Fitness Test Scores Research Articles

Physical activity and health-related fitness in Asian adolescents: The Asia-fit study

ABSTRACTPurpose: The present study aimed to investigate and compare physical activity (PA) and health-related fitness in Asian adolescents, and to examine the associations between meeting PA guidelines and attaining fitness standards. Methods: A sample of 12,590 adolescents (Mage = 13.63 years, SD = 1.01) from eight Asian metropolitan cities completed measurements of PA, five field-based fitness tests, and covariates. The fitness test scores were further classified into Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) or Needs Improvement Zone (NIZ). Results: Findings showed that adolescents’ levels of PA and fitness components differed by cities. City differences were also found in proportions of meeting PA guidelines and achieving the HFZs of aerobic capacity, muscular fitness, and body composition. After controlling covariates, meeting PA guidelines positively associated with being in the HFZs of aerobic and muscular fitness, but the association was not significant with being in the body composition HFZ. Conclusion: There was a large variation in PA and health-related fitness in adolescents across the eight Asian cities. Asian adolescents achieving PA guidelines were more likely to be in the HFZ of aerobic and muscular fitness. Prospective follow-up studies are warranted to gain better insights into the relationships between objectively-measured PA and fitness.

The Association Between Fitness Test Scores and Musculoskeletal Injury in Police Officers.

A police officer’s career is hazardous and physically demanding. In order to perform occupational tasks effectively and without injury, officers require adequate physical abilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between scores on several fitness tests and musculoskeletal injury in a group of municipal police officers. This retrospective study used existing data to examine the relationship between risk of injury and fitness test performance. Injured and uninjured police officers scored significantly differently on several fitness measures. A multivariate regression indicated that a combination of age, sex, number of pull ups completed and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) best explained injury risk. Additionally, the findings indicated an interaction between sex and VO2max, and so the effect of VO2max on injury risk cannot be understood without accounting for sex.

Weight Loss Intervention Impact on the Physical Fitness Test Scores of Air Force Service Members.

Overweight and obesity are a major public health concern in the United States, including among active duty military personnel. Approximately 51% of active duty personnel are classified as overweight and 15% are classified as obese. This may impact military readiness. The current study aimed to determine if a weight loss intervention impacted fitness test scores among Air Force personnel. From 2014 to 2016, 204 Air Force members with overweight/obesity were randomized into either a Self-paced or counselor-initiated arm in a weight loss program. Study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the 59th Medical Wing in San Antonio and were acknowledged by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. Fitness test scores from before, during, and after the intervention were used to determine if the intervention resulted in improvements in overall fitness test ratings and scores on individual components of the test. Participants who lost at least 5% of their weight had better fitness ratings during the intervention compared to individuals who did not lose 5%. However, in the overall sample, fitness ratings worsened from preintervention to during the intervention, and from during to postintervention. Participants with overweight had better aerobic scores pre- and postintervention as well as better abdominal circumference scores and better fitness test ratings preintervention, during the intervention and postintervention compared to participants with obesity. Behavioral weight management interventions that achieve 5% weight loss may help improve military fitness test ratings.

Physical performance, demographic, psychological, and physiological predictors of success in the U.S. Army Special Forces Assessment and Selection course

This study assessed predictors of successful selection in the very challenging and stressful United States Army Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS) course among 800 Soldiers. A battery of measures were collected during the course and their ability to predict selection were assessed using logistic regression and chi-square tests. Physical performance measures were most predictive, including road march times, land navigation coordinates found, run times, fitness test score, obstacle course score, and pull-ups (p < .05). Soldiers that were officers or 18× enlisted (fast-tracked to SFAS), had <1 year of active duty, ≥ bachelor degree, no children, were not married, and were Ranger school graduates were more likely to be selected (p < .05). Several psychological measures were predictive, including intelligence quotient, grade level equivalents, resilience score, military aptitude score, and grit (p < .05). Basal serum physiological markers weakly predicted selection and were weakly associated with behavioral assessments. Lower C-reactive protein (< 9.5 nmol/L) and higher cortisol and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) predicted selection (p < .05). Higher C-reactive protein (≥ 9.5 nmol/L) was associated with lower fitness test scores and slower road march time (p < .05). Cortisol was correlated with higher grit and resilience scores (p < .05). SHBG correlated with higher grade level equivalents and better performance on pull-ups, land navigation, obstacle course, and the fitness test (p < .05). Testosterone was correlated with faster run and road march times (p < .05). Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) correlated with lower resilience scores, and DHEA-S, epinephrine, and norepinephrine correlated with worse performance on several physical events (p < .05). These findings suggest measures that could be targeted in interventions to monitor and enhance performance and resilience.

