Fisheye State Routing Research Articles

Traffic coordination by reducing jamming attackers in VANET using probabilistic Manhattan Grid Topology for automobile applications

In recent years Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has been growing interest in the development of vehicular communication technology. The traffic in India shows considerable fluctuations owing to the static and dynamic characteristics of road vehicles in VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network). These vehicles take up a convenient side lane position on the road, disregarding lane discipline. They utilize the opposing lane to overtake slower-moving vehicles, even when there are oncoming vehicles approaching. The primary objective of this study is to minimize injuries resulting from vehicle interactions in mixed traffic conditions on undivided roads. This is achieved through the implementation of the Modified Manhattan grid topology, which primarily serves to guide drivers in the correct path when navigating undivided roads. Furthermore, the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm (FCM) is applied to detect potential jamming attackers, while the Modified Fisheye State Routing (MFSR) Algorithm is employed to minimize the amount of information exchanged among vehicles. Subsequently, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is developed to enhance the accuracy of determining the coordinates of jamming attackers within individual clusters. The effectiveness of the outcomes is affirmed through the utilization of the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm, showcasing a notable 30% reduction in the number of attackers, along with the attainment of a 70% accuracy rate in this research endeavor.

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Performance Comparison Utilizing Telnet and Superframe

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have recently established themselves as an extremely interesting area of research thanks to the mysterious qualities of the ocean. The UWSN consists of sensor nodes and vehicles working to collect data and complete tasks. The battery capacity of sensor nodes is quite limited, which means that the UWSN network needs to be as efficient as it can possibly be. It is difficult to connect with or update a communication that is taking place underwater due to the high latency in propagation, the dynamic nature of the network, and the likelihood of introducing errors. This makes it difficult to communicate with or update a communication. Cluster-based underwater wireless sensor networks (CB-UWSNs) are proposed in this article. These networks would be deployed via Superframe and Telnet applications. In addition, routing protocols, such as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Location-Aided Routing 1 (LAR1), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), and Source Tree Adaptive Routing—Least Overhead Routing Approach (STAR-LORA), were evaluated based on the criteria of their energy consumption in a range of various modes of operation with QualNet Simulator using Telnet and Superframe applications. STAR-LORA surpasses the AODV, LAR1, OLSR, and FSR routing protocols in the evaluation report’s simulations, with a Receive Energy of 0.1 mWh in a Telnet deployment and 0.021 mWh in a Superframe deployment. The Telnet and Superframe deployments consume 0.05 mWh transmit power, but the Superframe deployment only needs 0.009 mWh. As a result, the simulation results show that the STAR-LORA routing protocol outperforms the alternatives.

Reinforcing Communication on the Internet of Aerial Vehicles

The increasing demand for green Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in civil and military applications has been noticed in the last few decades. As a result, Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) caught the attention of industries and academia. Due to its exceptional features, it has replaced other traditional networks deployed in all circumstances. However, UAVs have limited resources, and efficient use of these resources is critical for maximizing network lifetime and Quality of Experience (QoE). In this paper, Fisheye State Routing (FSR) protocol is exploited for communication between several UAVs in a topology changing network employing a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3x3</i> Manhattan grid mobility model. Several network parameters, i.e., packet delivery and drop ratios, end-to-end delay, channel utilization, dropped packet ratio behavior, throughput, jitter, are employed to validate FSR’s effectiveness in FANETs. Results analysis is carried out in two different network scenarios with twenty and thirty nodes, respectively. The proposed routing protocol has effectively utilized UAV resources with 46% and 53% packet delivery ratios with maximum channel utilization and throughput over time in both scenarios. Moreover, FSR has 0.010 and 0.253 seconds delay and minimum jitter in twenty and thirty nodes comparatively influential among other routing protocols in end-to-end delay. The proposed approach provides excellent results compared to several other topology-based routing protocols and efficiently utilizes onboard resources.

Energy efficient hierarchical based fish eye state routing protocol for flying Ad-hoc networks

&lt;span&gt;Flying Ad-hoc networks are emergent area in Ad-hoc networks evolved from MANETs and VANETs. Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used in FANETs applications and these small UAVs have limited resources while efficiently utilization of these resources is most critical task in real time monitoring of FANETs application. Network consumes its resources in path selection process and data routing from source to destination. Selecting of efficient routing protocol to utilize all available resources played vital role in extending network life time. In this article fisheye state routing (FSR) protocol is implemented in FANET and compare networks performance in term of channel utilization, link utilization vs throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) with distance sequence distance vector (DSDV), optimized link state routing (OLSR), adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR) and temperary ordered routing protocol (TORA). Experimental analysis slows that FSR is good in term of PDR (16438 packets delivered), channel utilization (89%) and link vs throughput from the rest of routing protocols after addressing of these problems UAVs resources are efficiently utilized (energy).&lt;/span&gt;

