Indonesian Fish Research Articles

First record of the vulnerable freshwater fish Lobocheilos falcifer (Valenciennes, 1842) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) in Sumatra, Indonesia

Lobocheilos falcifer (Valenciennes, 1842) is a freshwater fish endemic to the island of Java, Indonesia, and has been assessed as Vulnerable according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature criteria. In May 2022, a male specimen of L. falcifer was collected in the Way Sekampung River, Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. This represents the first record of this species outside of Java. This new record expanded the species distribution about 300 km to the north, and to an additional island within the Indonesian archipelago. The occurrence of this species on the island of Sumatra likely changes its conservation status; thus, new conservation actions may be more appropriate for the species and its known populations. The presence of L. falcifer on separate islands indicates that biogeographic interpretations of Indonesian fishes may change and highlights the need for urgent study of freshwater biodiversity in the region.

Stock discrimination of mackerel scad Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) in the eastern Indonesia based on metazoan fish parasite composition

Mackerel scad Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833), a small pelagic species, is the major catch in Asia, particularly in Indonesia. Despite a high catch volume, its utilization status is relatively unknown since stock assessment is mostly conducted for the entire small pelagic group without separating the species. Studies on population biology and stock distribution of mackerel scad in Indonesia so far involved catch-based production models, growth parameter analyses, otoliths, and fish genetics. We herewith discriminate eastern Indonesian fish stocks of D. macarellus by comparing the respective metazoan parasite community. We collected 105 specimens of mackerel scad from three closely connected fishing grounds representing two Indonesian fisheries management areas. Recorded metazoan parasites belonged to the Monogenea (4 species), Digenea (8 species), Acanthocephala (1 species), and Crustacea (2 species), with the two Monogenea Allopseudodiclidophora opelu (Yamaguti, 1965) and Pseudodiclidophora decapteri (Yamaguti, 1965) being the most prevalent. A multidimensional scaling analysis revealed the clustering pattern of the hosts based on the parasites, identifying two major fish stocks, the North Sulawesi group and the North Maluku group. The strength and weaknesses of the so far applied stock assessment methodologies for this small pelagic fish in Indonesia are discussed.

INDONESIA'S POLICY REGARDING TO COMBAT WITH IUU FISHING THROUGH JOKO WIDODO'S GOVERNMENT SINKING SHIPS POLICY (2014-2019)

This study aims to describe Indonesia's policies in maritime security related to IUU fishing through the sinking ships policy during the 2014-2019 period of Joko Widodo's administration. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. In this study, the author uses the theory of foreign policy, the concept of maritime security, and the concept of IUU Fishing to conduct the analysis in this study. The results of this study are the reason why the government's used to issue this policy based on efforts to realizing Joko Widodo's vision to make Indonesia a global maritime fulcrum, in addition to the existence of a national law that regulates the implementation of the sinking ships policy, with the results of research that the implementation of the foreign sinking ships policy was considered quite effective in reducing the number of illegal fishing in Indonesia. See the number of sunken boats has decreased in certain years, and the fisherman's exchange rate during 2015-2019 has increased every year, the average income of fishermen has increased each year during 2015-2019.

Identification of Osteochilus spilurus (Cyprinidae: Labeoninae) from North Lampung using meristic and cytochrome b gene

Osteochilus spilurus is one of the native fish in Indonesia. This species from North Lampung has variations in body shape with populations in Bangka and Belitung. Morphological plasticity and genetic variation are potential causes of these differences. To confirm this, it is necessary to identify molecular using the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. Fish samples from North Lampung had morphological characters that matched to the description of O. spilurus. This research specimen was registered at the Bogor Zoological Museum as a supplementary note from Lampung. The phylogenetic construction shows a closer relationship between fish samples from North Lampung and O. spilurus from Bangka-Belitung, but there is a wide genetic distance between them. Genetic variation between islands that occur is predicted due to differences in ancient river flows in the past and the geographical isolation of the oceans for thousands of years.Keywords: Cytochrome b; Lampung; Osteochilus spilurus; Genetic Variation

Identification of Osteochilus spilurus (Cyprinidae: Labeoninae) from North Lampung using meristic and cytochrome b gene

Osteochilus spilurus is one of native fish in Indonesia. This species from North Lampung has variations in body shape with populations in Bangka and Belitung. Morphological plasticity and genetic variation are potential causes of these differences. To confirm this, it is necessary to identify molecular using the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. Fish samples from North Lampung had morphological characters matched to the description of O. spilurus. This research specimen was registered at the Bogor Zoological Museum as a supplementary note from Lampung. The phylogenetic construction shows a closer relationship between fish samples from North Lampung and O. spilurus from Bangka-Belitung, but there is a wide genetic distance between them. Genetic variation between islands that occur is predicted due to differences in ancient river flows in the past and the geographical isolation of the oceans for thousands of years.Keywords: Cytochrome b; Lampung; Osteochilus spilurus; Genetic Variation

