL and GCM muscle quality changed in subacute stroke patients and muscle's property related to lower limb functions. Therefore, the lower extremity requires an approach to muscle quality rather than quantity for subacute stroke patients.

Effect of adding hip exercises to general rehabilitation treatment of knee osteoarthritis on patients’ physical functions: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundHip adductor and abductor strength were both reduced in KOA patients. But to date, most of the researches have only focused on quadriceps combined with hip abductor strengthening versus quadriceps strengthening.ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of adding hip abductor and adductor strengthening to quadriceps strengthening on lower limb strength, knee pain and physical function in patients with medial compartmental knee osteoarthritis.MethodsIn this study, 42 participants, were randomly divided into two groups: the general treatment group (GT group) and the added-hip-exercise group (AH group). All participants were given a general rehabilitation treatment. The AH group performed hip abductor and adductor strengthening in addition to the general rehabilitation treatment. Knee and hip muscle strength, Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST), the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. A two-sided 2-sample unpaired t test was performed to compare the difference in mean change scores between AH and GT groups.ResultsFinally, 36 participants completed the study: both groups consist of 18 participants. In the per-protocol analysis, the AH group had a greater improvement in knee extension strength (mean changes, 7.84 versus 36.48; P < 0.001) and hip abduction strength (mean changes, 5.05 versus 26.62; P = 0.001) than the control group. Similarly, the AH group had a greater improvement in the FTSST time (mean changes, 0.40 s versus 3.57 s; P < 0.001) and the TUFT time (mean changes, 0.18 s versus 1.67 s; P = 0.002) than the GH group. No statistical difference was found in the change of WOMAC pain scores and NRS between the 2 groups.ConclusionsOlder adults with knee OA in the AH group had superior muscle strength, symptoms and daily activity performance at the 6th week than those in the GT group. And adding hip exercises could expedite improvement of pain at the 2th week, but not at the 6th week.Trial registrationClinical trial registration numbers and date of registration: ChiCTR-IOR-16009124, Registered 30 August 2016.

Relationship between physical performance and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure

Introduction and objectivesThis study aims to describe relationship between physical performance (PP) and health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure (HF). MethodsThis study used a cross-sectional design for data collection. Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) was used as a measurement tool, while the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) was used to assess PP. The data were processed by Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, one-way ANOVAs, and Hierarchical multiple regression. ResultsA total of 180 patients with HF participated in this study, with the mean age of respondents being 59.98 (11.86) years old. Among these respondents, 60% were male, with a mean PP of 9.56 (6.94)s and a mean MLHFQ of 43.14 (20.74). The results showed that MLHFQ had a significant correlation with HF medication (r=.16, P<.05), health status (r=.24, P<.01), FTSST (r=.40, P<.01), and MLHFQ was significantly associated with New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification (F=8.358, P<.001). There were three variables identified as predictors of MLHFQ, namely health status (β=−2.22), NYHA Class III (β=1.27), and FTSST (β=3.03), and were predicted to account for 31.1% of the variance in MLHFQ. ConclusionsEfforts to increase PP from patients with HF can be an asset to improve health-related quality of life. Furthermore, health status and NYHA classifications are factors that can significantly affect health-related quality of life of patients with HF.

Minimal Detectable Changes in the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test in Older Japanese Adults with Sarcopenia Requiring Long-Term Care.

Background and Objectives: Although the importance of sarcopenia control has been suggested, there are no minimal detectable change (MDC) studies of older adults with sarcopenia, to our knowledge, and the criteria for determining the effectiveness of interventions are unknown. The purpose of this study was to calculate the MDC in the five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST) in older Japanese adults with sarcopenia and use it as an index to determine the effectiveness of future interventions. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in January and February 2023. The participants of this study were older Japanese adults using daycare rehabilitation. Thirty-eight participants performed the FTSST twice a week. Grip strength, walking speed, and skeletal muscle mass were measured to determine the presence of sarcopenia. The diagnosis of sarcopenia was defined as low skeletal muscle mass and low muscle strength and/or low physical function, based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 diagnostic criteria. Participants were further classified as sarcopenic or non-sarcopenic. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and MDCs were calculated for the overall, sarcopenia, and non-sarcopenia groups using the two FTSST measures. The average and difference of the two variables were used to calculate the MDC. Results: Overall, the ICC (1,1) was 0.94, MDC was 2.87 s, and MDC% was 23.3%. The sarcopenia group had an ICC (1,1) of 0.93, MDC of 3.12 s, and MDC% of 24.0%. The non-sarcopenia group had an ICC (1,1) of 0.95, MDC of 2.25 s, and MDC% of 19.2%. Conclusions: Despite the limitation of the data being only from this study population, we found that a change of ≥3.12 s or ≥24.0% in the FTSST of older adults with sarcopenia was clinically meaningful and may help to determine the effectiveness of sarcopenia treatment. The improvement or decline in older Japanese adults with sarcopenia should be determined by changes in the FTSST over a longer period of time than that for other conditions.

