IF IT Research Articles

Eugene Braunwald

In the last issue of Circulation Research ,1 we heard from esteemed cardiologist Eugene Braunwald (Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA) about his family’s escape from Nazi-occupied Austria. Braunwald arrived in the United States with his family in 1939, aged 10. He went on to become one of the most influential and highly regarded clinical cardiovascular scientists of the last 50 years. It is safe to say that through his research, Braunwald has contributed to the survival of countless heart attack patients across the globe. In part two of this interview, we learn how Braunwald’s passion for cardiology developed and how at 80 years of age that passion, as well as his work ethic, show no signs of diminishing. ### So, a New Life in Brooklyn Began… Thankfully, we were out of danger, but my parents were now concerned about our future as strangers in a country that, contrary to current belief, was not yet out of the depression. We were as poor as the proverbial church mice, and my father had to figure out how to support us. I don’t know how, but he always managed to put bread on the table. Life was nothing like it had been in Vienna before March 1938. But, my father was a very enterprising, strongly motivated, and hard-working man, and after a few false starts, he managed, with my mother’s help, to create a second successful wholesale clothing business. ### Tell Me About Your School Days in Brooklyn I started in an elementary school and did well. In fact, I was the class Valedictorian, which was quite an honor for a relatively recent arrival. Then, I went off to Brooklyn Technical High School, an elite public high school that required passing a very tough entrance examination. ### You Were Already Leaning Toward the Sciences. At What Point Did You Decide to Study Medicine? I started high school with the desire to become an engineer. It was the “in thing” to do …

Inauguration Brings Hundreds of Members to Capitol

Inauguration Brings Hundreds of Members to Capitol

Pharmacy Students Leading Pharmacy Practice Change

Objective:To develop an interview tool for students to help assess a potential employer's willingness to allow new employees to practice patient-centred care and thereby allow the student to make better-informed employment decisions. Methods:We developed an interview tool by asking leading pharmacists what requests they would make to facilitate a high level of patient-centred care if they were applying for a new job. Responses to this question were compiled until saturation was apparent. The requests were ranked by frequency and the level of importance described by the interviewed pharmacists and used to develop a list of supports found to be critical in delivering a high level of patient-centred care. The interview tool was then designed to move the student from open-ended questions about patient-centred care to specifically asking the interviewer to address supports for patient-centred care. The interview tool also provided students with important definitions, suggested phrasing for questions, and room for individualized questions. An accompanying interview guide for students was developed based upon previous work by CAPSI. The guide included background information about the current state of pharmacy practice, interviewing resources, an extensive list of interview questions and the interview tool with instructions for its use. The materials were printed and posted on the websites of CAPSI (www.capsi.ca/compris.php) and COMPRIS (www.epicore.ualberta.ca/compris/PharmacyGuide.html). Hard copies were distributed through CAPSI representatives at each Canadian school of pharmacy in September 2007 and at CAPSI's 2008 Professional Development Week. Our next steps include:•Translation into French•Distribution of hard copies to first-year students in September 2008•Display booth at Professional Development Week 2009•Updating the tool and guide based on comments received from students Conclusion:Students will help to make pharmacy practice more patient-centred by asking critical questions, negotiating for patient care supports, and ultimately influencing the manner in which they are recruited. Evaluation of the program is ongoing. Feedback from students has been exceptional: “Overall, I believe the employers were caught off guard by the tool's questions and the shift of focus to them, their fit for me. I had confidence in the tool and in the market strength for pharmacists.” “It changed the interview; instead of me having to impress them, it was they who were trying to impress me. I totally felt like I was in the driver's seat and came out of that interview knowing I'd nailed it.” “By using the questions outlined in the tool, I negotiated with a pharmacy manager until he redefined a position that was focused on dispensing to one with a clinical focus.”