U.S. Army Physical Demands Study: Differences in Physical Fitness and Occupational Task Performance Between Trainees and Active Duty Soldiers

Canino, MC, Foulis, SA, Zambraski, EJ, Cohen, BS, Redmond, JE, Hauret, KG, Frykman, PN, and Sharp, MA. U.S. Army Physical Demands Study: Differences in physical fitness and occupational task performance between trainees and active duty soldiers. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1864-1870, 2019-U.S. Army initial entry training (IET) is designed to prepare trainees for the military environment and subsequent training, including specific programs to increase physical fitness to perform job-specific tasks to the minimal acceptable performance standard (MAPS). The aim of this study was to compare physical fitness and occupational task performance of trainees at the end of IET to that of active duty soldiers. One hundred seventy-nine male combat arms trainees at the end of IET and 337 male combat arms active duty soldiers performed a sandbag carry (SBC), casualty drag (CD), and move under direct fire (MUF). Physical fitness was assessed using Army Physical Fitness Test scores. A questionnaire was administered to determine frequency of task performance. Active duty soldiers compared with trainees were older (p < 0.01) and performed more push-ups (p < 0.01) and sit-ups (p < 0.01). Trainees performed the 2-mile run faster (p < 0.01). Ninety-four percent of trainees and 99% of active duty soldiers performed the 3 tasks to the MAPSs. Active duty soldiers performed significantly faster on both the SBC (p < 0.01) and CD (p < 0.01) and reported a higher task frequency on the SBC (p = 0.03) and CD (p < 0.01). No difference in MUF performance (p = 0.16) and task frequency (p = 0.13) was detected. Initial entry training seems to provide sufficient physical training as most trainees were able to meet the MAPSs; however, performance differences were still apparent between trainees and active duty soldiers. Additional practice performing the physically demanding tasks may help maximize performance on the physically demanding job requirements.

Simulated Casualty Evacuation Performance Is Augmented by Deadlift Peak Force.

The purpose of the current study was to examine if isometric peak force and rate of force development (RFD) were related to the ability to successfully perform a simulated casualty evacuation task in both unweighted and weighted conditions. Eighteen male participants from Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) completed a maximum isometric deadlift on a force plate (IRB#HE16227). Isometric peak force and RFD were calculated from ground reaction force. Two simulated casualty evacuation performance trials were then completed. The unweighted trial consisted of lifting and carrying a 75 kg dummy as quickly as possible for 50 m. The weighted trial was similar except 9 kg vests were added to both the simulation dummy and the participant to represent 18 kg of duty gear. Independent sample t-tests and Pearson correlations were performed to compare the characteristics of those who passed and failed the weighted trial. All of the participants (n = 18) completed the unweighted casualty evacuation trial, while 72% (n = 13) were able to complete the weighted casualty evacuation trial. The participants that successfully completed the weighted evacuation trial had significantly (p < 0.05) greater isometric peak force (1420 ± 165 vs. 1076 ± 256 N) and lean mass (74.18 ± 3.89 vs. 65.34 ± 3.89 kg) when compared to participants (n = 5) that could not complete the weighted evacuating task trial. Additionally, greater Army Physical Fitness Test scores (288 ± 13 vs. 269 ± 16 arbitrary units) and significantly faster (30.34 ± 4.41 vs. 44.92 ± 10.62 seconds) unweighted evacuation trial times were observed in participants that could complete the weighted evacuation task. Peak force was also significantly correlated with lean mass (r = 0.51, p < 0.05). There was no relationship between RFD and performance of the unweighted or weight trial. Isometric deadlift peak force represents an important determinant for the success of a simulated casualty evacuation task and may be a useful marker to include in periodic fitness evaluations of military personnel.