Five-times sit-to-stand test following anterior cruciate ligament surgery: a cross-sectional reliability study.

Patients who have had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) should periodically have their muscle strength assessed. The five-times sit-to-stand test (FTSST) can evaluate the muscle strength and balance of the lower extremities. This study's primary purpose was to assess the validity and reliability of the FTSST in patients who have undergone ACL-R. Forty-three people who had undergone ACL-R surgery were included in the study. The study's primary outcome measure, the FTSST, was assessed by two different investigators. Secondary outcome measures were body balance, quadriceps muscle strength, Tegner activity score (TAS), and Lysholm score. The FTSST's test-retest and inter-rater reliability were both high (ICC: 0.99). The FTSST also showed a strong statistically significant correlation with all secondary outcome measures, including balance, quadriceps muscle strength, TAS, and Lysholm score (p<0.05). According to the study results, the FTSST is a tool-free, simple method for assessing muscle strength and the body balance level, mobility level, and functional status of the knee in patients who have undergone ACL-R surgery.

The Comparison of The Online and Face-to-Face Assessments of Physical Functions in Healthy Adults

Purpose: This study aims to investigate whether online assessments can be used as an alternative way to face-to-face assessments. &#x0D; Method: The study included 20 volunteer healthy adults (F/M: 14/6; Age: 59.1 ± 8.02 years-old) without any neurological problems and scored 24 or higher in the Mini-Mental State Examination Test. All assessments (The Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSTS), Arm Curl Test (ACT) and Toe Touch Tests (TTT)) were performed both online and face-to-face. Google Meet or Zoom Meetings platforms were used for online assessments. Differences between online and face-to-face groups were determined by the Wilcoxon test. &#x0D; Results: In the study, there was no statistically significant differences between the online and face-to-face assessments of the TUG (p=0.057), BBS (p= 0.546) and TTT (p=0.438). However, it was significant differences the online FTSTS (p=0.028) and ACT (p= 0.002) tests with compared to face-to-face evaluation. The current study has shown that can be performed to adults of the assessments of TUG, BBS and TTT tests on the supervised online platform.

Nonlinear Associations between Physical Function, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults.

The purpose of this study is to examine how physical function, physical activity, and sleep are related to depressive symptoms in older adults using a nonlinear model. The participants were 283 Korean older adults aged 65 and older who met the study inclusion criteria. Depressive symptoms were measured using the shortened version of the Geriatric Depression Scale in Korean (SGDS-K). Physical activity and sleep time were objectively quantified by continuously monitoring participants over 20 consecutive days using a triaxial accelerometer. Physical function was evaluated using five distinct measurements: grip strength, gait speed, the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), the Six-Minute Walk Test (SMWT), and the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST). The SMWT, gait speed, and MVPA exhibited a nonlinear relationship with depressive symptoms. However, other physical functions showed linear relationships. Also, sleep time showed a U-shaped trend starting at approximately 390 min. After adjusting for age, sex, drinking, and smoking in the logistic regression model, SMWT, MVPA, and sleep time were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. The outcomes highlight the importance of considering multiple factors in understanding depression among the elderly, particularly the intricate interactions between these elements and biological rhythms.

Effect of Baduanjin exercise on primary osteoporosis: study protocol for randomized controlled trial