Lillee S. Gelinas, RN, MSN, FAAN

Lillee S. Gelinas, RN, MSN, FAAN

Assessing Producer Options and Obstacles for Organic Agriculture

Assessing Producer Options and Obstacles for Organic Agriculture

Introduction: Paris, Capital of the Black Atlantic

Introduction:Paris, Capital of the Black Atlantic Jonathan P. Eburne and Jeremy Braddock (bio) I can tell you everything. I've met so many men and women who came in droves to cling on to the city. Paris. An image, a perfume, a sunless mirage, without trees. —Calixthe Beyala, Loukoum: The "Little Prince" of Belleville LUMUMBA LOUIS ARMSTRONG PATRICE AND PATTI PAGE HAMUBURGERS PEPSI-COLA KING COLE JUKEBOX PAYOLA IN THE QUARTER OF THE NEGROES GOD WILLING DROP A SHILLING FORT DE FRANCE, PLACE PIGALLE VINGT FRANCS NICKEL DIME BAHIA LAGOS DAKAR LENOX KINGSTON TOO GOD WILLING A QUARTER OR A SHILLING. PARIS— AT THE DOME VINGT FRANCS WILL DO ROTONDE SELECT DUPONT FLORE TALL BLACK STUDENT IN HORN-RIM GLASSES WHO AT THE SORBONNE HAS SIX CLASSES, IN THE SHADOW OF THE CLUNY CONJURES UNICORN, [End Page 731] SPEAKS ENGLISH FRENCH SWAHILI HAS ALMOST FORGOTTEN NEALIE. BUT WHY RIDE ON MULE OR DONKEY WHEN THERE'S A UNICORN? NIGHT IN A SÉKOU TOURÉ CAP DRESSED LIKE A TEDDY BOY BLOTS COLORS OFF THE MAP. PERHAPS IF IT BE GOD'S WILL AZIKIWE'S SON, AMEKA, SHAKES HANDS WITH EMMETT TILL. —Langston Hughes, ASK YOUR MAMA This special issue of Modern Fiction Studies takes its cue from the growing body of scholarly work attentive to the intersections between twentieth-century Francophone and Anglophone black writing and thought. Understanding diasporic modernism means recognizing the conceptual range and scope of transnational black cultures throughout the twentieth century, as well as the geographical mobility that made such internationalism possible. Paris, as one of the key sites at which this conceptual and geographical activity comes into focus, has gained attention both as a black literary interest and, more traditionally, as a city whose phantasmagoric appeal forms the basis of so much of Walter Benjamin's writings about the political subtext of modernity. Indeed, there have recently appeared a number of scholarly books attesting to Paris's role as the "Capital of Modernity" (Harvey ) and, more ambitiously still, as the "Capital of the World" (Higgonet ). In a similarly Benjaminian vein, we suggest that the essays in this special issue on Paris, Modern Fiction, and the Black Atlantic be taken together as an argument for the consideration of Paris as the Capital of the Black Atlantic. We mean this in two senses. First, studying the travels made to Paris—whether literally or imaginatively—by black writers of American, Caribbean, and African descent, the essays collected in this issue explore the transatlantic circulation of ideas, texts, and objects to which such travels to Paris contributed. As significant for its imaginary topography as for its actual landscape, the Paris inhabited by black writers throughout the twentieth century refers as much to the product of such international traffic, as it does to the real conditions of Parisian life itself.1 Thus, if Paris might be said to serve as a "Capital" of such intellectual exchange, it does so more as Kapital—that is, as both a sign and as an accumulated resource of black intellectual commerce—than as a geopolitical capital [Haupstadt]. This does not mean, however, that Paris's status should be understood as purely mythical or allegorical. Just as Paul Gilroy stresses in The Black Atlantic [End Page 732] that transnational black culture (as a "counterculture of modernity") is not just a set of "tropes and genres" but a "philosophical discourse" that unites "ethics and aesthetics, culture and politics" (38–39), so too does Paris's status as a symbolic artifact trafficked among black intellectuals demand that we pay attention to the historical specificity of the ideas, texts, and forms of subjectivity that circulated under the aegis of "Black Paris." Indeed, Paris's value as a "special space for black transnational interaction, exchange, and dialogue" (Edwards 5) is remarkable to the extent that such transnational interactions were, in turn, instrumental to the broader intellectual, literary, and political projects that fought against the domination of capitals, empires, and colonial forms of subjectivity. The second sense in which we invoke Paris as "Capital of the Black Atlantic" is in the Benjaminian sense of a wish image of the diasporic imagination. In place of the romanticized image of Parisian...

