Groups Of Fishermen Research Articles

Genetic differentiation among four groups of fishermen of the eastern coast, India.

The four endogamous groups of fishermen living around the city of Puri, located on the eastern coast of India, were studied for blood groups, red cell enzymes and serum proteins (11 loci). Only 1.3% of the total diversity among the groups studied is due to differences between them (GST = 0.013). The genetic distances between populations were estimated using Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza's method. The pattern of genetic distance reflects the geographical distribution of these groups. In general, these observations support the patterns of variation based on anthropometric and dermatoglyphic variables.

A sociobioeconomic model: The Texas inshore shrimp fishery

A sociobioeconomic model (SBM) of the Texas inshore shrimp fishery is developed an an extension of a General Bioeconomic Fisheries Simulation Model (GBFSM) for annual crop fisheries. The SBM is a heuristic model which redefines the traditional concept of a vessel class to include social and cultural variables that describe the vessel operators. Sociocultural variables that are hypothesized to affect harvesting capability of fishermen, or relative fishing power ( rfp) of the vessels that they operate, are identified and referred to as Fishing Advantage variables. Fishing Advantage variables, age of operator, years of experience, and innovativeness, are quantified and incorporated into the GBFSM through modification of an equation which calculates rfp of different SBM vessel classes. Sociocultural variables hypothesized to affect decisions of vessel operators to exert fishing effort, or nominal days fished ( ndf), are identified and referred to as Motivational variables. These include deferred gratification orientation, work orientation, and vessel ownership status of the vessel operator. A method using decision trees to direct decision-making based on Motivational variables and economic feedback is incorporated into the GBFSM to adjust ndj by different vessel classes. Five idealized inshore vessel classes representing different types of Texas inshore shrimp vessels, whose operators differ in Fishing Advantage and Motivation, are included in the SBM. SBM predictions of landings, effort, revenue, and rent under baseline and two different inshore management policies, an open season inshore policy and a closed season inshore policy, are (1) compared with GBFSM predictions under the same conditions, (2) compared across management policies, and (3) compared between each inshore vessel class. Predictions of inshore landings, effort, revenue, and rent were not significantly ( P > 0.05) different between models under any policy conditions. SBM predictions of inshore landings, effort, revenue, and rent were significantly different ( P < 0.05) between policies. Under an open inshore policy total inshore landings and effort increased relative to baseline, resulting in a 38% increase in rent to the inshore fishery. Under a closed inshore policy total inshore landings and effort decreased, resulting in a 92% decrease in rent to the inshore fishery Examination of the performance of individual inshore vessel classes indicated that policy changes have different economic impacts on different groups of fishermen, with revenue and rent of the lowest producers being most sensitive to policy changes. Explicit representation of sociocultural variables in bioeconomic models of commercial fisheries differentiates performance of different fishermen. It thereby illustrates effects of different management policies on those fishermen more clearly than is possible using models in which only the ‘average’ fisherman is represented.

The Seven Greatest Fisheries Incidents in Japan

The purpose of this paper is to review the history of Japanese fisheries management and the major fisheries disputeS that have occurred in the postwar period. Although no common legal system existed fbr fisheries in feudal times, various customary laws regulated coastal fishing. The basic idea of such regulations was to create exclusive use rights in waters adjacent to coastal villages and thereby to provide revenues for lpcal governments. Although such waters were regarded as common property, inequality in use developed. The Melji I7Zsheries Law (1901) succeeded such customary laws and aggravated inequalities. With technological development, fishing tended to expand. Such expansion increased fisheries confiicts not only within the same village, but also between and among different fishermen's groups, villages and prefectures.

Demographic structure of the migrant groups of fishermen of Puri coast, India.

SummaryThe demographic structure of the migrant groups of fishermen living in Puri, India, is studied. Data on age, sex, birth place, endogamy, consanguinity, and reproductive histories of 1409 couples and a census of 690 households are utilized. The results suggest the existence of three breeding units within the complex, in different stages of settlement as local populations. Random genetic drift has not yet assumed any significant role in any of these populations. Childhood mortality rates are high; 22% in the Vadabalija of Penticotta, 32% in the Vadabalija of Vadapeta and 35% in the Jalary.In almost all the components of population structure and demographic variables studied, sympatric populations with similar recent migratory histories show greater similarity than the ethnically similar groups.

Technical innovation in the New England fin‐fishing industry: an examination of the Downs and Mohr hypothesis

Studies of the diffusion of innovations have produced very inconsistent results. Downs and Mohr state that the problem lies in the way innovation is conceived and argue that the diffusion of innovations can only be understood by considering the match, or compatability, between the innovations and their potential adopters, and not by studying the innovations or adopters separately and out of context. Our study of the diffusion of 18 technical innovations in the New England fin‐fishery supports this viewpoint. Most of the data from our study make no sense except in terms of the Downs and Mohr hypothesis. We reach two conclusions: (1) there is no one group of fishermen who is more prone to adopt these innovations; and (2) the ethnography and a regression analysis indicate that innovations are adopted when they match the needs of the adopter. Downs and Mohr also recommend a methodology that leads to a general model of innovation. Our study indicates that their suggested methodology is flawed. [innovation, fishing, New England, diffusion, methodology]