BackgroundLack of exercise is often a major cause of chronic disease. Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic disease with multifactorial co-morbidity. Baduanjin (BDJ) exercise may be a powerful tool for modifying risk factors. The aim is to provide more evidence about the effectiveness of BDJ exercise in improving pain and balance ability in patients with OP.MethodsIn the prospective randomized controlled trial, 160 participants will be recruited and randomized to the treatment group (BDJ exercise combined with Calcium carbonate and D3) or the control group (Calcium carbonate and D3) at 1:1 ratio. Participants in the treatment group will receive 24-week BDJ exercise for 30–60 min, 3 times a week, along with Calcium carbonate and D3 at each day, while participants in the control group will receive Calcium carbonate and D3 only. All outcome indicators will be measured at baseline, after the 6th month of treatment and 6th month after the end of treatment. The primary outcomes include pain and balance ability, as measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and Berg balance scale (BBS). The secondary outcomes will primarily include bone mineral density (BMD), laboratory tests (including P1NP, β-CTX, MSTN, FDF-23, NPY), the timed “up and go” (TUG) test, the morse fall scale (MFS), the five-times sit-to-stand test (FTSST).DiscussionThe study will hopefully confirm that BDJ exercise, as a non-drug intervention, should be recommended for patients with OP to prevent bone loss, falls and fractures.Trial registrationInternational standard randomized controlled trial number (ISRCTN) registry: ISRCTN76945140 registered on 07/06/2022.

Effects of early mental state changes on physical functions in elderly patients with a history of falls

BackgroundFear of falling is a potential consequence for older adults who have experienced a fall. Whether such psychological concerns related to falls, in turn, affect physical function? Especially those who have a history of falling but have not been diagnosed with anxiety, depression, or both. This study aimed to clarify the effects of early psychological changes on the physical function of older patients.MethodsThe 111 participants with falling history were divided into the poor physical function (PPF) group with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) ≤ 9 and the good physical function (GPF) group with SPPB > 9. Their physical function was assessed through 4-m gait speed (4MGS), five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), grip strength, and Timed Up and Go tests TUGT. Their mental state was assessed by the self-rating anxiety/depression scale (SAS/SDS).Results(1) SAS/SDS scores were negatively correlated with the SPPB score, gait speed, and maximum grip strength (males). (2) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the SPPB score was subject to such independent influence factors: cerebrovascular disease (OR = 11.805; P = 0.005), normal ratio of grip strength (OR = 0.046; P = 0.016), TUGT (OR = 1.717; P < 0.001), and SDS score (OR = 1.154; P = 0.008). (3) The area under the ROC curve was 0.699 (0.601, 0.797) for SAS score, with a sensitivity of 0.776 and a specificity of 0.547; the AUC was 0.694 (0.596, 0.792) for SDS score, with a sensitivity of 0.586 and a specificity of 0.755.ConclusionsIn older adults with a history of falls without a diagnosis of anxiety or depression, higher SAS/SDS scores were associated with worse fall-related physical function, and there was a statistically significant correlation between the two. This may indicate a risk of falling again in the future.

Predictive ability of the two-minute step test for functional fitness in hypertensive older individuals.

The 2-Minute Step Test (2MST) is a simple and inexpensive functional test that measures an individual's ability to perform continuous stepping up and down on a step platform for two minutes. This study evaluated the 2MST as a tool for assessing functional fitness in older individuals with hypertension and determined the correlation between the 2MST and physical fitness tests. A total of 91 older individuals with hypertension performed physical fitness tests, including the 2MST, 6-minute walk test (6MWT), five-times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), grip strength and leg strength assessments, and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) to collectively assess their physical fitness. A cutoff score of ≤60 steps in the 2MST had 87.50% sensitivity and 70.59% specificity in predicting functional exercise performance in older individuals with hypertension. Additionally, the number of steps in the 2MST was positively correlated with the distance covered in the 6MWT, isometric grip strength, and isometric leg strength and negatively correlated with the duration of the FTSST and TUG.<br/>. A cutoff score of ≤60 steps in the 2MST predicted functional exercise performance in older individuals with hypertension with 87.50% sensitivity and 70.59% specificity and was correlated with other physical fitness tests, suggesting that the 2MST is a useful tool for assessing functional exercise performance.

Comparison of physical performance, gait, balance, falls efficacy, and step reaction time in individuals with multiple sclerosis

ObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the physical performance, gait, balance, falls efficacy, and step reaction time in individuals with MS. MethodsA total of 60 individuals (30 individuals with MS and 30 age and sex-matched healthy controls) were enrolled. Individuals’ physical performance was evaluated with the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) and Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSTS). Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12v2) and Falls Efficacy Scale International (FES-I) were used to assess the balance, gait and fall efficacy of the participants. Individuals' step reaction time (SRT) was calculated with video-based software. The time between the step command and the first contact of the foot with the ground in the first step was recorded. ResultsThe mean age of the individuals with MS and the control group was 38.5 ± 9.4 years and 33.9 ± 11.7 years, respectively. Significant differences existed between the groups in SRT, FES-I, ABC, and FTSTS (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between SRT with any other parameter (p > 0.05). TUG was moderately correlated with MSWS-12 and FES-I (r1 =0.426, r2 =0.495, p < 0.05). Besides, there was a moderate correlation between ABC with TUG and FTSTS (r1 =−0.605, r2 =−0.468, p < 0.05). A high degree correlation was found between MSWS-12 with FES-I and ABC (r1 =0.843, r2 =−0.834, p < 0.05). ConclusionIndividuals with MS have decreased SRTs. However, this condition was not found to be related to physical performance. Further studies should focus on the association of SRT with cognitive and psychosocial parameters.

