Fishery Cooperatives Research Articles

Revisiting Decentralising Organisations at Chilika Fishery

In India, since the 1990s, the state has formed numerous locally situated organisations for decentralising governance of natural resources (DGNR). However, these organisations largely remain ineffective in addressing resource issues at the local scale, devolution, and participatory governance. Fishery at Chilika lagoon located in the eastern coast of Odisha, India is not any exception. While the state continues to experiment with different forms of local resource governing organisations, the current article investigates two such DGNR organisations, that is, the Chilika Development Authority and Primary Fishery Cooperative located at Chilika to understand varied issues faced by Chilika fisheries. The article argues that contemporary natural resource governing organisational arrangements at Chilika limit decentralisation, which in practice becomes a mere reduction in the scale of territorial extension.

Fisheries cooperative as a catalyst for economic improvement of fishermen society

Fishermen society, especially coastal areas, want an increase in the economy. One of the catalysts is by participating actively in fisheries cooperatives. This study aims to determine the role of cooperatives as a catalyst for the economy. Through fisheries cooperatives, fishermen society as members gets more value than fishermen society who are not members of cooperatives. This research was conducted at the Juku Lele Cooperative in Somba Opu District, Gowa Regency, from January to March 2019. The alternative revenues as catfish farmers calculated are 2,567.5 million for members and 198.328 million for non-members. Ratio profit margin cooperatives as an economic catalyst are 65% for members and 23.93 for non-members.

Analysis of Inland Aquaculture Sector in Çankırı Province, Problems and Solution Suggestions

The aim of this study was to assess the current status of inland aquaculture in Çankırı province by using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis technique and to provide recommendations for making aquaculture to be more effective in the future. SWOT analysis was based on the data that was obtained from interviews with the owners of the aquaculture facilities, literature data and observations from field studies. Establishing fisheries cooperatives, subsidizing the fish production costs of fish farms, preparing province scaled management and production plans for fisheries, monitoring water resources for securing the water quality, changing consumer`s preferences are necessary for improving the Çankırı aquaculture sector. The results further showed that, Çankırı province has a high potential for the inland aquaculture sector in the future if strengths and opportunities are used effectively and internal weaknesses are improved by reducing the impact of the external threats in planning.

Ecosystem-based management can contribute to cooperation in transboundary fisheries: The case of pacific sardine

Transboundary fish stocks complicate sustainable fishing strategies, particularly when stakeholders have diverse objectives and regulatory and governance frameworks. Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) in the California Current is shared by up to three fishing nations— Canada, the United States, and Mexico—and climate-driven abundance and distribution dynamics can complicate cooperative fisheries, leading to overfishing. This study builds on previous analyses by integrating ecosystem linkages into a game theory model of transboundary sardine fisheries under various climate scenarios. Cooperative fishing strategies that account for the ecosystem-wide value of sardine as forage for other species result in increased economic benefits compared to strategies that only account for the single-species value of sardine fisheries to a given fishing country. Total ecosystem landed value is maximized at a sardine fishing rate only somewhat lower than sardine FMSY, which is more precautionary but still allows the fishery to operate. Incorporating ecosystem dynamics into management-applicable models can highlight ways in which ecosystem-based fisheries management can improve both sustainability and profitability and help managers prioritize wider ecological research. Ecosystem-based management will be increasingly required to understand and adapt to the observed rapid shifts in species distributions due to climate change, and to design strategies to achieve sustainable and profitable fisheries amidst changing ecosystems.

Cooperative Fisheries Outperform Non-cooperative Ones in the Baltic Sea Under Different Climate Scenarios

Game theory has been an effective tool to generate solutions for decision making in fisheries involving multiple countries and fleets. Here, we use a coupled bio-economic model based on a Baltic Sea dynamic multispecies food web model called BALMAR and, we compare non-cooperative (NC) and cooperative game (Grand Coalition: GC) solutions. Applications of game theory based on a food web model under climate change have not been studied before and the present study aims to fill this gap in the literature. The study focuses on the effects of climate variability on the biological, harvest and economic output of the game models by examining two different climate scenarios, a first scenario characterized by low temperature and high salinity and a second scenario by high temperature and low salinity. Our results showed that in the first scenario sprat spawning stock biomass (SSB) and harvest dropped dramatically both in the NC and the GC cases whereas, herring and cod SSBs and harvests were higher compared to a base scenario keeping temperature and salinity at mean historical levels. In the second scenario, the sprat SSB and the harvest was higher for both GC and NC cases while the cod and the herring SSBs and harvests were lower. The total GC payoffs clearly outperformed the NC payoffs across all scenarios. Likewise, the first and second scenario GC payoffs for countries were higher except for Poland. The findings suggested the climate vulnerability of Baltic Sea multi-species fisheries and these results would support future decision-making processes of Baltic Sea fisheries.