Norms, Numbers and Hierarchy: Commenton E. Schlicht

This comment is part of a symposium on Ekkehart Schlicht, On Custom in the Economy (1998)

“IF IT'S NOT ON, IT'S NOT ON”—OR IS IT?

Safer sex campaigns for heterosexuals have sometimes targeted women in particular to take responsibility for condom use. In this article, the authors question some of the assumptions underlying this strategy, for instance, the assumptions of women's relatively unproblematic relationship with condoms and women's control over condom use. The authors interviewed 14 women about their experiences and views of condoms and of heterosexual relationships more broadly. Using a feminist poststructuralist form of discourse analysis, they examine their accounts in relation to gendered discourses of desire and a coital imperative. They argue that an appreciation of these kinds of discursive influences is important for understanding the complex ways in which women are constrained and enabled to employ condoms for safer heterosex.

Private numbers

IF IT will help patients, why not use it? This appears to be Labour's approach to using private facilities and money for NHS patients.

A TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK FOR DISTANCE LEARNING: IF IT’S BUILT, WILL AGRICULTURE TEACHERS USE IT?

As the technology of food agriculture, and natural resources continues to develop rapidly, agricultural education programs must continually adapt to change. Distance education technologies may be able to facilitate the modernization and improvement of high school agriculture programs. Are agriculture teachers interested in teaching via a live, two-way, interactive telecommunications system? A need exists to identify priorities for agricultural distance education related to specific courses and units of instruction suitable for delivery via this type of distance education system. The data from this study in Iowa suggest that most agriculture teachers may not use the system to teach classes to other schools or to share instruction with teachers in other schools. The researchers found that scheduling, coordination, training, and preparation time remain problematic with respect to agriculture teachers’ use of this technology. Teachers were using this technology for meetings, professional development programs, and graduate courses. Teacher educators and others who may be interested in increasing the use of this technology by agriculture teachers need to consider the obstacles identified by the teachers and the curricular areas identified as most appropriate by the teachers. Training programs should also address the concerns related to supervised agricultural experience and laboratory experiences.

Editorial

IF IT HAPPENED in London there would be a national outcry and indeed there has been when the capital’s hospitals have faced service cuts. Yet Northern Ireland, some years behind the rest of the United Kingdom in the NHS reform process, is facing the most serious and radical cutbacks in services without a hint of national publicity.

Berlin 1995

IF IT WAS SAID ONCE it was said a hundred times: "The cinema was invented a hundred years ago but today's filmmakers don't know how to make movies. After a century of existence they are rapidly going backwards." A sweeping statement and fortunately, there are exceptions, but this was the consensus at the conclusion of the showing of the Competition films at Berlin's 45th International Film Festival. By general agreement this year's festival has not matched up to last year's standards which were themselves lower than the year before. All of which leads to the questions frequently asked among the ranks of the media - is this the best that Moritz de Hadeln could find? Is Cannes proving to be a continuing stumbling block to obtaining the best entries? Or is he losing his sense of judgment after 15 years in charge? The film expected to win the Golden...