The relationship between physical fitness and occupational injury in emergency responders: A systematic review.

Emergency responders have jobs with physical demands that put them at risk of musculoskeletal injuries. This paper systematically reviews existing literature examining the relationship between fitness and occupational injury in this group. Comprehensive electronic searches were conducted using key words relating to musculoskeletal injury, fitness, and emergency responders. Eleven articles included in the review provided limited evidence for the relationship between physical fitness test scores and injury risk. There appears to be a correlation between better aerobic fitness and decreased risk of injury. Evidence of the relationship between aspects of physical fitness and occupational injury in emergency responders is extremely limited. More research is required to expand the knowledge in this area and to draw more definitive conclusions.

Assessment for Learning in Physical Education: The What, Why and How

Assessment in physical education has undergone significant changes since in the 1990s. Teachers now place less emphasis on fitness test scores and dressing out, and more on skills and knowledge according to SHAPE America's National Standards for K–12 Physical Education. More teachers are looking into formative assessments, rather than a summative score. “Formative assessment” and “assessment for learning” are terms that are usually used synonymously. However, some writers distinguished between these two terms and argued that they served different purposes. Regardless, formative assessment and assessment for learning have been shown to have a positive impact on teaching and learning. This article clarifies the terms and purposes of formative assessment and assessment for learning, provides examples of various types of formative assessment and assessment for learning activities in physical education, and explains why teachers should include them as part of their physical education instruction.

PO-002 Relationship between Air Pollution and College Students' Stamina

Objective To find out whether the air quality in the long growing areas of adolescents affects their cardiorespiratory function through experiments.&#x0D; Methods Through the classified statistics of the habitation of the students at H university，and the related statistics of the physical fitness test scores in the first and last year of college (men's 1000 meters run, the women's 800-meter run and vital capacity) and the average index of air pollution.&#x0D; Results 1.There are positive correlation between pollution index of key cities all over the country and vital capacity of freshman in the region, but after four years living under a common environment, correlation of female lung capacity level and regional air pollution index disappears, while the correlation enhances of boys. 2. Senior students’ vital capacity results are improved; 3.There is no obvious relation between the endurance performance of freshman and senior and regional pollution index. &#x0D; Conclusions 1 Air pollution and lung capacity are positively correlated, more exercise can weaken the effect of atmospheric pollution on lung. 2 After four years of urban life where the atmospheric pollution index is low, lung function can get some improvement. 3 Superimposed effects of smoking and air pollution is more severe to the lungs, last longer and less reversible .

Musculoskeletal Fitness Measures Are Not Created Equal: An Assessment of School Children in Corpus Christi, Texas.

This study investigated current obesity prevalence and associations between musculoskeletal fitness test scores and the odds of being underweight, overweight, or obese compared to having a healthy weight in elementary school children in Corpus Christi, Texas. The sample analyzed consisted of 492 public elementary school children between kindergarten and fifth grade. Their ages ranged from 5 to 11 years. Trunk lift, 90° push-up, curl-up, and back saver sit and reach tests were administered. Weight status was determined using BMI scores and the CDC growth charts. Obesity prevalence remains high among elementary school-aged children in Corpus Christi, Texas. Higher 90° push-up test scores were most consistently associated with decreased odds of being obese as compared to being overweight and having healthy weight except in kindergarten. Conversely, higher trunk lift test scores were associated with increased odds of being obese in second and fourth grades. When children achieved the minimum score to be classified in the Healthy Fitness Zone, those with healthy weight had similarly low musculoskeletal fitness (i.e., abdominal strength and endurance, hamstring flexibility, and trunk extensor strength and flexibility) as peers with overweight and obesity, especially in the lower grades. It was concluded that increased obesity prevalence in higher grades may be precipitated (at least in part) by low musculoskeletal fitness in the lower grades, especially kindergarten. Given previous associations in the literature, low musculoskeletal fitness may be symptomatic of poor motor skill competence in the current sample. These findings suggest a need for early and focused school-based interventions that leverage both known and novel strategies to combat pediatric obesity in Corpus Christi.