Towards achieving sustainable fishing through EU trade agreements?

The European Union (EU) has been supporting its Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) through its trade powers for 40 years. This practice has evolved significantly over the years. This paper explores this evolution with respect to achieving sustainable fishing beyond EU waters. In particular, this paper examines two major ways in which the EU trade agreements impact sustainable fishing abroad. First, the discussion looks at the EU’s use of trade agreements to leverage access to the fishing resources of third States. The paper finds this EU practice to be lacking the necessary coherence and transparency and it raises doubts about the balance between commercial and sustainability concerns. Second, the discussion looks at the fisheries cooperation provisions included in the various EU trade agreements. In that regard the paper examines the changing and evolving emphasis on sustainable fishing. The paper finds that the EU’s trade agreements have evolved greatly. The contemporary EU trade agreements seek to ensure sustainable fishing as none before them have. As such the EU is successfully using them as vessels for implementing its external CFP. The EU does so by setting the agenda on the international plane and diffusing specific CFP norms through its trade agreements.

Global patterns of fisheries conflict: Forty years of data

International fisheries conflict can cause crises by threatening maritime security, ecosystems and livelihoods. In a highly connected world, the possibility for localized fisheries conflict to escalate into ‘systemic risks’, where risk in one domain such as food supply can increase risk in another domain such as maritime security and international relations, is growing. However, countries often choose hard-line actions rather than strategies initiating or repairing fisheries cooperation. To design, prioritize and implement more effective responses, a deeper understanding of the temporal and regional patterns of fisheries conflict is needed. Here, we present novel findings from the first global and longitudinal database of international fisheries conflict between 1974–2016. We explore the characteristics of conflict over time and develop a typology of eight distinct types of conflict. Fisheries conflict increased between 1974 and 2016, with substantial variation in both the type of conflict and the countries involved. Before 2000, fisheries conflict involved mostly North American and European countries fighting over specific species. Since then, conflict primarily involved Asian countries clashing over multiple and nonspecified species linked to illegal fishing practices. We use this empirical data to consider potential response strategies that can foster maritime security and thereby contribute to broader societal stability.

Incentive effect of joint and several liability in fishery cooperatives on regulatory compliance

AbstractCooperative‐based catch share systems can be implemented such that the members of the same fishery cooperative are jointly and severally liable for not exceeding collectively assigned fishing rights. In practice, this means that a regulator can take away catch privileges from an entire cooperative that overruns its collective quota, effectively creating a penalty much larger than what could be recovered with an individual fine. Fishery cooperatives then typically implement their own internal compliance regime that includes monitoring and penalties. This article first reviews compliance practice in cooperative‐based catch share systems by examining the commonalities and differences in the way compliance regimes are structured (observation and reporting requirements, penalty scheme, internal enforcement authority and indemnification mechanisms) in a number of internal agreements from fishery cooperatives in North America and in Europe. Based on our review of cooperatives and the literature on compliance, we discuss how incentives to comply may be different for an individual fisherman operating in a fishery cooperative where joint and several liability applies as compared to an individual fishing quota baseline situation without fishery cooperative. Our review suggests that, from the regulators’ point of view, joint and several liability can increase the level of compliance for a given enforcement expenditure. However, the regulator cannot rely solely on cooperatives to carry out controls and must ensure that the cooperatives themselves have an interest in setting up an effective monitoring system and will enforce sanctions within the cooperative.