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:Transition to Adulthood Matthew GriffithsGUIDANCE FOR TEACHERS Living with Death in School Ann Chadwick.Child Abuse David Pearson.Eating Disorders Christine Lewis, Amanda Johnson and Nicholas Lewis.Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties in Middle Childhood M. Chazan, A.F. Laing and P. DaviesListening Helpfully: How to develop your counselling skills J. EllinSpecial Needs in the Classroom: A teacher education guide Mel AinscowEducating Disruptive Children Roger Grimshaw with David BerridgeThe Health Promoting Primary School R. Morton and J. Lloyd (eds) David FultonCircle Time M. Curry and C. BromfieldTeachers, Pupils and Behaviour: A managerial approach John McGuinessA Guide to the 1994 Code of Practice, OFSTED Inspections and Related Documents John Visser (ed.)IF IT MAKES MY LIFE EASIER … To Write a Policy on Bullying, Behaviour, Special Needs, Child Protection, and Equal Opportunities Barbara Maines, George Robinson, Bernard Allen, Jean Gross, Gill Evans and Lyn Raphael ReedCelebrations George Robinson and Barbara MainesChildren in Control Bernard AllenIn Loco Parentis: Training issues in boarding and residential environments Ewan Anderson (ed.)

Pictures of Fielding

IF IT IS TRUE, as Addison observed in commencing The Spectator, a Reader seldom peruses a Book with Pleasure, 'till he knows whether the Writer of it be a black or a fair Man, Fielding's works have become classics of our literature despite a considerable handicap: we have had no very clear idea of how he looked. What were, literally, the aspect and complexion of the author of Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones, of Amelia and the stern social tracts of his last years? No contemporary portrait of him, it has seemed, survives: Hogarth's famous one (Fig. 1), served as the frontispiece to the so-called Murphy edition of Fielding's Works (1762), was produced from memory, and apparently with difficulty, nearly eight years after his friend's death. According to Murphy, Hogarth, when asked to draw the portrait, was unable to oblige, until a certain lady showed him a cutting she had made of Fielding's profile, which gave the distances and proportions of his face sufficiently to restore his lost ideas of him.1 Whether or not the lady in question was Fielding's acquaintance Margaret Collier, as Dobson and Cross believed, this story-published by the editor of the Works while Hogarth was still living-is not improbable; whereas another account, propagated by Garrick, is clearly preposterous. Long after Hogarth's death Garrick told Fielding's translator, Pierre Antoine de la Place, that he had appeared to the painter disguised as Fielding's ghost, intending, successfully as he claimed, to terrify him into drawing the picture.2 This yarn, with little need for embellishment, was later made into a one-act comedy entitled Le Portrait de Fielding (1800), by Alexandre Joseph Pierre de Segur.

The ITRU training design algorithm

RESEARCH, LIKE PIG IRON, IS USEFUL STUFF IF IT IS MADE INTO useful shapes. Otherwise it just weighs a lot. One method of shaping complex material for trainees is to construct an algorithm. Here is an algorithm for the application of research findings to training design.

The Suarezian Position on Being and the Real Distinction: An Analytic and Comparative Study