Assessment of Muscular Fitness as a Predictor of Flight Duty Limitation.

The high acceleration (Gz) exposure among military pilots flying fighter aircraft has been associated with an increased risk for cervical and lumbar disorders. It has been suggested that an adequate level of physical performance could reduce the risk of experiencing these disorders. The Finnish Air Force has for several years used aerobic (bicycle ergometer) and muscular fitness tests (battery of five tests) in the selection process of military pilot candidates in order to evaluate their physical fitness level. The aim of the study was to determine if these selection phase tests and anthropometry measures can predispose those individuals who might be at risk of developing severe spinal disorders leading to permanent flight duty limitations later during their military pilots' career. The study population consisted of 23 pilots flying with Gz limitation (+2 Gz, +4 Gz or +5 Gz) due to spinal disorders and 50 experienced (+1,000 flight hours) symptomless controls flying actively in operative missions. Data obtained retrospectively for all subjects included anthropometry, physical (aerobic and muscular fitness) test results and self-reported physical activity levels at a pilot selection phase. Aerobic fitness was measured with a maximal ergometer test and muscular endurance was evaluated with a test battery (standing long jump, pull-ups, sit-ups, back extensions, and push-up tests). Fighter pilots flying without Gz limitation had significantly better mean (±SE) results in pull-up (14.4 ± 4.2 vs. 11.5 ± 2.0, p < 0.05) and back extension (71.1 ± 14.1 vs. 60.0 ± 12.2, p < 0.05) tests during the pilot selection when compared with the limited pilots. Similarly, the non-limited pilots had a better total muscular fitness test score (13.7 ± 1.7 vs. 12.4 ± 1.6, p < 0.05) during the pilot selection. They had also participated in significantly more competitive sports (54% vs. 22%, p < 0.05) at the time of selection when compared with pilots flying with Gz limitation due to spinal disorders. The aerobic fitness test results and anthropometric measures were not statistically different among the groups. Higher levels of muscular fitness, particularly axial strength in military pilot selection may have a protective role for reducing spinal disorders which if developed, can often lead to limiting the availability of pilots for flight duty. The present findings also do not support the assumption that aerobic fitness above the required minimum level would protect pilots from developing spinal disorders and, therefore, from limiting flight duty.

Adrenal Stress and Performance during Military Survival Training

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research study was to evaluate neuroendocrine and physical performance responses in sailors and Marines undergoing U.S. Navy Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training. METHODS: 20 men (Age: 25.3 ± 3.6 years; Height: 178.1 ± 6.1 cm; Weight: 83.7 ± 12.6 kg) took part in the study. Men were further split into high fit (n =10) and low fit (n = 10) subgroups based on physical fitness test scores. Blood samples were obtained at three timepoints (T1: baseline, T2: stress, T3: recovery), and were analyzed for plasma epinephrine, plasma norepinephrine, plasma dopamine, serum cortisol, serum testosterone, and plasma neuropeptide Y. Vertical jump and handgrip tests were performed at T1 and T2. RESULTS: For the group as a whole (n = 20), stress hormone concentrations were significantly elevated at T2, with a concomitant reduction in testosterone concentrations. NPY concentrations did not increase at T2, but decreased significantly at T3. Subjects maintained performance on the vertical jump and handgrip tests from T1 to T2. Significant between group differences were observed in norepinephrine (high fit: 3530.64 ± 2146.54 pmol•L-1, low fit: 4907.16 ± 3020.85 pmol•L-1) and NPY (high fit: 169.3 ± 85.89 pg•mL-1, low fit: 123.02 ± 88.86 pg•mL-1) responses at recovery (T3). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that despite differential catecholamine and NPY responses during recovery, the SERE training course resulted in significant increases in stress hormone concentrations in all subjects regardless of physical fitness level, with no reductions in physical performance measures.

Fitness Measures Among Boy Scouts Completing the Personal Fitness Merit Badge.