Susceptibility of three indigenous Indonesian fish species: mahseer (Tor soro), snakehead (Channa striata), and bagrid catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus) against parasites infection

Abstract Mahseer "dewa" (Tor soro), snakehead "gabus" (Channa striata), and bagrid catfish "baung" (Hemibagrus nemurus) are local specific fish species that are promising to be developed as freshwater aquaculture commodities in Indonesia. Disease cases/outbreaks in those fish farming have often been reported, however, there is not much information on the epizootiology and disease status of those fish species. The susceptibility of those fish to parasitic infection was evaluated by natural and artificial infection. Natural infection was conducted by randomly sampling 20 fish at 5-day intervals and lasting for 30 days. In artificial infection, 150 tested fish cohabited with 40 parasite-carrying fish that were known to be definitely infected by the parasite. The observation was carried out by sampling 20 fish at 5-day intervals and lasting for 30 days. The results showed that the three fish species were susceptible to infection with Trichodina spp, Epistylis spp, Tetrahymena spp, Ichtyophthirius multifiliis, Dactylogyrus spp, and Gyrodactylus spp, while the helminth parasite Pallisentis nagpurensis (Acanthocephala) was only identified in snakehead. A number of parasites such as I. multifiliis, Dactylogyrus spp., and Gyrodactylus spp. are likely to be potential obstacles in the cultivation of those fish species, especially in hatcheries and nurseries. Keywords: mahseer, snakehead, bagrid catfish, parasites

IDENTIFIKASI FITOPLANKTON PADA PERUT IKAN SELINCAH (Belontia hasselti) DARI RAWA MENTUKUL DI KABUPATEN BANGKA SELATAN

The Selincah fish (Belontia hasselti) is a local Indonesian fish that is widely consumed and has the potential to become ornamental fish. This fish must be domesticated to suppress its exploitation from natural catches. The domestication process requires biological information including eating habits. For this reason, in this study, the identification of phytoplankton contained in the stomach contents of the agile fish was carried out. Fish samples were obtained from Rawa Metukul, South Bangka Regency. The types of phytoplankton in the stomach and intestines of lively fish are the classes Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Chrysophyceae. The most dominant species were found in the Chlorophyceae class with an Index of preponderance value of 42.42%, while the Chrystophyceae class was found at least 2.99%.

Alginate from Sargassum sp. Improve the Hematology Performance and Oxygen Tolerance Exposure of Lates calcarifer

Indonesia's fish production is abundant, especially in aquaculture. Lates calcarifer is farmed fish species. The failure of L. calcarifer cultivation due to disease problems. We are utilizing a natural compound derived from tropical Sargassum sp. extracts, namely alginate. This study aims to determine and analyse the supplementation of alginate in the diet by oral administration to improve the fish's hematological performance and oxygen stress tolerance. There were one control and three treatments (2 g.kg-1, 4 g.kg-1, and 8 g.kg-1 alginate/feed). The experiment was a completely randomized design with three replications. Fish were reared in a 350 L fiber tank for 12 days at a density of 20 ind.tank-1. Stress oxygen tolerance was applied by rearing the 10 fish in 12 L fully plastic-wrapped containers. The parameters test analyzed were phagocytic activity and phagocytic index, red blood parameters which are hematocrit and hemoglobin. The survival rate after 5 hr anoxic exposure was also recorded. The best treatments were achieved at a dose of 6 g.kg-1 and 8 g.kg-1in all parameters, except the phagocytic index. The alginate addition at all oxygen stress treatments also performed a better survival rate compared to the control. Adding alginate to feed as feed supplementation by oral administration can boost hematological performance and higher tolerance from oxygen stress exposure.