Evaluating TCP performance of routing protocols for traffic exchange in street-parked vehicles based fog computing infrastructure

As most vehicles remain parked 95% of its time, this suggests that leveraging the use of On-board Units (OBUs) in parked vehicles would provide communication and computation services to other mobile and fixed nodes for delivery of services such as multimedia streaming, data storage and data processing. The nearby vehicles can form an infrastructure using IEEE 802.11p communication interface, facilitating communication, computation and storage services to the end users. We refer to this as a Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC) infrastructure. In this study, using NS-2 simulator, we investigate how six routing protocols consisting of two proactive routing protocols, Destination Sequence Destination Vector (DSDV) and Fisheye State Routing (FSR); two reactive routing protocols, Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR); and two geographic routing protocols, Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM) and Location Aided Routing (LAR) perform when forwarding TCP traffic among the parked vehicles that form a VFC infrastructure in an urban street parking scenario. In order to reflect an urban street parking scenario, we consider a traffic mobility traces that are generated using SUMO in our simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first effort to understand how vehicle density, vehicle speed and parking duration can influence TCP in an urban street parking scenario when packet forwarding decision is made using proactive, reactive and geographic routing protocols. In our performance evaluation, positive results are observed on the influence of parking duration in parked vehicles as TCP performance in all routing protocols increases with longer parking duration. However, variable speed in parked vehicles and moving vehicles in an urban street parking scenario may not have significant influence on TCP performance, especially in case of reactive and proactive routing protocols. Further, our findings reveal that vehicle density in a VFC infrastructure can noticeably influence TCP performance. Towards the end of the paper, we delineate some important future research issues in order to improve routing performance in a street-parked vehicle based VFC infrastructure.

Simulation-based Evaluation of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, Fisheye State Routing, and Zone Routing Protocol

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less and decentralized network without any physical connections. Nodes are mobile, free to move, and independent of each other which makes routing a difficult task. Hence, a dynamic routing protocol is needed to make MANET reliable and function properly. Several routing protocols have been proposed with different working mechanisms and performance levels. Therefore, the performance study of those protocols is needed. This paper evaluates the performance of MANET routing protocols using simulation based experiments to observe the behavior of the network as the density of the nodes increases. The paper evaluates the performance of proactive (fisheye state routing), reactive (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), and hybrid (zone routing protocol) routing protocols in terms of the packet delivery fraction, average throughput, and average end-to-end delay. The simulations of protocols to analyze their performance in different conditions were performed using the network simulator 2 (NS 2).

Path management strategy to reduce flooding of grid fisheye state routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network using fuzzy and rough set theory

In ad hoc mobile wireless networks, energy consumption is an important issue as most mobile hosts operate on limited battery resources. Most of the existing ad hoc routing algorithms select the shortest path using various resources (energy). Approach: to overcome these problems an optimal path management approach called path vector calculation based on fuzzy and rough set theory were addressed. The ultimate intent of this study is to select the qualified path based on energy consumption of the node in the network. Simple rules were generated using fuzzy and rough set techniques for calculating path vector and to remove irrelevant attributes (resources) for evaluating the best routing. The set of rules were evaluated with proactive protocols namely fisheye state routing (FSR) protocol in the NS-2 simulation environment based on metrics such as total energy consumed, average energy consumed, overall residual energy and average residual energy and it also considers the importance of the objects (nodes). The results have shown that in MANET, decision rules with fuzzy and rough set technique has provided qualified path based best routing. The network life time and performance of proactive protocols in MANET has improved with fuzzy and rough set based decision rules.

Path management strategy to reduce flooding of grid fisheye state routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network using fuzzy and rough set theory

Path management strategy to reduce flooding of grid fisheye state routing protocol in mobile ad hoc network using fuzzy and rough set theory

An Optimized Replica Allocation Algorithm Amidst of Selfish Nodes in MANET

Data replication is performed in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) to improve data availability in presence of network partition due to high mobility rate of nodes. Replication helps to improve data availability by making multiple copies of same data on several nodes. Various techniques have been proposed in the literature for data replication in MANET. Since mobile nodes are characterized by limited memory space, computing capacity, constrained bandwidth and limited battery power, they extend less or no cooperation in participating replica allocation. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to handle selfishness among nodes in replica allocation. But the proposed approaches consist of several modules to identify selfish nodes, elimination of selfish nodes, updating selfish features and finding the non selfish nodes to allocate a data replica. Existing replica allocation algorithms achieves better performance in allocating replica, but it consumes more time to allocate replica and the number of messages transmitted in the network during replica allocation. We propose a light weight replica allocation algorithm with reduced replica allocation time and reduced number of messages involved during replica allocation. We have analyzed the existing algorithm for replication in MANET and presented optimizations in the steps involved so that the overall replica allocation time and the messages involved are reduced to a large extent. We suggest the usage of Fisheye state routing protocol along with the replication algorithm that finds the hop count by which a node is connected from the other node. We have formulated a mathematical model to illustrate the benefits of the proposed approach and performed a simulation in MATLAB. The results obtained show a significant reduction in replica allocation time and the amount of messages involved in performing replica allocation compared to the existing algorithms.