IntroductionA formative framework for positive lifestyle and health behaviors is established during adolescence. The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is one organization that promotes healthy lifestyles among adolescent males and includes earning the Personal Fitness Merit Badge (PFMB). Despite the BSA Oath “to keep myself physically strong”, there is a paucity of evidence describing fitness test (FT) outcomes or correlations between FT and variables including age or body mass index (BMI) among Boy Scouts. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe and correlate FT to age and BMI among adolescent Boy Scouts.MethodsA prospective study design recruited Boy Scouts aged 11-17 years from Southeast Michigan using a sample of convenience. After securing physician clearance to participate, FT measures were performed utilizing previously established methodology. Third year doctor of physical therapy students trained in the measurement protocol performed the FT measures. Measures encompassed those required for the PFMB: BMI, pull-ups, push-ups, sit and reach flexibility test (SRF), sit-ups, and the one mile run (1MR). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, a Kruskal-Wallis test examined relationships between BMI and FT, and a nonparametric Spearman correlation examined correlations between FT performance and both age and BMI with statistical significance set at less than 0.05.ResultsNinety-nine Boy Scouts, whose mean age was 12.6 years (SD 1.4), met the inclusion criteria. The mean BMI was 21.5 (kg/height (cm)) 2 (SD 5.4) with eight scouts meeting criteria of underweight, 56 normal weight, 14 overweight, and 21 obese. Fitness test results were as follows: pull-ups 1.75 (SD 2.7), push-ups 18.0 (SD 10.6), SRF 21.2 cm (SD 10.5), sit-ups 28.9 (SD 8.7), and the 1MR run 616.5 seconds (SD 156.8). When comparing normal weight scouts to overweight and obese scouts, a significantly higher frequency of pull-ups (p=0.002, p=.001), push-ups (p=0.02, p=0.03), sit-ups (p=0.01, p=0.003,), and decreased time for completion on the 1MR (p=0.001, p=0.001) was identified, respectively. Furthermore, while no correlations were identified by age, a negative correlation was identified between increased sit-up frequency (r=-0.36, p=0.001) and decreased 1MR time performance (r=0.39, p=0.001) and a higher BMI.DiscussionWhile prior evidence suggests improved FT scores in adolescent males with advancing age, this was not observed. Less favorable PFMB required FT performance with an increased BMI among Boy Scouts is in congruence with prior reports for adolescent males.ConclusionVariations in FT performance levels were observed among Boy Scouts completing the initial FT requirements of the PFMB. However, correlations between higher BMI and less favorable FT performance were detected.

Secular Trends in the Physical Fitness of United States Army Infantry Units and Infantry Soldiers, 1976-2015.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine changes over time in the physical fitness of the United States (US) Army infantry. A systematic review was conducted to identify and analyze articles and databases that reported on physical characteristics (height, weight, and body mass index) and/or Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) scores of male infantrymen or men in infantry units. The National Library of Medicine's PubMed and the Defense Technical Information Center were searched using specific keywords. Reference lists of obtained articles, specific author searches, contact with authors, and secondary analysis of available databases enhanced the search. Studies and databases were selected if they involved infantry soldiers or soldiers in infantry units and provided a quantitative assessment of at least one physical characteristic or APFT measure. Average values for each measure were obtained, plotted by the year of data collection, and fitted to linear regression models. Thirty-one articles and five available databases met the review criteria encompassing years 1976-2015. Regression analysis suggested a small temporal increase in height for infantry soldiers (2%) and soldiers in infantry units (1%). Body weight and body mass index increased over the period (9-15%) in both groups. APFT performance of infantry soldiers was generally higher than that of infantry units. There was little change in APFT performance over the period for infantry soldiers. For soldiers in infantry units, push-up performance changed little over time, whereas sit-up performance increased (8%) and two-mile run performance decreased (8%). Over the surveyed period, body weight and body mass index increased in US Army infantry soldiers and soldier in infantry units. Infantry soldier performance on the APFT appears to have been maintained over the period. For soldiers in infantry units, there has been a small improvement in sit-up performance, but lower two-mile run performance.