THE SUAREZIAN POSITION ON BEING AND THE REAL DISTINCTION: AN ANALYTIC AND COMPARATIVE STUDY IF IT IS TRUE, as St. Thomas says in his introduction to the De Ente et Essentia, that being and essence are the first things conceived in the intellect; and that everything else is conceived under the " auspices," so to speak, of these primary notions, might we not safely conclude that this first and fundamental monocular to all knowledge would have very far-reaching effects indeed? Just as a person facing the west will necessarily have a different perspective of the lights and shadows and all the passing parade of reality than one facing the east, so also it might make a difference whether one takes his fundamental intuition of being from the top or bottom, or from somewhere on the circumference, to speak metaphorically . In fact-to reduce the situation to extremes--the question of whether one views being from the bedrock of essence or the heights of existence might be the deciding factor in a myriad of other orientations which characterize his life: the orientation towards conservatism or progressivism; individualism or personalism ; naturalism or mysticism; determinism or freedom; self-expressionism or altruism; passivity or activity; provincialism or universalism; humanism, or covert or overt theocentricity ; multiplicity or unity, etc. On his voyage to China in 19~3, reflecting on the fundamental differences which emerged in his discussions with some of the ship's passengers, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin concluded that In all thought there is . . . a fundamental option, a postulate which is not demonstrable, but from which everything else is deduced. If one admits that esse (l'etre) is better than its opposite, 289 ~90 HOWARD P. KAINZ it is difficult to stop short of God. If one does not admit it, no further discussion is possible.1 Both essentialists and orthodox Thomists hold that " esse is better than its opposite." (If, as Suarez points out, essentialists sometimes hold that " essence is most perfect," this is only because they conceive essence as substantially subsisting in itself, which subsistence must presuppose existence, in Suarez's estimation) .2 This is what allows them to be on "speaking terms." However, since the essentialists hold that esse is really identical with essence, we might expect they mean something else by " esse " than the Thomists, who hold that it is really distinct from essence. If their perspective is not from the pole opposite to existence, it seems to be somewhere along the line. One of the purposes of this study will be to determine the locus of their metaphysical orientation with some measure of accuracy. I. SoME CHARACTERISTics OF SuAREZ In the construction of this study I concentrated especially on Disputation XXXI, Sects. 1-14, in which Suarez considers the nature of essence and existence, and the distinction between the two; Disp. XXVIII, Sect. 1, on the major divisions of being; and Disp. XXX, Sects. 4 and 6, on God's essence.8 In the reading of Suarez I have been struck especially by three things, which I think may have a bearing on the texture of his thought: namely, his conceptualism, polemic attitude, and individualism. 1. Conceptualism: When one returns to St. Thomas after 1 Corte, La vie et l'ame de Teilhard de Chardin (Paris: Librairie Artheme Fayard, 1957), p. 58: "Je crois bien en fait, qu'il se place Ia, dans toute pensee, un option fondamental, un postulat qui n'est pas demontrable, mais dont tout derive. Si !'on admet que l'etre est mieux que son contraire, il est difficile de s'arreter sans aller jusqu'a Dieu. Si on ne l'admet pas, il n'est plus possible, de discuter. • Disputationes Metaphysicae, Charles Burton, Ed. (Paris: Vives, 1961), t. 26 (this edition is used for all further references to the Disputations); Disp. XXXI, Sect. 18, med.· 8 Op. cit., pp. 1-20, p. 74 ff., p. 89 ff., and pp. 224-812. SUAREZIAN POSITION ON BEING AND THE REAL DISTINCTION fl91 reading Suarez for some time, St. Thomas appears to have an almost " chatty " style in comparison. Suarez is the strict logician, the rigid dialectician, all the way through. He rarely resorts to examples or...

A note on verb phrase complementation

Evidently, if VPC does not explain the ungrammaticality of (7) there is no explanation for the ungrammaticality of (i ib). It appears Rosenbaum's argument for NP domination in the complement structures dealt with here is: x IS DOMINATED BY NP IF IT CAN BE PSEUDO-CLEFTED. To bring this argument into disrepute we need to (a) establish that strings dominated by VP (according to Rosenbaum's analysis) can be pseudo-clefted; or (b) establish that what is pseudo-clefted is not an NP. (a) is discussed and (b) is not. The main point under (a) is that both prefer-type and condescend-type complements can be pseudo-clefted; if this is established, then obviously pseudo-clefting cannot be used to distinguish deep structure differences between them. The fact that she condescended to talk with us can be pseudo-clefted was overlooked by Rosenbaum because he took condescend as the most underlying form of the verb, that is, that form of the verb which has not undergone any transformational operations. (For further arguments, cf. JL 4 (I967) 9I Wagner, and Bowers, YL 4 (I967) 83-84.) We find, in fact, with Wagner and Bowers, that when to is inserted in the sentences that are deemed ungrammatical by Rosenbaum, they become perfectly acceptable pseudo-clefted sentences which appear to be paraphrases of their non-pseudo-clefted congeners. Thus,