Value chain analysis of fish production from Langano Lake in Oromia Regional, Ethiopia

At the household level, capture fishery plays a critical economic, nutritional, healthy and social role in the lives of smallholder farm households. This study was undertaken in West Arsi zone (Nagele Arsi district), East Shoa Zone (A.T.J. K), with the title of Fish Value chain analysis in Langano lake. Both primary and secondary data were collected for this study. The data were collected by means of a semi-structured questionnaire from 150 respondents (130 fishermen around the lake, 2 fishing equipment supplier, 2 primary processors, 5 fish marketers, 6 fish consumers, 3 fish restaurants and 2 hotels). Multi-stage sampling technique was followed to select households for the study purpose. During the first stage two districts (Nagele Arsi from West Arsi zone and A.T.J.K from East Shoa Zone) where fishery production were taken place were identified purposively and at the next stage about 150 fishermen and marketing actors were selected randomly. Key informant interviews and focus group discussion were undertaken during the period of 2020 and 2021. The main functions in the fish value chain in the central rift valley area includes: input supply, production, processing, marketing and consumption of fish and fish products. The main value chain actors identified by the study were input suppliers, fish harvesters, fish processors, fish marketers and individual consumers in the study area. Total gross marketing margin in fish marketing is highest in channels VIII; it accounts a TGMM of 75.2%. Fishery cooperatives enjoy the highest net marketing margin that is 37 birr in channel VI. Producers share from the price paid by consumers is highest in channel III, which accounts 67.5% & followed by channel II which accounts 66% of the price paid by consumers. The lowest net marketing margin, which accounts 11Birr, is associated with fish processor in channel VIII of fish marketing channel in the study area. To point out the possible investment and research entry points so as improve the position of smallholder. Fish producers, Fishery cooperatives and other stakeholders should strongly work on value adding activities instead of selling whole fish. The policy implication is that the fishermen should be educated through extension service, providing modern input and technologies, strengthening of market extension and linking them with financial service to improve the fishery value addition development. Government intervention should be needed to control illegal production and marketing of fish.

Public awareness and recognition of Japan’s inland fishery cooperatives

Public awareness and recognition of Japan’s inland fishery cooperatives

Methods to Promote the Fishery Processing Products Business in the Primary Fisheries Cooperative:A focus on the role of the National Federation ofFisheries Cooperatives

Methods to Promote the Fishery Processing Products Business in the Primary Fisheries Cooperative:A focus on the role of the National Federation ofFisheries Cooperatives

Management of Tuna Fisheries for Sustainable Development in the Pacific Islands

Cooperation by Pacific Island countries in the management of tuna fisheries is an important means of achieving sustainable development of these shared resources, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 14. The Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) tuna fishery is the largest tuna fishery in the world and two examples of arrangements based on regional cooperation are provided: • The purse seine Vessel Day Scheme (VDS) is a fisheries management system that is being implemented through the cooperation of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA), which regulates harvesting of tuna in line with SDG 14.4. The scheme also establishes rights in the shared fishery for small island developing states, increasing economic returns in support of SDG 14.7. • Regional cooperation in fisheries Monitoring Control and Surveillance is a unique collaboration between the members of the Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) to address illegal, unreported and unregistered (IUU) fishing in support of SDG 14.4. A range of regionally agreed systems and tools is applied.

Density-dependent population model of effective release policy for Ayu fish

Ayu fish are actively released by many fishery cooperatives in Japan. These fish exhibit the density-dependent population dynamics within territorial competition. At low density, all fish can hold feeding territories. Once all territory sites are occupied, surplus fish become floaters. As the density further increases, all fish give up their own territories and then form a school. Territory holders are more valuable than floaters as a food source and a target of recreational fishing. Thus, the main purpose of the release of ayu is to increase the amount of territory holders. For these reasons, the release policy for ayu should take into account the influence of a change in density on the population dynamics. We develop a rate equation to describe the density-dependent population dynamics of ayu accompanied by the release of fingerlings. Our results indicate that the release of ayu demands unique policy different from other fish species. The release of ayu should be carried out so as not to break down territories due to the increase in density caused by released fingerlings. Specifically, the release policy that reduces the amount of fingerlings that are released at one time, and lengthens the time interval between each release, increases the catch of territory holders.

Game Theory and a Study on Fishery Co-operation System in the Seas Surrounding Korea

Game Theory and a Study on Fishery Co-operation System in the Seas Surrounding Korea

Cases of Fishery Co-management in Korea : ‘Fishery Closures’ of Fisheries Cooperatives

Cases of Fishery Co-management in Korea : ‘Fishery Closures’ of Fisheries Cooperatives

Invisible work, ignored knowledge? Changing gender roles, division of labor, and household strategies in Finnish small-scale fisheries