Adrenal Stress and Physical Performance During Military Survival Training.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate neuroendocrine and physical performance responses in sailors and Marines undergoing U.S. Navy Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training. Participants were 20 men (Age: 25.3 ± 3.6 yr; Height: 178.1 ± 6.1 cm; Weight: 83.7 ± 12.6 kg). Men were further split into high fit (N = 10) and low fit (N = 10) subgroups based on physical fitness test scores. Blood samples were obtained at baseline (T1), stress (T2), and recovery (T3) timepoints, and were analyzed for plasma epinephrine, plasma norepinephrine, plasma dopamine, serum cortisol, serum testosterone, and plasma neuropeptide Y. Vertical jump and handgrip tests were performed at T1 and T2. Stress hormone concentrations were significantly elevated at T2, with a concomitant reduction in testosterone concentrations. NPY concentrations did not increase at T2, but decreased significantly at T3. Subjects maintained performance on vertical jump and handgrip tests from T1 to T2. Significant between group differences were observed in norepinephrine (high fit: 3530.64 ± 2146.54 pmol · L-1, low fit: 4907.16 ± 3020.85 pmol · L-1) and NPY (high fit: 169.30 ± 85.89 pg · ml-1, low fit: 123.02 ± 88.86 pg · ml-1) concentrations at T3. This study revealed that despite significant increases in stress hormone concentrations in all subjects during SERE, fitter subjects exhibited differential hormonal responses during recovery, with quicker return of norepinephrine and NPY to baseline concentrations. This suggests physical fitness level may have a protective effect in recovery from periods of high stress military training.Szivak TK, Lee EC, Saenz C, Flanagan SD, Focht BC, Volek JS, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJ. Adrenal stress and physical performance during military survival training. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018; 89(2):99-107.

Effect of a Lower Extremity Preventive Training Program on Physical Performance Scores in Military Recruits.

Peck, KY, DiStefano, LJ, Marshall, SW, Padua, DA, Beutler, AI, de la Motte, SJ, Frank, BS, Martinez, JC, and Cameron, KL. Effect of a lower extremity preventive training program on physical performance scores in military recruits. J Strength Cond Res 31(11): 3146-3157, 2017-Exercise-based preventive training programs are designed to improve movement patterns associated with lower extremity injury risk; however, the impact of these programs on general physical fitness has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to compare fitness scores between participants in a preventive training program and a control group. One thousand sixty-eight freshmen from a U.S. Service Academy were cluster-randomized into either the intervention or control group during 6 weeks of summer training. The intervention group performed a preventive training program, specifically the Dynamic Integrated Movement Enhancement (DIME), which is designed to improve lower extremity movement patterns. The control group performed the Army Preparation Drill (PD), a warm-up designed to prepare soldiers for training. Main outcome measures were the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) raw and scaled (for age and sex) scores. Independent t tests were used to assess between-group differences. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to control for the influence of confounding variables. Dynamic Integrated Movement Enhancement group participants completed the APFT 2-mile run 20 seconds faster compared with the PD group (p < 0.001), which corresponded with significantly higher scaled scores (p < 0.001). Army Physical Fitness Test push-up scores were significantly higher in the DIME group (p = 0.041), but there were no significant differences in APFT sit-up scores. The DIME group had significantly higher total APFT scores compared with the PD group (p < 0.001). Similar results were observed in multivariable models after controlling for sex and body mass index (BMI). Committing time to the implementation of a preventive training program does not appear to negatively affect fitness test scores.

A Cluster Analysis and Validation of Health-Related Fitness Tests in College Students

Because health-related fitness consists of several domains, understanding clustering of scores from a testing battery can help practitioners derive exercise programs. The purpose of this study was to explore the clustering of health-related fitness test scores in college students and to validate the solution against criterion measures. Participants were college students (Mean age = 19.2 0.6 years; N = 523; 342 females, 181 males) recruited from a university in the southwestern U.S. The health-related fitness assessments consisted of BMI, estimated VO2 Peak from the Astrand-Ryhming cycle ergometer test, and a standard push-up test. Criterion measures consisted of DXA-assessed percent body fat (%BF), measured VO2 Peak from a maximal treadmill test, and a 1-Repetition Maximum (1-RM) bench press score. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to derive groupings. One-way ANOVA tests were used to explore the differences among the derived cluster groups on each criterion measure. Six cluster groups were formed representing various fitness “phenotypes” (Pseudo-F = 179.7). The cluster groups differed in %BF (F(5, 517) = 44.6, p 2 Peak (F(5, 517) = 49.7, p p cluster groups were formed from a health-related fitness test battery in college students that were validated against criterion measures of health-related fitness. The cluster groups can be used to inform current fitness status and for derivation of exercise programs.