The Writer in an African State

IF IT WERE POSSIBLE to suggest an opposite background for contemporary African literature or at least to invent an entirely different background, would a stranger to the literary creations of African writers find any discrepancy between subject matter and environment? Would he be any more deeply puzzled than he is today at the lack of vital relevance between the literary concerns of writers and the pattern of reality that has overwhelmed even the writers themselves in the majority of the modem African states. I do not concern myself now with the exceptions which are in any case so few and without much impact. And I certainly exclude the South African situation for the moment, since I do not, alas, possess the superior complacency of a fellow writer from Africa who uttered sentiments more or less of the following words: "One is tempted to ask", he says, "what is the South African writer doing for himself? A little less talking and protest and a bit more action especially from the so-called exiles might be more to the point . . .etc. etc."

The Undershaft Maxims

IN THE THIRD ACT of Bernard Shaw's Major Barbara, Andrew Undershaft, attempting to bridge the "abyss of moral horror" which Adolphus Cusins claims lies between him and the Undershaft factory, recites the maxims of the previous Undershafts, concluding with his own. Listed separately for more convenient reference, they are: [I] The first Undershaft wrote up in his shop IF GOD GAVE THE HAND, LET NOT MAN WITHHOLD THE SWORD. [II] The second wrote up ALL HAVE THE RIGHT TO FIGHT: NONE HAVE THE RIGHT TO JUDGE. [III] The third wrote up TO MAN THE WEAPON: TO HEAVEN THE VICTORY. [IV] The fourth had no literary turn; so he did not write up anything; but he sold cannons to Napoleon under the nose of George the Third. [V] The fifth wrote up PEACE SHALL NOT PREVAIL SAVE WITH A SWORD IN HER HAND. [VI] The sixth, my master, was the best of all. He wrote up NOTHING IS EVER DONE IN THIS WORLD UNTIL MEN ARE PREPARED TO KILL ONE ANOTHER IF IT IS NOT DONE. [VII] After that, there was nothing left for the seventh to say. So he wrote up, simply, UNASHAMED. Since Undershaft is attempting to convert Cusins and Barbara to his doctrine of realism and power, and since these six maxims and one non-maxim are means to this end, it is remarkable that they have received virtually no attention. In this essay, I will try to demonstrate that these seven principles are not only summaries of the various arguments used by Undershaft in the process of converting Cusins, but also that they are the bases of Cusins' attempt to justify his decision to Barbara. In addition, I would like to suggest what his slogan might be when he becomes the eighth Andrew Undershaft.

Britain's Road Problem

IF IT IS permissible to extend the term 'road' to include tracks and footpaths, then I think it is fair to say that there has been a road problem in Britain ever since man has occupied it. Indeed, in the earliest days, the very absence of tracks or roads could be said to have constituted a road problem. Looking in the other direction, that is to say ahead, I think it is a fair prediction that we are never likely to be in the position of not having some kind of a road problem. As one who, in a general way, makes his living out of road problems, I find the outlook not unsatisfactory. However, even if the road problem is as old as mankind, I do not think there is any need for me in this lecture to review it from the earliest days, for there is little doubt that the problem in its modern form dates from no further back than the penultimate decade ofthe last century. One of these days I hope that some historical writer will write a book in which he would try to identify the events or the occasions when something happened that was destined to change the drift of a whole sector of human affairs. I am not thinking so much of the great events such as battles, or assassinations, or even great discoveries, as the subtler events which, without any? one realizing it at the time, did in fact trigger off chain reactions of the greatest significance. I think that one of these 'watersheds in time' occurred in 1888 on the day when a three-wheeled vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine, manufactured by Carl Benz, was unloaded off a cross-channel steamer. From that day onwards many things began to change, slowly at first but at ever quickening pace, as the offspring of this ingenious machine began to infiltrate into our social and economic life.