The Tribute Transportation System of the Medieval Manors of the Ise Jingu Shrine

In medieval Japan a number of feudal manors were developed in certain parts of the country, and from those manors the tributes were despatched to the nobles' residences, temples, and shrines in Kyoto-Nara area and their vicinity. The interest of the author in this paper is focussed on sea-borne transportation of tributes from feudal manors in Aichi and Shizuoka areas to Ise Jingu Shrine in the present Mie prefecture, during the period from the 11th to the 15 th centuries. Since the manors in these areas were not linked directly with Kyoto, the sea-borne transportation routes have not been studied so far.The author made an examination of the following manors. Numbers (i) to (iii) were situated in the medieval province of Totomi, western section of the present Shizuoka Prefectue, and (iv) to (vi) in Mikawa, eastern section of Aichi Prefecture.(i) Hamana-Kanbe Manor(ii) Miyakoda-Mikuriya Manor(iii) Kamata-Mikuriya Manor(iv) Atsumi-Kanbe Manor(v) Akumi-Kanbe Manor(vi) Irako-Mikuriya ManorKanbe was a kind of manors which had originally been establihed in the ancient times, from which sake wine, silk, textiles, etc. as well as rice were sent as sacred tributes to Ise Jingu Shrine. The tributes from Mikuriya manors consisted mostly of rice and fish, whereas those from Misono manors were a variety of upland field products. In any case the medieval manors were developed either on the sea-coasts or along the river courses, and it is easily imaginable that some sort of facilities for water transportation were generally available to most manors.Through a study of selected manors, several points of interest seem to be disclosed. They are summarised below.1) Feudal manors of Ise Jingu Shrine situated in Mikawa and Totomi most probably depended on the sea-borne transportation as a means of despatching tributes.2) The tributes from Kanbe manors, which had been established earlier, were very much ceremonial in nature, and there remains a doubt as to actual importance of despatching goods.3) There were several newly developed Misono manors surrounding Kanbe. Harvests in Misono were sent to storehouses in Kanbe manors to be accumulated there.4) Each of Mikuriya manors had a group of fishermen, and these people were engaged in transporting tributed goods on board to Ise Jingu.5) A tribute transporting system covering those manors was formed at this early stage, and dispersed manors were organised in a network which was ultimately connected with Ise Jingu.

Constraints to Welfare Gains under Extended Jurisdiction Fisheries Management: Discussion

The Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (FCMA) resulted in reclassification of a number of fish species that reside off U.S. coasts. Prior to existence of this Act, the United States could claim ownership to numerous species of fish only after capture. Resources of this type have been referred to as being fugitive (Ciriacy-Wantrup, p. 141). The FMCA has reduced these resources to common property of U.S. citizens. The question that must be posed is, Does the reclassification of fish off the coasts of the United States insure socially desirable usage? The answer is no. As indicated by Huppert, the received body of theory in fishery economics emphasizes the importance of free access to fisheries as a source of welfare losses. Classification of fish resources located within the 200-mile zone as common property does, however, facilitate devising of regulatory systems that can be used to affect socially desirable usage. It is in the examination of regulatory possibilities that constraints to welfare gains from fisheries management are brought into sharp focus. Fishery regulations may be classified into two categories, those affecting the size of fish caught and those affecting the total amount of fishing effort. Prohibition of fishing in nursery areas, seasonal closures, size limits, and gear limitations are examples of regulatory measures that can be used to control the size of fish caught. Regulations that influence fishing effort are area closures, gear restrictions, quotas, time closures, limitations on the number of boats, and various forms of taxes and licensing schemes. Fishermen have historically opposed regulations that restrict effort. In situations where exploitation reduced the biological status of a fish stock to a depressed state, fishermen have supported regulatory measures that permit free access to the fishery such as gear and time restrictions. A question that might be asked is Doesn't the state of Alaska's limited entry program provide an example of fishermen's upport of effort limitations? Elimination of non-Alaskan fishermen served as the catalyst that generated interest among Alaskan fishermen in entry limitations. Thus, support for the program did not stem from a concern over economic efficiency. Support instead was based on the desire to protect the economic position of a certain group of fishermen. Fishermen's opposition to entry limitations coupled with industry's power within the current regional councils suggest that achievement of economic efficiency via entry limitations faces a difficult battle. Therefore, I share Huppert's concern over the makeup of the various regional fishery management councils. It is not clear that the current com-

What Fishermen Look for in a Fishing Experience

What Fishermen Look for in a Fishing Experience

A Permanent Site Waterfowl Trap

Design and use of a 50X 100-foot waterfowl trap with a concrete foundation is presented. Since 1966, three such traps have been used to trap and band more than 83,000 ducks and geese. WATERFOWL TRAP * Arthur and Kennedy 1257 variability among different groups of fishermen. Weather was ranked as moderately important, but it was relatively more important to fishermen with less leisure time. The facilities available ranked lowest of the eight factors but was relatively more important to older fishermen. The size and number of fish caught and the access to fishing waters ranked fourth, sixth, and seventh, respectively, in overall importance among the eight factors studied. Fishermen with less fishing experience and those who were not willing to pay to fish placed more importance on the size of fish caught than their counterparts. The number of fish caught was more important to younger fishermen. Access to fishing water was relatively more important to older fishermen and to those with high school

ST. ANDREW — may the good Saint preserve us!

To the undisguised disgust of those in other industries, Hull's public image is still very much associated with the sea and with fishing in particular. However strong this reaction, Hull continues to be Britain's premier fishing port. Virtually all its vessels are over the 140 ft mark, being in the main distant water trawlers — 13 of them freezer trawlers. These vessels stay at sea from six to ten weeks, freeze their catch in great blocks, and (with luck) return to port full. To obtain further information on this important local industry, we contacted the Boston Deep Sea Fishing Co., the largest private fishing company in Britain and the only one of the big three to have its headquarters at Hull. Boston even claim it to be the largest private fishing company in the world. We also interviewed a group of fishermen in their off‐duty time.