지역사회기반 여성 노인의 호흡 근력과 신체 근력 및 근육량의 상관관계 연구

Purpose: This study aimed to indirectly assess physical strength and muscle mass to determine the level of respiratory muscle strength in community-based older women. Methods: A total of 30 women aged 65 years or older were included in this study. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), and grip strength were measured. Timed up and go test, five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), one-minute sit-to-stand test (1MSTST), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were performed. Subsequently, a correlation analysis was performed between the measured data and respiratory muscle strength. Results: MIP was significantly correlated with pulmonary function parameters, including FVC, FEV1, FTSST score, 1MSTST score, and body mass index (BMI) measured by BIA. MEP was significantly correlated with FEV1/FVC, FTSST score, 1MSTST score, and BMI. Conclusion: A significant correlation was observed between respiratory muscle strength and FTSST score, 1MSTST score, and BMI in community-dwelling older women. Further studies are needed to predict respiratory muscle strength levels based on leg muscle strength and BMI and to manage respiratory muscle health in community-dwelling older individuals.

Effectiveness of rehabilitation for working-age patients after a total hip arthroplasty: a comparison of usual care between the Netherlands and Germany

BackgroundPostoperative rehabilitation after primary total hip arthroplasty (p-THA) differs between the Netherlands and Germany. Aim is to compare clinical effectiveness and to get a first impression of cost effectiveness of Dutch versus German usual care after p-THA.MethodsA transnational prospective controlled observational trial. Clinical effectiveness was assessed with self-reported questionnaires and functional tests. Measurements were taken preoperatively and 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. For cost effectiveness, long-term economic aspects were assessed from a societal perspective.Results124 working-age patients finished the measurements. German usual care leads to a significantly larger proportion (65.6% versus 47.5%) of satisfied patients 12 weeks postoperatively and significantly better self-reported function and Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST) results. German usual care is generally 45% more expensive than Dutch usual care, and 20% more expensive for working-age patients. A scenario analysis assumed that German patients work the same number of hours as the Dutch, and that productivity costs are the same. This analysis revealed German care is still more expensive but the difference decreased to 8%.ConclusionsGerman rehabilitation is clinically advantageous yet more expensive, although comparisons are less straightforward as the socioeconomic context differs between the two countries.Trial registrationThe study is registered in the German Registry of Clinical Trials (DRKS00011345, 18/11/2016).

Do timed up and go and five times sit to stand test outcomes correlate with trunk stability? A pilot-study

BACKGROUND: Five Times Sit to Stand (FTSS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) are clinical tests in which performance is evaluated through completion time, which can be thought to reflect dynamic balance. Completion time in these tests, however, can be affected not only by balance stability but also by other important components, such as legs’ muscular strength and velocity. AIM: This investigation aimed to evaluate the correlation of completion times in these clinical tests and mediolateral (ML) balance stability measured through lower trunk accelerometry in older individuals. METHOD: Fifteen volunteers were evaluated, aged 60-86 years (M = 69.56±5.89 years). For TUG, we evaluated the conventional version of the test (TUGC), in addition to a dual task (TUGDT) and a new overline (TUGOL) version featured by increased balance demand. Balance stability during test performance was measured through ML accelerations of the lower trunk. RESULTS: The results indicated negative time-acceleration correlations for TUGC (rp = -.71, rp2 =.50, p &lt;.01) and TUGDT (rp = -.77, rp2 =.59, p &lt;.01) and a positive correlation for FTSS (rp =.73, rp2 =.53, p &lt;.01). The TUGOL test failed to show significant time-acceleration correlations. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that completion time in the FTSS test importantly reflects dynamic balance stability in older individuals. On the other hand, ML trunk acceleration when performing TUG seems to be more related to movement speed than body balance. Our results suggest that completion time can be considered a predictor of dynamic balance in the FTSS test.

Improving Functional Capacity and Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease Patients through REAC Neuromodulation Treatments for Mood and Behavioral Disorders.