The Role Of CITES Management Authorities On The Law Enforcement Process On Shark Finning Crimes In Indonesia

Sharks are one of the animals that are included in the CITES Appendix list and occupy the top position in the food chain in marine ecosystems. But in reality, these animals are often becomes the main catch targets or by-catch targets. The practice of shark finning is one of the activities that refer to cutting only the fins of sharks and throwing the rest of the body (whether alive or dead) back into the sea. If the animals that are at the top of the food chain in the sea are exploited irresponsibly so that they are threatened with extinction, this will have an impact not only on the species itself but will also have to impact other species and damage the marine environment. The purpose of this article is to find out how the role of management authorities in law enforcement in the crime of shark finning in Indonesian waters. Thus the question in this article is, how law enforcement will be able to suppress shark finning activities that occur in Indonesian waters. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach and is supported by secondary data based on available literature to explore about shark finning crime. Research results show that the Ministry of Maritime and Fisheries as the Indonesian fish resource management authority has participated in the Task Force to eradicate illegal fishing under the rules of the Minister of Maritime and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia related to the standard operating procedures of the Law Enforcement Task Force to Eliminate Illegal Fishing as a specific criminal charge for the crime of shark finning as transnational crime. If activities are carried out in the waters of Indonesia, the charges for fines of sharks in the waters of Indonesia are under the jurisdiction of Indonesia as a sovereign state.

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in Indonesia: Problems and Solutions

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is one of seven major threats to global maritime security listed by the United Nations. IUU fishing can be caused by economic factors, social factors, institutional factors, and organized IUU fishing operations. This review article discusses the topic of IUU fishing in Indonesia, as well as remedies to the problem that have been previously investigated and potentially can be applied in Indonesia. IUU fishing can result in economic losses, environmental degradation, and economic loss for coastal communities, as well as a reduction in fish stocks. Indonesia has vast marine resources, and making better use of them can boost the country’s economic progress. IUU fishing is still happening in Indonesia and it caused an economic loss. According to reports, IUU fishing caused Indonesia to lose up to IDR 101 trillion annually. Therefore, appropriate strategies are needed. For this reason, the government has given IUU fishing a high priority for resolution. As it is critical to resolving the IUU fishing issue. It can be inferred that, in terms of combating IUU fishing, there are three critical aspects to consider. They are law and regulation, social and government cooperation, and technology investment, especially in monitoring, control, and surveillance.

Physicochemical Characterization Patin Fish Oil (Pangasius micronema) Is Refined Using Bentonite and Activated Carbon.

Abstract: This study aims to determine the physical and chemical quality of fish oil from the flesh of Pangasius microcinema. The quality of extracted fish oil can be improved through a refining process. Before and after the purification process, the quality of crude fish oil was analyzed, including acid value (AV), saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), peroxide value (PV), and p-anisidine value (An-V). The results of the characterization of patin fish oil (PFO) in meat were carried out with 3 purifications, namely purification without activated carbon purification treatment with bentonite, the value of susceptibility to acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, iodine value, and p-anisidinee value, which ranged from 1.92-2.64 mg KOH/g, peroxide value 3.76-4.87 meq O2/kg, iodine value 80.46-81.39 g I2/100g, saponification value 189.48-196.75 mg KOH/g, and p-anisidinee value 5.95-8.93 meq/kg. The best refining process is the oil extracted from patin fish oil meat oil and distilled using bentonite from dry rendering because the processed fish oil is good in the standards set by the International Association of Fish Flour Producers, Indonesian Fish Oil Standards, and as food fish oil grades.

Polonium content in some economically important fish in Semarang and Cirebon, Indonesia

As a marine country, Indonesia recognizes various sources of healthy food from the ocean, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed, leading to the Indonesian government actively promoting a fish-eating campaign to improve health. Although fish consumption in Indonesia is increasing, research on the concentration of 210Po in fish has not often been studied. Based on this condition, this study was needed to determine the activity concentration of 210Po in several fish that have high economic value in Semarang and Cirebon, and their relationship with several parameters of oceanography. The 210Po activity measurement method in fish is based on the IAEA-MEL (2005) method. The detected 210Po activity concentrations were 207.3, 71.7, 130.9, 4.46, 112.6, and 251.6 Bq/kg (dw) for skipjack, four-finger, mullet, snapper, pomfret, and ponyfish, respectively. These values are still considered safe compared to the values allowed by the Indonesia Quality Standard Limit (Bappeten), which is 10×103 Bq/kg (dw). Compared to some fish and shellfish used in overseas research, the content of 210Po in some fish in Indonesia is still lower. The activity value of 210Po above 20 Bq/kg was detected in skipjack and ponyfish, which have higher protein, calcium, iron, and zinc content than other fish. However, the 210Po value does not significantly correlate with other parameters, such as bathymetry, current, or sea surface temperature.