Primary Arthrodesis versus Open Reduction and Internal Fixation for Low-Energy Lisfranc Injuries in a Young Athletic Population.

There are 2 Level I studies comparing open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and primary arthrodesis (PA) in high-energy Lisfranc injuries. There are no studies comparing ORIF and PA in young athletic patients with low-energy injuries. All operatively managed low-energy Lisfranc injuries sustained by active duty military personnel at a single institution were identified from 2010 to 2015. The injury pattern, method of treatment, and complications were reviewed. Implant removal rates, fitness test scores, return to military duty rates, and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) scores were compared. Thirty-two patients were identified with the average age of 28 years. PA was performed in 14 patients with ORIF in 18. The PA group returned to full duty at an average of 4.5 months whereas the ORIF group returned at an average of 6.7 months ( P = .0066). The PA group ran their fitness test an average of 9 seconds per mile slower than their preoperative average whereas the ORIF group ran it an average of 39 seconds slower per mile ( P = .032). There were no differences between the 2 groups in the FAAM scores at an average of 35 months. Implant removal was performed in 15 (83%) in the ORIF group and 2 (14%) in the PA group ( P = .005). Low-energy Lisfranc injuries treated with primary arthrodesis had a lower implant removal rate, an earlier return to full military activity, and better fitness test scores after 1 year, but there was no difference in FAAM scores after 3 years. Level III, comparative cohort study.

The Distribution Features of the Physical Fitness Test Scores of Students in Affiliated High School of Shaanxi Normal University

In order to discover the students physical fitness test scores distribution characteristics in Affiliated High School of Shaanxi Normal University. In this paper, according to the state general administration of sports of . Determined the high school three grade 1416 students of our school's physical health, and classify the results of measurement. Then the results showed that the overall test scores of students are low, and the proportion of students who are not up to standard is 27 percent. There is a decreased trend that the physical health of students test scores with the higher grade.

Perceived Versus Actual Health Related Fitness Among College Students

Half of all young adults between the ages of 18 and 24 yrs have at least one coronary heart disease risk (CHD) factor significantly increasing their risk for heart disease1. Health-related fitness components are used to measure physical fitness and may facilitate in determining one’s risk for CHD and other hypokinetic diseases. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare college students’ perceived health-related fitness and their measured health-related fitness. METHODS: Health related fitness assessments for flexibility, body composition, cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and muscular endurance were selected from ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (8th ed). Participants (n=100; 54 males and 46 females) were asked to complete an electronic questionnaire in which they selected a perceived category for each of the health-related fitness components. Participants then performed the health-related fitness assessments and categorical values were assigned to their fitness test scores. Crosstabs were used to compare actual versus perceived categories of fitness for each assessment and approximate significance was tested using Kendall’s tau-b. RESULTS: There were significant differences (p= .05) between self-perceived and measured categories of fitness for all health-related fitness components. The area with the least amount of agreement between perceived and actual fitness was cardiovascular fitness where only 6% of participants accurately identified their fitness category. Percent body fat and muscular endurance (curl-up test) also had low levels of agreement with only 19% of participants accurately identifying their body fat category and muscular endurance category. Flexibility was the category with the highest level of agreement (33%) between actual and perceived category. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that college students do not accurately perceive their actual health-related fitness compared to their measured fitness. Thinking one is more fit than one is could impact behaviors such as food choice and exercise that increases one’s risk of hypokinetic diseases. 1. Arts, J., Fernandez, M. L., & Lofgren, I. E. (2014). Coronary heart disease risk factors in college students. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 5(2), 177-187.