The roles of women, men, and other family members have changed during the history of Finnish small-scale fisheries. Generally, the most significant unit of the livelihood is the household, but fisheries have been of major importance also in the local community. Cooperation in fisheries has been quite common and in the past local community provided also employees for fish processing factories. Today, many coastal fisher families process their own catches and sell the products directly to consumers in fish marketing events. In this marketing strategy, women are typically in core role, although quite often women’s labor can be considered as “invisible work.” Today 9% of Finnish small-scale fishers are women. In many cases, fishing is not the only source-generating income in a fisher household, and often the wife of the family earns a steady income that keeps up opportunities to sustain the uncertain fishing livelihood. In our article, we examine women’s and men’s participation and roles in fisheries households and communities. We also study how these roles have changed over time and in what way are women’s and men’s contribution represented in statistics, politics and research. The study rests on case analyses and a collection of literature and interviews.

알제리 수산업의 발전방안 및 수산협력의 개선과제

알제리 수산업의 발전방안 및 수산협력의 개선과제

Seasonal patterns in aragonite saturation state on the southern California continental shelf

Shoaling of the saturation horizon for aragonite in the California Current System has been well-documented; however, these reports are based primarily on surveys conducted in waters off the continental shelf. Here we characterize, for the first time, regional spatial and seasonal patterns in aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) in the shallow, nearshore waters of the southern California continental shelf through a series of synoptic surveys. Spectrophotometric pH and total alkalinity samples were collected quarterly from 72 sites along the shelf for two years. Samples were collected using Niskin bottles deployed at 2–3 depths per station (surface, mixed layer, and near-bottom) to characterize site extremes in Ωarag (highest values near the surface, lowest at depth). Ωarag in bottle samples ranged between 3.0 and 0.54 and was strongly associated with density; average Ωarag from samples collected in the top 10 m was 2.5 compared to an average of 1.1 in samples below 100 m. The average depth of corrosive waters (Ωarag < 1) was interpolated for the shelf from the bottle data and was estimated to be an average of 100 m regionally, though there were instances when the saturation horizon rose to less than 20 m depth, primarily in the northern part of the coast during the spring. Ωarag was strongly correlated with dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved oxygen indicating that patterns in Ωarag were linked to biological processes. The seasonality and spatial patterns we observed on the continental shelf were comparable to those observed by the California Cooperative Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) and West Coast Ocean Acidification (WCOA) programs in offshore southern California waters, suggesting that oceanic forcing is a strong driver defining broad patterns in aragonite saturation state on the shelf.

Profitability of stocking to enhance populations of ayu and stream-dwelling salmonids for Japanese inland fishery cooperatives

Profitability of stocking to enhance populations of ayu and stream-dwelling salmonids for Japanese inland fishery cooperatives

Speed of adjustment over entry and exit dynamics

PurposeThis paper aims to provide a theoretical conception that establishes growth rate dynamics for co-operatives and studies Moroccan co-operatives’ start-ups and closures, by analyzing the co-operatives’ growth rate speed of adjustment (SOA).Design/methodology/approachThis paper documents the basic patterns of entry and exit flow for agricultural, artisanal, housing and fishery co-operatives; highlights, with econometric tests, whether co-operatives’ growth rate is mean reverting or a unit root random walk; and estimates the growth rate adjustment speed, using a quadratic interval reverting model to capture both the upward and downward speeds of adjustment.FindingsThe empirical results indicate that co-operatives’ growth rate is significantly mean reverting for all sectors. Also, it concludes that the upward and downward adjustment speeds are significantly different within and between sectors, with negative indicator for artisanal co-operatives. The paper discusses these results, which are of interest to academics and policymakers.Research limitations/implicationsThe study does not investigate the causes of the growth rate SOA. Further, in-depth work with the results of this study would help scholars and policymakers to get close to the accurate research questions that characterize the mean reverting and affects the adjustment processes for Moroccan co-operatives.Practical implicationsThe suggested model – with upward and downward adjustment speeds– could be valuable for policymakers’ strategies on co-operatives’ emergence.Social implicationsThe paper moves policymakers closer to social work and socio-economic trends to explain the empirical regularities of co-operatives’ dynamics. The model could be of value to avoid a volatile rate of entries and exits, to ensure continuity, to avoid fast failure of co-operative memberships and then to achieve the social inclusion.Originality/valueThe paper provides empirical evidence and results for co-operatives’ start-ups and closures adjustment speed and determines the conditions in which government policy must be clarified and specified. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first empirical analysis for the co-operatives’ SOA over entry and exit dynamics.