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that affects both motor and non-motor functions, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Currently, it remains a challenge to distinguish the correlation between these aspects and their impact on one another. To try to clarify these reciprocal influences, in this study we have used specific radio electric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) technology neuromodulation treatments for behavioral mood disorders and adjustment disorders. In particular, we employed the neuro-postural optimization (NPO) and neuro-psycho-physical optimization (NPPOs) treatments. The study enrolled randomly 50 subjects of both genders previously diagnosed with Parkinson's disease for at least six months. Prior to and following REAC NPO and NPPOs treatments, we assessed the subjects using functional dysmetria (FD) evaluation, five times sit to stand test (FTSST) for postural stability, and the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) for quality of life (QLF) evaluation. The positive results produced by the REAC NPO and NPPOs neuromodulation treatments, specific for mood and adaptation disorders, on dysfunctional motor disorders, and quality of life confirm how the non-motor components can condition the symptomatology of Parkinsonian motor symptoms. These results also highlight the usefulness of REAC NPO and NPPOs treatments in improving the overall quality of life of these patients.

Validity and reliability of five-times-sit-to-stand test with a dual task in older adults with mild cognitive impairment

INTRODUCTION: Although the five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST) is commonly used to analyse functional capacity, in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), many activities of daily living, such as walking while holding objects, require the simultaneous performance of motor and motor tasks. Hence, the FTSST with a secondary task has been introduced, though there is a lack of evidence on its validity and reliability. This study aimed to examine the concurrent validity and reliability of the FTSST with a dual task in older adults with MCI. METHODS: Twenty-eight older adults with MCI participated in the study. All participants performed the FTSST, FTSST with a dual task and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The concurrent validity of the FTSST with a dual task was established with the TUG. RESULTS: Moderate concurrent validity was found between the FTSST with a dual task and the TUG, with Pearson’s r = 0.59 (p &lt; 0.001). The FTSST with a dual task exhibited good intra-rater (ICC 3,2 = 0.99) and inter-rater (ICC 2,2 = 0.99) reliability. The standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change of the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the FTSST with a dual task were 0.22 and 0.18, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study showed a significant correlation between the FTSST both with and without a dual task and the TUG as well as good inter- and intra-rater reliability when used in older adults with MCI. These findings support using these tests as outcome measures in older adults with MCI.

The investigation of cognition, proprioception, sensory and physical function in stroke patients with urinary incontinence.

This study aimed to investigate cognition, proprioception, and sensory/physical function in stroke patients with urinary incontinence (UI). A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 53 individuals with stroke (23 had UI and 21 matched controls). The Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form (IIQ-7) and Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6) were used to assess the patients' UI symptoms. Participants were also evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Barthel Index (BI), Fugl-Meyer Sensory Assessment (FMA-S), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST), Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Proprioception Test. FTSST, FRT and FMA-S were better in stroke subjects without UI (p < 0.05). There was a moderate correlation between IIQ-7 with FMA-S, FTSST and proprioception (left extremity) (r1: -0.415, r2: 0.440, r3: 0.430, p < 0.05) and a low correlation with BI (r: -0.356, p < 0.05). Individuals with UI had worse sensory/motor function and static balance. Stroke patients with UI were more dependent, had less sensory function, and had worse lower extremity muscle strength and proprioception as the level of urinary incontinence increased. To reduce urinary incontinence, emphasis on motor/sensory function, balance, and proprioception should be considered.

The Effect of Diagonal Exercise Training for Neurorehabilitation on Functional Activity in Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study.

Functional movements of the human body occur multifacetedly. This pilot study investigated the effects of neurorehabilitation training, including diagonal movements, balance, gait, fall efficacy, and activities of daily living in stroke patients. Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with stroke by a specialist were divided into experimental groups applying diagonal exercise training and control groups applying sagittal exercise training. The five times sit-to-stand test (FTSST), timed up and go (TUG) test, and Berg balance scale (BBS) were used to evaluate balance ability, the falls efficacy scale (FES) was used to evaluate fall efficacy, and the modified Barthel index (MBI) was used to evaluate activities of daily living. All evaluations were conducted once prior to intervention implementation and again six weeks after the final intervention. In the study results, the experimental group to which the diagonal exercise training was applied had statistically significant changes in FTSST, BBS, and FES compared to the control group. In conclusion, the rehabilitation program, including diagonal exercise training, increased the patient's balance and reduced the fear of falling.