Improving Quality Of The Services In Manet Usign The Hierarchical Fair Service Curve And Fisheye State Routing Protocol

Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) is one of the self configuring and infrastructure less connected wireless networks, which consists of the end hosts and routers. The main issue in the Mobile Ad-hoc networks is a bandwidth aware queue management and quality of the services while sharing the packets in the network. These challenges are increasing the traffic in the real time applications, consumes energy in the MANET. So, the proposed system improves the Quality of the Service (QoS) by applying the Hiearchical Fair Service Curve (HFSC) packet scheduling algorithm and the Fisheye State Routing protocol. The proposed algorithm uses the link-sharing services scheme to maintain the real time application with high quality of services, less delay and high throughput. Thus the of the proposed system is implemented in the NS2 simulation tool and the performance is evaluated with the help of the performance metrics such as, Average delay, Average throughput, Routing overhead, Packet delivery ratio

SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS FSR AND ZRP IN VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK (VANET)

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) is a wireless routing network which used ad hoc network system as the basis. VANET was formed to give solution to the unclear network infrastructure or frequently changing network topology. The change of speed and the nodes amount in an area influenced the overhead level in sending message and end to end delay with low packet loss. The right routing protocol selection has an important role in guarantee the Quality of Service in VANET which needs low delay and overhead. This study analyzed the Fisheye State Routing (FSR) protocol performance as a proactive routing protocol that renew the table routing in certain period and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) as a hybrid protocol that uses zone and hop distant to decide the table routing renewal in sending data with Cisco codec G 711 standard in highway areas using NS-2.31 and NS-2.35 and traffic simulator SUMO 0.12.3. Moreover, the measured metrics performances were Average end-to-end delay, Normalized Routing Load, Average Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Routing Overhead.

Performance Evaluation of MAC Protocol and Routing in Multi-Rate Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

The medium access control (MAC) and routing are fundamental parts in the design of wireless ad-hoc networks. A joint routing protocol and medium access control based on CSMA-CDMA with multi-rate transmission capability for ad-hoc networks are proposed in this paper. Simulations show the effectiveness and validation of the proposed protocol. Furthermore, these simulations present a better performance compared with hybrid ad-hoc routing protocol and fisheye state routing.

English

English

Modeling Enhancements in Routing Protocols under Mobility and Scalability Constraints in VANETs

This paper presents mathematical framework for calculating transmission probability in IEEE 802.11 p based networks at Medium access control (MAC) layer, mathematical framework for calculating energy costs of the chosen routing protocols at network layer, and enhancements in optimized link state routing (OLSR), dynamic source routing, (DSR) and fish-eye state routing (FSR) to tackle delay in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Besides the enhancements, we analyze ad hoc ondemand distance vector (AODV) along with OLSR, DSR, and FSR as well. To evaluate the effect of our proposed transmission probabilities in the selected routing protocols, we choose network throughput, end-to-end delay (E2ED), and normalized routing load (NRL) as performance metrics. We also investigate the effect of different mobilities as well as scalabilities on the overall efficiency of the enhanced and default versions of the selected protocols. Simulations results which are conducted in NS-2 show that overall DSR-mod outperforms rest of the protocols.

Energy efficient routing to reduce flooding in weighted rough set model using MANET

A mobile ad-hoc networks consists of wireless hosts that may move often, movement of host results changes in path. The well known Fisheye state routing (FSR) protocol determines a route when no route exists or route breaks. To establish new path from source to destination, it broadcast control packets (route request packets), which increases the network bandwidth, as there is a great reduce in total energy consumed (TEC) and average energy consumed (AEC) for reduced flooding than other two techniques - probabilistic broadcasting algorithm, propagating neighbourhood method. As mobile ad-hoc networks have limited bandwidth, it is important to reduce the flooding. This paper provides a protocol which uses the weighted rough set model which dominates probabilistic broadcasting algorithm and propagating neighbourhood method to control the route request packets in the existing FSR protocol in GRID. Weighted rough set theory is a mathematical tool to deal with vagueness, uncertainty and it also considers the importance of the objects (nodes).