Application of pumpkin flour to the diet of Barramundi Lates calcarifer fingerling

Barramundi Lates calcarifer is a high economic value fish in Indonesia and Southeast Asia countries. However, the aquaculture system still experiences problems, including the high cost of production, specifically from feed, which is due to its relatively slow growth and low digestibility. Therefore, this study aims to determine alternative ingredients that can be used in the fish diet to improve feed utilization and growth performance using pumpkin flour Cucurbita moschata. A completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 3 replications was adopted in this study. The tested diet was (A) diet without pumpkin flour (control), (B) with 5% (C) 10% (D) 15% (E) 20%, and (F) 25%. The size of the Barramundi samples was 3-4 cm on average and the body weight was 1-3 g at the stocking density of 15 fish/container. The fish fed as much as 10% body weight daily, which is divided into 2 times, namely 08.00 AM and 4.00 PM for 60 days. The results showed that the addition of pumpkin flour had a significant effect on weight gain, daily and specific growth rate, survival, feed efficiency, conversion ratio, and carcass protein (P0.05). The diet with 5% pumpkin flour gave the best results over other treatments, with an average weight gain of 0.761 g, feed conversion of 1.578, feed efficiency of 63.455%, and a daily and specific growth rate of 0.012 g and 0.738%, respectively, The highest carcass protein content was found in the control treatment with a value of 18.210%, which was not significantly different from the 5% pumpkin flour treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that pumpkin flour can be added to the Barramundi diet as much as 5%. Keywords: Barramundi, Snapper, pumpkin, feed utilization

Growth Performance of Humpback grouper Cromileptes Altivelis Culture With Cage System

Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis is seawater that lives in tropical waters, especially in Indonesia. This fish has high economic value and is the most expensive grouper fish in Indonesia. Humpback grouper seeds can be used as ornamental fish or raised for consumption fish. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of humpback grouper cultivated with the cage system. During the maintenance, fish were fed with 1-5% feed ratio. Fish were reared from 30g to 200g in size, and a feed conversion ratio of 2 was obtained with a survival rate of 94%. The fish were started to be given mixed feed with a 3-4% feed ratio, consisting of 15% pellets and 85% fresh fish which had been cut according to the fish mouth opening. The next maintenance starts from fish measuring 200g to reaching 500g with a survival rate of 93%. The profit obtained from harvesting 12 times in one year is IDR 590 587 187 years-1, R/C Ratio 1.80, the payback period is 1.7 years, break event point IDR 376 100 576, BEP unit 895kg, and price cost of production (HPP) Rp 233 312kg-1.

The 5th Indonesian Society of Limnology (MLI) Congress and International Conference 2021

The 5th Indonesian Society of Limnology (MLI) Congress and International Conference 2021 is a biannual conference organized by the Indonesian Society of Limnology, with the theme is “Building synergies towards sustainable use of inland waters.” This year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we hold the event virtually from 2nd to 3rd December. The objectives of this event are to (1) Connect, discuss, share and create a mutual network among communities from different backgrounds who are interested in inland waters ecosystem; (2) Disseminate science & technology and lessen the gap between scientific and common communities through fruitful discussion settings; (3) Underpin sustainable use and management of inland aquatic ecosystems.There were four keynotes speakers, four invited speakers, and 66 general presenters in the conference sessions. In total, 116 participants were registered and joined the conference. The first keynote speaker was Prof. Dr. Gadis Sri Haryani from the Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Indonesia, who presented research about Migratory freshwater fish in Indonesia: Threats and conservation efforts. The second presenter was Dr. Robert Walsh from the Australian Water Life, Australia, who presented research about Discover the world of Micro-invertebrates. The third keynote speaker was Dr. Khamla Inkhavilay from the National University of Laos, Lao PDR, who presented Persistent Organic Pollutants in Wetland of Mekong Basin. The fourth speaker was Dr. Kwanraree Joy Sirikanchana from the Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand, who presented Microbial Source Tracking and Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Sustainable Water Pollution Management.In addition, the four invited speakers and 66 general presenters split into four rooms for parallel discussions which covered the latest research on inland water ecosystems, including; (1) Biotic resources, biodiversity, and conservation; (2) System Dynamic of inland waters; (3) Applied technology for the management and pollution control; (4) Modelling, system information, decision support tool, disaster risk reduction; (5) Management, policies, regulation, education, social, economy, and culture.We highly appreciate the generous support from Research Centre for Limnology-BRIN (Indonesia), Australian Water Life (Australia), Chulabhorn Research Institute (Thailand), National University of Laos (Lao PDR), Southeast Asian Limnological Network (SEALnet), Advisory Board, Steering and Organizing committee and all presenters and participants.List of Committees, Advisory Board, Steering Committee, Scientific Committee, Organizing Committee, Documentation, all photos are available in this pdf.

Migratory freshwater fish in Indonesia: Threats and conservation efforts

The process of fish migration is one of the most important biological aspects of the life of certain fish species, including fish species that live in freshwaters. In Indonesia’s freshwaters, several types of fish migrate to fulfill parts of their life cycle, such as Anguilla spp., Tor spp., and Rasbora spp., which have economic and ecological values. Fish habitats and migration routes can be affected by many cause changes, including dam constructions, other infrastructure constructions, drainage of wetlands, and floodplain disconnection. Other threats to migratory freshwater fish are overfishing and pollution. In Indonesia, most migratory freshwater fish threats were obstructions to free-flowing rivers, such as dams, and the exploitation of adult fish that migrate for spawning. Some management approaches should conserve and sustain the use of migratory freshwater fish.

The Intensive Program of Hatchery Aquaculture Performance of Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) in IPB Pandaan

Gourami is an important economic fish in Indonesia. The increasing demand for gouramy must be balanced with increased seed production by aquaculture activity. One of the important activities in the gouramy aquaculture is hatchery. This study aims to determine the performance of gouramy hatchery at IPB Pandaan. The working method used in this study was descriptive method by utilizing primary and secondary data. The hatchery gouramy in IPB showed good performance with fertilization rate with value of 72.36% and hatching rate of 85.55%. The water quality parameters were also suitable for hatchery gouramy activity. The temperature ranged from 28-29°C, pH levels ranged from 7.1-7.9, DO level ranged from 4.32-5.79 mg/L.

Growth Characteristic and Conditioning Factors of Mackerel Fish (Scomberomorus commersonii) Landed at PPI Cikidang Pangandaran West Java

Mackerel fish (Scomberomorus commersonii) is one of potential catch in Indonesia. The production of mackerel fish in Indonesia has become the highest in the world exceeding the Philippines, Cingalese, Yemen, and Pakistan. Currently, mackerel fish is used maximumly by considering its sustainability. Present study aimed to understand the growth characteristic and condition factors for mackerel fish which landed at PPI Cikidang, Pangandaran, West Java. The data was collected at PPI Cikidang, Pangandaran, West Java in February 2021. Survey and observation method were used to obtain the growth characteristic of mackerel fish, and it analyzed descriptively. The results of the study revealed that the growth of mackerel fish landed at PPI Cikidang Pangandaran was allometric negative with the b value at 1.71. The growth characteristic based on length-weight relation showed strong relationship with coefficient determination at 93.1%. The condition factor resulted 0.64 with average of relative weight 100.75. The regression relationship between relative weight and condition factors had weak relationship.

Osteocranium Anatomy of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822) from Cultured Pond in Aceh, Indonesia

To date, information related the skeletal morphology of fish in Indonesia is still limited. Therefore, we firstly described the morphology of the cranium of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) collected from aquaculture pond in Aceh Province, Indonesia. In the present study, research methodology included the preparation of cranium, photographing, editing images and identifying the terminology of cranium. The cranium was prepared physically and chemically. Each part of the cranium was documented using a Canon EOS 700D camera and edited using Adobe Photoshop CS6. The cranium nomenclature was determined by comparing the similarity of the shape and location of each part of the fish cranium that has been studied previously. The cranium of African catfish was divided into two major parts, namely neurocranium (ossa neurocranii) and splanchnocranium (ossa splanchnocranii). Neurocranium had four regions belonging to etmoidal, orbital, otic and occipital, while splanchnocranium had five regions belonging to maxillaris, mandibularis, arcus mandibularis, arcus hyoideus, and apparatus operculare. The African catfish had a strong and thick neurocranium structure. However, orbital, arcus hyoideus and apparatus operculare regions were not well developed. The results of this study could be used as a basic for further research, especially in the field of taxonomy and phylogeny of fish.

Penal Policy for Handling Illegal Fishing in Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone Based on Pancasila

This study discusses the policy of handling fisheries crime in Indonesia which does not run optimally between regulations and law enforcement. By using the normative juridical method by combining normative qualitative analysis and literature studies, in finding and formulating legal arguments in enforcing the law regarding the handling of fisheries crimes. The discussion of this article only focuses on regulations regarding law enforcement of fisheries crimes which have problems ranging from overlapping laws and regulations to conflicts between agencies that handle this problem, as well as criminal sanctions in the form of fines that are applied to perpetrators of illegal fishing. foreign flags are very low and there is no body confinement so that it does not cause a deterrent effect for the perpetrators. So it is necessary to make changes related to the handling of fisheries crime into a more effective form of regulation, because government policies have an important role in resolving illegal fishing legal issues in order to reduce the impact of state losses. Through policy reformulation starting from changes to laws and regulations, implementing regulations to the handling system, it can reduce the practice of illegal fishing in Indonesia.