Energy-Aware Fisheye Routing (EA-FSR) algorithm for wireless mobile sensor networks

Energy consumption is prominent and critical issue faced by wireless sensor networks. The maximum amount of energy is consumed when the sensors communicate with each other. Therefore energy efficient routing mechanisms are required. In this paper, a routing scheme based on the fisheye state routing with a difference in route selection mechanism has been proposed to ensure the reduction in the overall energy consumption of the network. This scheme is named as Energy-Aware Fisheye State Routing (EA-FSR). It is simulated considering various parameters using QualNet5.0. Performance of EA-FSR has been compared with the original fisheye state routing algorithm which is also simulated in the same environment. For comparison various parameters like end-to-end delay average, energy consumption and throughput have been considered.

A Comparision Study of Common Routing Protocols Used In Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

The aim of this study is to analyze and compare performance of both reactive and proactive Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) routing protocols using different environments. Wireless networks are divided into two types: infrastructure and ad hoc network. In wireless ad hoc networks each node can be a sender, router and receiver, so these types of network are less structure compared to infrastructure network. Therefore wireless ad hoc networks need special routing protocols to overcome the limitations of wireless ad hoc networks. Wireless ad hoc networks routing protocols can be categorized into two types: reactive (on demand) routing protocols and proactive routing protocols. In proactive routing protocols the nodes periodically send control messages across the network to build routing table. Different routing protocols have been simulated using GloMoSim (Global Mobile Information system simulation) library and PARSEC compiler. Five multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols have been simulated to cover a range of design choices: Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP), Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Location Aided Routing (LAR). The protocols are evaluated in different environments to investigate performance metrics. Performance metric includes the following aspects: packets deliver ratio, end-to-end delay and end-to-end throughput.

An Efficient and Active Data Delivery for Highly Dynamic Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In highly dynamic mobile ad hoc networks occurred transmission problems like delivering data packets, packet delay, time delay and so on. Most of the existing ad hoc routing protocols are affected by node mobility, especially for large-scale networks (1). Large-scale networks mean that wireless network at the dynamic time. Propel by this issue, position-based opportunistic routing(POR) protocol is efficient to introducing further advantage of the stateless property of Geo graphing routing and the broadcast environment of wireless medium. This POR having the right qualities in delivering the data to destination in highly energetic or forceful MANET. But it is susceptible by the over heading problem and also no data confidentiality. When a data packet is sent out, the neighbor nodes that have overhead the transmission, then serve as forwarding candidates. The specific best forwarder take turn the packets if it is not relayed by best forwarding candidates wit in a certain period of time, so the duplicate relaying caused by packet reroute. Many routing protocols are recommend by mobile-ad-hoc networks. In which the proactive Fish Eye State Routing(FSR) protocol is proposed for provides excellent solution to delivering data to highly dynamic MANETs, by updating and communicating nodes and nodes position and delivering data without over heading. The proposed scheme works well in large network of high mobility nodes. But still we susceptibleness to security threaten. Our security scheme is proposed to minimize the number of black holes or malicious nodes or selfish nodes in the path to destination, thus the number of data packet dropping may be minimized, we secured the FSR protocol with security. In the case of communication break, a Virtual Destination-based Void Handling (VDVH)(9) scheme is further proposed to work together with FSR.

Performance Analysis of Load Minimization In AODV and FSR

Mobile Ad-hoc network (MANET) is one of the important technologies in the emerging field; therefore research concerning its security problem especially, intrusion detection has attracted many researchers. Analyzing methodology plays a central role in the data analysis process. Dynamic state routing (DSR) results in reducing performances of detection system because it uses irrelevant and redundant features to analyze the performance. Our paper proposes Fisheye State Routing (FSR) protocol usage in intrusion detection which can be used for self-organizing wireless devices. This protocol exchanges information with neighbour nodes only, which help in reducing the update message size. In this protocol every update message doesn’t contain information about all nodes in the network. Instead, information about closer nodes is exchanged more frequently than it is done about farther nodes, thus reducing the update message size. This protocol is more desirable for large mobile network where mobility is high and bandwidth is low as it provides an efficient and scalable solution for intrusion detection in mobile ad-hoc network. Finally it is compared with the AODV and the performance was found to be efficient than AODV.

Performance Analysis of FSR, LAR and ZRP Routing Protocols in MANET

Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes communicating with each other without any infrastructure in a multi hop fashion. In a MANET, nodes are moving arbitrarily, so the network may experience rapid and randomly topology changes. This paper presents performance comparison of three dissimilar routing protocols i.e. Fisheye State Routing (FSR), Location aided Routing (LAR) and Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) with respect to variable pause times. This research paper provides an outline of these protocols by presenting their functionality, benefits, characteristics, limitations and analysis. Performance of FSR, LAR and ZRP is evaluated considering the parameters average end-to- end delay, packet delivery ratio and throughput using network simulator Qualnet 5.0.2. The simulation shows that LAR protocol exhibits good performance in comparison to other routing